Workers in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area had an average (mean) hourly wage of $22.77 in May 2016, 5 percent below the nationwide average of $23.86, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Sheila Watkins, the Bureau’s regional commissioner, noted that, after testing for statistical significance, wages in the local area were significantly lower than their respective national averages in 15 of the 22 major occupational groups, including arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media; protective service; and community and social service. Two other occupational groups had average wages that were measurably higher than their respective national averages: production and construction and extraction.

When compared to the nationwide distribution, local employment shares were significantly higher in 6 of the 22 occupational groups including healthcare practitioners and technical; office and administrative support; and personal care and service. Conversely, eight occupational groups had employment shares significantly below their national representation; these groups included production; management; and education, training, and library. (See table A and box note at end of release.)

Table A. Occupational employment and wages by major occupational group, United States and Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area, and measures of statistical significance, May 2016

Major occupational group	Percent of employment			Mean hourly wage
	United States	Pittsburgh		United States	Pittsburgh		Percent difference (1)
Total, all occupations	100.0	100.0		$23.86	$22.77	*	-5
Management	5.1	4.1	*	56.74	57.35		1
Business and financial operations	5.2	5.1		36.09	33.57	*	-7
Computer and mathematical	3.0	3.1		42.25	36.91	*	-13
Architecture and engineering	1.8	2.3	*	40.53	38.49	*	-5
Life, physical, and social science	0.8	0.8		35.06	31.10	*	-11
Community and social service	1.4	1.8	*	22.69	19.72	*	-13
Legal	0.8	0.8		50.95	50.11		-2
Education, training, and library	6.2	5.5	*	26.21	26.80		2
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media	1.4	1.0	*	28.07	23.71	*	-16
Healthcare practitioners and technical	5.9	7.2	*	38.06	33.41	*	-12
Healthcare support	2.9	3.1		14.65	14.30	*	-2
Protective service	2.4	2.1	*	22.03	18.92	*	-14
Food preparation and serving related	9.2	9.1		11.47	10.62	*	-7
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance	3.2	2.8	*	13.47	12.99	*	-4
Personal care and service	3.2	3.8	*	12.74	12.03	*	-6
Sales and related	10.4	10.1		19.50	19.41		0
Office and administrative support	15.7	16.8	*	17.91	17.32	*	-3
Farming, fishing, and forestry	0.3	0.1	*	13.37	13.47		1
Construction and extraction	4.0	4.5	*	23.51	24.08	*	2
Installation, maintenance, and repair	3.9	3.9		22.45	21.23	*	-5
Production	6.5	5.4	*	17.88	18.89	*	6
Transportation and material moving	6.9	6.4	*	17.34	16.75	*	-3
Footnotes: (1) A positive percent difference measures how much the mean wage in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area is above the national mean wage, while a negative difference reflects a lower wage. * The percent share of employment or mean hourly wage for this area is significantly different from the national average of all areas at the 90-percent confidence level.

One occupational group—construction and extraction—was chosen to illustrate the diversity of data available for any of the 22 major occupational categories. Pittsburgh had 51,120 jobs in construction and extraction, accounting for 4.5 percent of local area employment, significantly above the 4.0-percent share nationally. The average hourly wage for this occupational group locally was $24.08, which was significantly above the national average of $23.51.

Some of the larger detailed occupations within the construction and extraction group included construction laborers (9,460), carpenters (7,340), and operating engineers and other construction equipment operators (5,220). Among the higher-paying jobs were boilermakers ($36.19) and first-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers ($33.71). At the lower end of the wage scale were construction laborers and carpenter helpers, with mean hourly wages of $19.48 and $12.34, respectively. (Detailed occupational data for construction and extraction are presented in table 1; for a complete listing of detailed occupations available go to www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm.)

Location quotients allow us to explore the occupational make-up of a metropolitan area by comparing the composition of jobs in an area relative to the national average. (See table 1.) For example, a location quotient of 2.0 indicates that an occupation accounts for twice the share of employment in the area as it does nationally. In the Pittsburgh area, above-average concentrations of employment were found in several of the occupations within the construction and extraction group. For instance, carpet installers were employed at 2.8 times the national rate in Pittsburgh, and extraction worker helpers were employed at 3.2 times the U.S. average. On the other hand, roofers had a location quotient of 1.0 in Pittsburgh, indicating that this particular occupation’s local and national employment shares were similar.

These statistics are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Workforce Agencies, in this case, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry.

Technical Note

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments in the United States. The OES program produces employment and wage estimates for over 800 occupations for all industries combined in the nation; the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 432 metropolitan areas and divisions; 167 nonmetropolitan areas; and Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. National estimates are also available by industry for NAICS sectors, 3-, 4-, and selected 5- and 6-digit industries, and by ownership across all industries and for schools and hospitals. OES data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm.

OES estimates are constructed from a sample of about 1.2 million establishments. Forms are mailed to approximately 200,000 sampled establishments in May and November each year. The May 2016 estimates are based on responses from six semiannual panels collected over a 3-year period: May 2016, November 2015, May 2015, November 2014, May 2014, and November 2013. The overall national response rate for the six panels, based on the 50 states and the District of Columbia, is 73 percent based on establishments and 69 percent based on weighted sampled employment. The unweighted employment of sampled establishments across all six semiannual panels represents approximately 58 percent of total national employment. The sample in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area included 5,996 establishments with a response rate of 75 percent. For more information about OES concepts and methodology, go to www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.tn.htm.

The May 2016 OES estimates are based on the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Information about the 2010 SOC is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/soc and information about the 2012 NAICS is available at www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.

Table 1. Employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey, by occupation, Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area, May 2016

Occupation (1)	Employment (2)		Mean wage
	Level	Location quotient (3)	Hourly	Annual (4)
Construction and extraction occupations	51,120	1.1	$24.08	$50,090
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	4,380	1.0	33.71	70,110
Boilermakers	320	2.4	36.19	75,270
Brickmasons and blockmasons	910	1.8	26.65	55,420
Carpenters	7,340	1.3	25.08	52,170
Carpet installers	570	2.8	19.78	41,140
Tile and marble setters	200	0.7	21.54	44,790
Cement masons and concrete finishers	1,350	1.0	20.65	42,960
Construction laborers	9,460	1.3	19.48	40,510
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	510	1.2	19.94	41,480
Pile-driver operators	50	1.8	31.35	65,210
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	5,220	1.8	22.97	47,780
Drywall and ceiling tile installers	360	0.5	28.85	60,000
Tapers	70	0.4	24.37	50,680
Electricians	4,060	0.8	29.56	61,490
Glaziers	390	1.0	21.37	44,450
Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall	(5)	(5)	14.30	29,740
Insulation workers, mechanical	120	0.6	32.65	67,910
Painters, construction and maintenance	1,420	0.8	20.60	42,850
Pipelayers	220	0.7	25.39	52,800
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	3,010	0.9	29.33	61,010
Plasterers and stucco masons	(5)	(5)	22.72	47,260
Roofers	930	1.0	17.47	36,330
Sheet metal workers	840	0.8	29.50	61,350
Structural iron and steel workers	470	0.8	29.50	61,360
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters	(5)	(5)	16.80	34,930
Helpers--carpenters	150	0.5	12.34	25,660
Helpers--electricians	(5)	(5)	13.70	28,490
Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons	(5)	(5)	12.86	26,740
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters	380	0.9	16.00	33,280
Helpers--roofers	(5)	(5)	14.80	30,780
Helpers, construction trades, all other	100	0.6	16.32	33,950
Construction and building inspectors	1,450	1.9	24.13	50,200
Hazardous materials removal workers	430	1.2	22.62	47,050
Highway maintenance workers	1,940	1.7	20.05	41,690
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators	150	1.3	20.93	43,530
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners	230	1.1	21.45	44,620
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas	290	2.0	26.54	55,210
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining	680	2.0	23.65	49,190
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	(5)	(5)	20.21	42,040
Continuous mining machine operators	(5)	(5)	19.30	40,150
Roustabouts, oil and gas	750	1.8	19.56	40,680
Helpers--extraction workers	450	3.2	16.68	34,690
Footnotes: (1) For a complete listing of all detailed occupations in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area, see www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm. (2) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers. (3) The location quotient is the ratio of the area concentration of occupational employment to the national average concentration. A location quotient greater than one indicates the occupation has a higher share of employment than average, and a location quotient less than one indicates the occupation is less prevalent in the area than average. (4) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a ‘year-round, full-time’ hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. (5) Estimates not released.