U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Department of Labor Logo United States Department of Labor
Dot gov

The .gov means it's official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you're on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

January 1989

Collective bargaining and labor-management relations in 1988

George Ruben

Some employers and unions continued to grapple with difficult problems: maintaining solvency and preserving jobs in the face of challenges from nonunion firms as well as foreign competitors. This article reports on collective bargaining developments in 1988.

Download PDF »