Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
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Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023
21-0000 Community and Social Service Occupations (Major Group)
Community and Social Service Occupations comprises the following occupations:
Counselors, All Other;
Marriage and Family Therapists;
Rehabilitation Counselors;
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors;
Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors;
Social Workers, All Other;
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers;
Healthcare Social Workers;
Child, Family, and School Social Workers;
Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other;
Health Education Specialists;
Community Health Workers;
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists;
Social and Human Service Assistants;
Clergy;
Directors, Religious Activities and Education;
Religious Workers, All Other
National estimates for Community and Social Service Occupations
Industry profile for Community and Social Service Occupations
Geographic profile for Community and Social Service Occupations
National estimates for Community and Social Service Occupations:
Employment estimate and mean wage estimates for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Employment (1) |
Employment
RSE (3) |
Mean hourly
wage |
Mean annual
wage (2) |
Wage RSE (3) |
| 2,418,130 |
0.3 % |
$ 28.36 |
$ 58,980 |
0.4 % |
Percentile wage estimates for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Percentile |
10% |
25% |
50%
(Median) |
75% |
90% |
| Hourly Wage |
$ 17.10 |
$ 20.20 |
$ 25.00 |
$ 33.25 |
$ 42.89 |
| Annual Wage (2) |
$ 35,570 |
$ 42,020 |
$ 52,000 |
$ 69,160 |
$ 89,220 |
Industry profile for Community and Social Service Occupations:
Industries with the highest published employment and wages for Community and Social Service Occupations are provided.
For a list of all industries with employment in Community and Social Service Occupations, see the Create Customized Tables function.
Industries with the highest levels of employment in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Industry |
Employment (1) |
Percent of industry employment |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Individual and Family Services |
390,770 |
13.10 |
$ 24.29 |
$ 50,510 |
| Elementary and Secondary Schools |
267,590 |
3.11 |
$ 34.07 |
$ 70,860 |
| Local Government, excluding Schools and Hospitals (OEWS Designation) |
262,290 |
4.76 |
$ 30.56 |
$ 63,560 |
| State Government, excluding Schools and Hospitals (OEWS Designation) |
210,410 |
9.92 |
$ 28.50 |
$ 59,280 |
| Outpatient Care Centers |
177,340 |
16.68 |
$ 27.64 |
$ 57,490 |
Industries with the highest concentration of employment in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Industry |
Employment (1) |
Percent of industry employment |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Religious Organizations |
58,630 |
30.03 |
$ 28.51 |
$ 59,290 |
| Community Food and Housing, and Emergency and Other Relief Services |
64,740 |
29.91 |
$ 21.55 |
$ 44,830 |
| Other Residential Care Facilities |
34,680 |
22.54 |
$ 21.36 |
$ 44,420 |
| Vocational Rehabilitation Services |
57,600 |
20.77 |
$ 20.68 |
$ 43,010 |
| Residential Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mental Health, and Substance Abuse Facilities |
108,390 |
17.40 |
$ 22.01 |
$ 45,780 |
Top paying industries for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Industry |
Employment (1) |
Percent of industry employment |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Merchant Wholesalers, Nondurable Goods (4242 and 4246 only) |
390 |
0.10 |
$ 66.25 |
$ 137,800 |
| Wholesale Trade Agents and Brokers |
100 |
0.02 |
$ 56.96 |
$ 118,480 |
| Federal, State, and Local Government, excluding State and Local Government Schools and Hospitals and the U.S. Postal Service (OEWS Designation) |
26,710 |
1.25 |
$ 45.61 |
$ 94,880 |
| Insurance and Employee Benefit Funds |
100 |
0.91 |
$ 38.54 |
$ 80,160 |
| Architectural, Engineering, and Related Services |
110 |
0.01 |
$ 37.21 |
$ 77,400 |
Geographic profile for Community and Social Service Occupations:
States and areas with the highest published employment, location quotients, and wages for Community and Social Service Occupations are provided.
For a list of all areas with employment in Community and Social Service Occupations, see the Create Customized Tables function.
States with the highest employment level in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| State |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| California |
360,300 |
20.08 |
1.26 |
$ 33.40 |
$ 69,470 |
| New York |
179,900 |
19.15 |
1.20 |
$ 31.95 |
$ 66,450 |
| Texas |
142,710 |
10.53 |
0.66 |
$ 26.26 |
$ 54,630 |
| Florida |
120,760 |
12.62 |
0.79 |
$ 25.53 |
$ 53,100 |
| Pennsylvania |
107,430 |
18.06 |
1.13 |
$ 26.46 |
$ 55,040 |
States with the highest concentration of jobs and location quotients in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| State |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Vermont |
8,560 |
28.45 |
1.79 |
$ 26.48 |
$ 55,070 |
| Oregon |
49,150 |
25.29 |
1.59 |
$ 29.39 |
$ 61,140 |
| Alaska |
7,360 |
23.63 |
1.48 |
$ 30.94 |
$ 64,360 |
| Massachusetts |
80,770 |
22.17 |
1.39 |
$ 30.09 |
$ 62,590 |
| Connecticut |
35,000 |
21.08 |
1.32 |
$ 30.14 |
$ 62,690 |
Top paying states for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| State |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| District of Columbia |
11,190 |
15.94 |
1.00 |
$ 36.01 |
$ 74,900 |
| California |
360,300 |
20.08 |
1.26 |
$ 33.40 |
$ 69,470 |
| New Jersey |
70,840 |
16.86 |
1.06 |
$ 32.16 |
$ 66,900 |
| New York |
179,900 |
19.15 |
1.20 |
$ 31.95 |
$ 66,450 |
| Alaska |
7,360 |
23.63 |
1.48 |
$ 30.94 |
$ 64,360 |
Metropolitan areas with the highest employment level in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Metropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA |
165,300 |
17.41 |
1.09 |
$ 33.78 |
$ 70,260 |
| Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA |
135,890 |
21.97 |
1.38 |
$ 33.19 |
$ 69,040 |
| Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI |
65,240 |
14.48 |
0.91 |
$ 28.38 |
$ 59,030 |
| Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH |
55,540 |
20.11 |
1.26 |
$ 30.78 |
$ 64,030 |
| Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD |
54,480 |
19.26 |
1.21 |
$ 28.38 |
$ 59,030 |
| Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV |
45,180 |
14.61 |
0.92 |
$ 32.83 |
$ 68,290 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA |
44,710 |
18.46 |
1.16 |
$ 37.16 |
$ 77,290 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI |
36,610 |
19.16 |
1.20 |
$ 29.20 |
$ 60,740 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL |
35,670 |
13.11 |
0.82 |
$ 26.36 |
$ 54,830 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX |
33,290 |
8.39 |
0.53 |
$ 28.23 |
$ 58,710 |
Metropolitan areas with the highest concentration of jobs and location quotients in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Metropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Waterbury, CT |
2,500 |
37.55 |
2.36 |
$ 28.06 |
$ 58,350 |
| Mankato-North Mankato, MN |
1,860 |
33.75 |
2.12 |
$ 27.80 |
$ 57,830 |
| Leominster-Gardner, MA |
1,710 |
33.18 |
2.08 |
$ 28.06 |
$ 58,370 |
| New Bedford, MA |
2,040 |
31.23 |
1.96 |
$ 27.99 |
$ 58,210 |
| Springfield, MA-CT |
9,970 |
31.03 |
1.95 |
$ 28.37 |
$ 59,010 |
| Johnstown, PA |
1,480 |
30.70 |
1.93 |
$ 22.40 |
$ 46,590 |
| Duluth, MN-WI |
3,740 |
30.25 |
1.90 |
$ 26.75 |
$ 55,640 |
| Manchester, NH |
3,140 |
28.72 |
1.80 |
$ 26.20 |
$ 54,500 |
| Bay City, MI |
960 |
28.48 |
1.79 |
$ 24.69 |
$ 51,350 |
| Pueblo, CO |
1,780 |
28.24 |
1.77 |
$ 26.45 |
$ 55,020 |
Top paying metropolitan areas for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Metropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA |
14,920 |
13.07 |
0.82 |
$ 40.38 |
$ 83,980 |
| Napa, CA |
1,780 |
22.94 |
1.44 |
$ 37.28 |
$ 77,540 |
| San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA |
44,710 |
18.46 |
1.16 |
$ 37.16 |
$ 77,290 |
| Vallejo-Fairfield, CA |
2,490 |
18.06 |
1.13 |
$ 35.68 |
$ 74,220 |
| Hanford-Corcoran, CA |
1,120 |
24.57 |
1.54 |
$ 35.47 |
$ 73,780 |
| Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA |
23,400 |
22.33 |
1.40 |
$ 33.83 |
$ 70,370 |
| New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA |
165,300 |
17.41 |
1.09 |
$ 33.78 |
$ 70,260 |
| Stockton-Lodi, CA |
4,720 |
16.98 |
1.07 |
$ 33.66 |
$ 70,010 |
| Boulder, CO |
3,210 |
16.49 |
1.04 |
$ 33.56 |
$ 69,810 |
| Santa Rosa, CA |
3,740 |
18.11 |
1.14 |
$ 33.50 |
$ 69,680 |
Nonmetropolitan areas with the highest employment in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Nonmetropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Kansas nonmetropolitan area |
6,390 |
16.45 |
1.03 |
$ 22.47 |
$ 46,730 |
| Balance of Lower Peninsula of Michigan nonmetropolitan area |
5,200 |
19.79 |
1.24 |
$ 26.04 |
$ 54,160 |
| North Northeastern Ohio nonmetropolitan area (noncontiguous) |
4,440 |
13.66 |
0.86 |
$ 23.91 |
$ 49,740 |
| Southwest New York nonmetropolitan area |
4,210 |
24.79 |
1.56 |
$ 26.05 |
$ 54,190 |
| Northwest Minnesota nonmetropolitan area |
4,200 |
22.17 |
1.39 |
$ 27.98 |
$ 58,200 |
Nonmetropolitan areas with the highest concentration of jobs and location quotients in Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Nonmetropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| East Kentucky nonmetropolitan area |
3,550 |
35.20 |
2.21 |
$ 21.45 |
$ 44,620 |
| North Coast Region of California nonmetropolitan area |
3,620 |
34.24 |
2.15 |
$ 29.34 |
$ 61,020 |
| Northern Vermont nonmetropolitan area |
2,380 |
34.20 |
2.15 |
$ 25.59 |
$ 53,230 |
| Connecticut nonmetropolitan area |
1,110 |
33.30 |
2.09 |
$ 30.24 |
$ 62,910 |
| Central Oregon nonmetropolitan area |
2,080 |
32.50 |
2.04 |
$ 27.28 |
$ 56,750 |
Top paying nonmetropolitan areas for Community and Social Service Occupations:
| Nonmetropolitan area |
Employment (1) |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient (9) |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage (2) |
| Eastern Sierra-Mother Lode Region of California nonmetropolitan area |
1,460 |
23.74 |
1.49 |
$ 32.25 |
$ 67,080 |
| Connecticut nonmetropolitan area |
1,110 |
33.30 |
2.09 |
$ 30.24 |
$ 62,910 |
| Alaska nonmetropolitan area |
2,740 |
26.64 |
1.67 |
$ 30.09 |
$ 62,600 |
| Northwest Colorado nonmetropolitan area |
1,790 |
14.17 |
0.89 |
$ 30.06 |
$ 62,520 |
| North Valley-Northern Mountains Region of California nonmetropolitan area |
2,690 |
26.43 |
1.66 |
$ 29.76 |
$ 61,900 |
About May 2023 National, State, Metropolitan, and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
These estimates are calculated with data collected from employers in all industry sectors, all metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, and all states and the District of Columbia.
The percentile wage estimate is the value of a wage below which a certain percent of workers fall.
The median wage is the 50th percentile wage estimate—50 percent of workers earn less than the median and 50 percent of workers earn more than the median.
More about percentile wages.
(1) Estimates for detailed occupations do not sum to the totals because the totals include occupations not shown separately. Estimates do not include self-employed workers.
(2) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours;
for those occupations where there is not an hourly wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
(3) The relative standard error (RSE) is a measure of the reliability of a survey statistic. The smaller the relative standard error, the more precise the estimate.
(9) The location quotient is the ratio of the area concentration of occupational employment to the national average concentration.
A location quotient greater than one indicates the occupation has a higher share of employment than average, and a location quotient less than one indicates the occupation is less prevalent in the area than average.
Other OEWS estimates and related information:
May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
May 2023 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates
May 2023 Occupation Profiles
Technical Notes
Last Modified Date: April 3, 2024
United States Department of Labor
