ATUS Data Used in Research

The following studies are examples of how ATUS data are being used for research. The studies below include published articles, working papers and reports. This list is not comprehensive.

If you have authored a study using ATUS data and would like to include it in this list, please contact ATUS Staff.

ATUS Research Topics

• Work and Employment
• Parents, Children and Families
• Students and Teenagers
• Older Americans
• Household Production
• Food and Eating
• Leisure and Sports
• Health and Well-Being
• Other Time-Use Research
• Survey Methods

Work and Employment

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Paid Sick Leave and Childcare
  Johanna Catherine Maclean and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. NBER Working Paper 32710. July 2024.
  
  
• Telework, Wages, and Time Use in the United States
  Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and Victoria Vernon. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 20. February 2022.
  
  
• Does part-time work offer flexibility to employed mothers? (HTML)
  Liana Christin Landivar, Rose A. Woods, and Gretchen M. Livingston. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. February 2022.
  
  
• Is Telecommuting Family-Friendly? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Harley Frazis. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Journal of Time Use Research. 2022.
  
  
• Ability to Work From Home: Evidence From Two Surveys and Implications for the Labor Market in the COVID-19 Pandemic (HTML)
  Matthew Dey, Harley Frazis, Mark A. Loewenstein, and Hugette Sun. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2020.
  
  
• Who Telecommutes? Where is the Time Saved Spent? (HTML)
  Harley Frazis. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Working Paper 523. Office of Employment Research and Program Development. April 2020.
  
  
• Job Flexibilities And Work Schedules In 2017–18 (HTML)
  Rose A. Woods. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Spotlight on Statistics. April 2020.
  
  
• Workers’ Access To And Use Of Leave From Their Jobs In 2017–18 (PDF)
  Stephanie Denton. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Spotlight on Statistics. January 2020.
  
  
• Is the workweek really overestimated? (HTML)
  Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2014.
  
  
• Early to bed and earlier to rise: school, maternal employment, and children's sleep
  Jay Stewart. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 12, No. 1/March 2014.
  
  
• Cyclical Variation in Labor Hours and Productivity Using the ATUS
  Michael C. Burda, Daniel S. Hamermesh, and Jay Stewart. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings. Volume 103, No. 3/May 2013.
  
  
• Time to Work or Time to Play: The Effect of Student Employment on Homework, Screen Time, and Sleep
  Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and Charlene Kalenkoski. Labour Economics. Volume 19, No. 2/April 2012.
  
  
• The overestimated workweek revisited (HTML)
  John P. Robinson, Steven Martin, Ignace Glorieux, and Joeri Minnen. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2011.
  
  
• Bringing work home: implications for BLS productivity measures (HTML)
  Lucy P. Eldridge and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. December 2010.
  
  
• The Timing of Maternal Work and Time with Children
  Jay Stewart. Industrial & Labor Relations Review. Volume 64, No.1/October 2010.
  
  
• Where people worked, 2003 to 2007 (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2009.
  
  
• Are Those Who Bring Work Home Really Working Longer Hours? Implications for BLS Productivity Measures
  Lucy P. Eldridge and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Source OECD Statistics Sources and Methods. Volume 2008, No. 5/April 2009.
  
  
• Work-at-home patterns by occupation (PDF)
  Mary Dorinda Allard and Jill Lacey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. March 2009.
  
  
• Workdays for people in healthcare occupations (PDF)
  Mary Dorinda Allard and Jill Lacey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. September 2008.
  
  
• Day, Evening, and Night Workers: A Comparison of What They Do in Their Nonwork Hours and With Whom They Interact
  Anne Polivka. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. January 2008.
  
  
• The Time Use of Nonworking Men
  Jay Stewart. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. January 2008.
  
  
• Time use of working parents: a visual essay (HTML)
  Mary Dorinda Allard and Marianne Janes. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2008.
  
  
• How Does Employment Affect the Timing of Time with Children? (HTML)
  Jay Stewart and Mary Dorinda Allard. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Economic Working Paper. June 2008.
  
  
• Teachers’ work patterns: when, where, and how much do U.S. teachers work? (HTML)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. March 2008.
  
  
• Variations in time use at stages of the life cycle (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. September 2005.
  
  
• What can time-use data tell us about hours of work? (PDF)
  Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. December 2004.
  
  

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Telework: Growth Supported Economic Activity During the Pandemic, but Future Impacts Are Uncertain (PDF)
  U.S. Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Committees. July 2023.
  
  
• Time Use, College Attainment, and The Working-from-Home Revolution (HTML)
  Benjamin W. Cowan. NBER Working Paper 31439. July 2023.
  
  
• Access to Paid Leave for Family and Medical Reasons Among Workers with Disabilities (PDF)
  Office of Disability Employment Policy Report. U.S. Department of Labor. December 2021.
  
  
• Telecommuting and gender inequalities in parents' paid and unpaid work before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Thomas Lyttelton, Emma Zang and Kelly Musick. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 84/Issue 1: February 2022.
  
  
• Association of teleworking and smoking behavior of U.S. wage and salary workers
  Nigar Nargis, Qing Li, Lauren Griffin, Samuel Asare, Priti Bandi, Anuja Majmundar, J Lee Westmaas, and Ahmedin Jemal. Journal of Occupational Health. October 2021.
  
  
• Flexplace work and partnered fathers’ time in housework and childcare
  Daniel L. Carlson, Richard J. Petts, Joanna R. Pepin. Men and Masculinities. May 2021.
  
  
• Firm Size and Employment during the Pandemic
  Ken-Hou Lin, Carolina Aragão, and Guillermo Dominguez. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. February 2021.
  
  
• Work from Home Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak
  Alexander Bick, Adam Blandin and Karel Mertens. Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Working Paper 2017. February 2021.
  
  
• Temperature and work: Time allocated to work under varying climate and labor market conditions
  Matthew Neidell, Joshua Graff Zivin, Megan Sheahan, Jacqueline Willwerth, Charles Fant, Marcus Sarofim, Jeremy Martinich. PLOS ONE. Volume 16, Issue 8/2021.
  
  
• This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
  Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey and Michèle Tertilt. NBER Working Paper 27660. Aug 2020.
  
  
• More Time with the Family? Workplace Flexibility Policies and Fathers’ Time with Children
  Dana Wray. SocArXiv Working Paper. Aug 2021.
  
  
• Temporal Flexibility, Breaks at Work, and the Motherhood Wage Gap
  J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina, and Almudena Sevilla. IZA DP No. 14578. July 2021.
  
  
• Is Working from Home a Way of Adaptation to Climate Change?
  Wenzu Li. IZA Conference Paper. December 2020.
  
  
• Working Remotely and the Supply-Side Impact of COVID-19
  Dimitris Papanikolaou and Lawrence Schmidt. Social Science Research Network. June 2020.
  
  
• Which Workers Bear the Burden of Social Distancing Policies?
  Simon Mongey, Laura Pilossoph, and Alex Weinberg. NBER Working Paper No. 27085. May 2020.
  
  
• Which Jobs Are Done from Home? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Lena Hensvik, Thomas Le Barbanchon and Roland Rathelot. IZA Discussion Paper No. 13138. April 2020.
  
  
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality
  Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt. NBER Working Paper 26947. April 2020.
  
  
• Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Leah Ruppanner, Stephanie Moller and Liana Sayer. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. July 2019.
  
  
• Employment, Education, and the Time Use of American Youth
  Lauren Bauer, Emily Moss, Ryan Nunn, and Jay Shambaugh. The Hamilton Project. Economic Analysis. September 2019.
  
  
• Do American mothers use self-employment as a flexible work alternative?
  Katherine Lim. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 17. August 2018.
  
  
• The Changing (Dis-)Utility of Work
  Greg Kaplan and Sam Schulhofer-Wohl. NBER Working Paper 24738. June 2018.
  
  
• Job Search Behavior over the Business Cycle
  Toshihiko Mukoyama, Christina Patterson, and Aysegül Sahin. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics. Volume 10, No. 1/January 2018.
  
  
• Why are Professors “Poorly Paid”?
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. NBER Working Paper 24215. January 2018.
  
  
• Spatial distribution of US Employment in an Urban Efficiency Wage Setting
  José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal, José Alberto Molina and Jorge Velilla. Journal of Regional Science. August 2017.
  
  
• Hours, Occupations, and Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes
  Andres Erosa, Luisa Fuster, Gueorgui Kambourov and Richard Rogerson. NBER Working Paper No. 23636. July 2017.
  
  
• On the Clock: How Immigrants Fill Gaps in the Labor Market by Working Nontraditional Hours
  Pavel Dramski. New American Economy Report. July 2017.
  
  
• Leisure Luxuries and the Labor Supply of Young Men
  Mark Aguiar, Mark Bils, Kerwin Kofi Charles and Erik Hurst. NBER Working Paper 23552. June 2017.
  
  
• What We Know and Don’t Know About Declining Labor Force Participation: A Review
  Eleanor Krause and Isabel Sawhill. The Brookings Institution. May 2017.
  
  
• Maternal Employment and Time Investments in Children
  Frank Heiland, Joseph Price and Riley Wilson. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 15. 2017.
  
  
• Time for Each Other: Work and Family Constraints Among Couples
  Sarah M. Flood and Katie R. Genadek. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 78, No. 1/February 2016.
  
  
• The relationship between videogames, time allocation decisions, and labour market outcomes – Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Daniel MacDonald. Volume 13, Issue 1/2015.
  
  
• Not Working at Work: Loafing, Unemployment and Labor Productivity
  Michael C. Burda, Katie R. Genadek, and Daniel S. Hamermesh. IZA Discussion Paper No. 9095. June 2015.
  
  
• Eating In: Employment and Home Production During the Great Recession
  Kathryn Birkeland. Applied Economics Letters. Volume 21, No. 11/November 2014
  
  
• The Connection Between Working Hours and Body Mass Index in the U.S.: A Time Use Analysis
  Joelle Abramowitz. Review of Economics of the Household. September 2014.
  
  
• Long Workweeks and Strange Hours
  Daniel S. Hamermesh and Elena Stancanelli. NBER Working Paper 20449. September 2014.
  
  
• Differences in Time Use and Activity Patterns When Adding a Second Job: Implications for Health and Safety in the United States
  Helen R. Marucci-Wellman, Tin-Chi Lin, Joanna L. Willetts, Melanye J. Brennan, and Santosh K. Verma. American Journal of Public Health. Volume 104, No. 8/August 2014.
  
  
• Work-Life Balance and the Economics of Workplace Flexibility
  The Council of Economic Advisers. June 2014.
  
  
• The Economics of Paid and Unpaid Leave
  The Council of Economic Advisers. June 2014.
  
  
• The Economics of Fatherhood and Work (presentation)
  The Council of Economic Advisers. June 2014.
  
  
• Are Teachers Overpaid or Overworked? New Measures of Market Hours
  Kristine L. West. Education Finance and Policy. Volume 9, No. 3/Summer 2014.
  
  
• Work Schedules and Community Ties
  Benjamin Cornwell and Elizabeth Warburton. Work and Occupations. Volume 41, No. 2/May 2014.
  
  
• Time as a Network Good: Evidence from Unemployment and the Standard Workweek
  Cristobal Young, Chaeyoon Lim. Sociological Science. Volume 1, No. 1/February 2014.
  
  
• Why Obese Workers Earn Less: Occupational Sorting and Its Implications for the Legal System
  Jennifer Bennett Shinall. Social Science Research Network. January 2014.
  
  
• Essays on Health, Family, and Work Choices
  Joelle Abramowitz. July 2013.
  
  
• Total Work and Gender: Facts and Possible Explanations
  Michael Burda, Daniel Hamermesh, and Philippe Weil. Journal of Population Economics. March 2012.
  
  
• Discouraging Workers: Estimating the Impacts of Macroeconomic Shocks on the Search Intensity of the Unemployed
  Stephen B. DeLoach and Mark R. Kurt. May 2011.
  
  
• Increasing Paid Work Time? A New Puzzle for Multinational Time-diary Research
  Jonathan Gershuny. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Work Outside Workplace: Why Am I Working on this Paper at Home?
  Victoria Vernon. Labor: Personnel Economics eJournal. February 2011.
  
  
• Unemployment, market work and household production
  Michael C. Burda and Daniel S. Hamermesh. Economic Letters. Volume 107, No. 2/May 2010.
  
  
• Job search and unemployment insurance: New evidence from time use data
  Alan B. Krueger and Andreas Mueller. Journal of Public Economics. Volume 94, No. 3-4/ April 2010.
  
  
• What Effect Do Time Constraints Have on the Age of Retirement?
  Leora Friedberg, Sun Wei and Anthony Webb. Center for Retirement Research at Boston College Working Paper. March 2010.
  
  
• The Long Reach of the Job: Employment and Time for Family Life
  Suzanne M. Bianchi and Vanessa Wight. In B. Scheider and K. Christensen (Eds.), Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th Century jobs to 21st Century Workers. 2010.
  
  
• Changing to Daylight Saving Time Cuts Into Sleep and Increases Workplace Injuries
  Christopher M. Barnes and David T. Wagner. Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume 94, No. 5/September 2009.
  
  
• A Century of Work and Leisure
  Valerie A. Ramey and Neville Francis. American Economic Journal. Volume 1, No. 2/July 2009.
  
  
• The Distribution of Total Work in the EU and US
  Michael C. Burda, Daniel S. Hamermesh, and Philippe Weil. In Working Hours and Job Sharing in the EU and USA: Are Europeans Lazy? Or Americans Crazy? Oxford University Press. February 2008.
  
  
• Work, Rest, and Play: Exploring Trends in Time Allocation in Canada and the United States
  Adian McFarlane and Lindsay M. Tedds. Social Science Research Network. July 2007.
  
  
• Self-Employed Women and Time Use
  Tami Gurley-Calvez, Katherine Harper, and Amelia Biehl. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy. February 2009.
  
  
• The Time and Timing Costs of Market Work
  Daniel S. Hamermesh and Stephen Donald. NBER Working Paper No. 13127. May 2007.
  
  
• Day of the week lost time occupational injury trends in the US by gender and industry and their implications for work scheduling
  G.E. Brogmus. Ergonomics. Volume 50, No. 3/March 2007.

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Parents, Children and Families

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Parental disability and teenagers’ time allocation
  Charlene Marie Kalenkoski and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. 2022.
  
  
• Is Telecommuting Family-Friendly? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Harley Frazis. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Journal of Time Use Research. 2022.
  
  
• Differences in Parents’ Time Use between the Summer and the School Year (HTML)
  Elizabeth Weber Handwerker and Lowell Mason. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Spotlight on Statistics. October 2017.
  
  
• What effects do macroeconomic conditions have on the time couples with children spend together?
  Melinda Sandler Morrill and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 13, No. 4/2015.
  
  
• Single Mothers' Time Preference, Smoking, and Enriching Childcare: Evidence from Time Diaries
  Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and Younghwan Song. Eastern Economic Journal. Volume 39, No. 2/March 2013.
  
  
• What Effects do Macroeconomic Conditions Have on Families' Time Together? (HTML)
  Melinda Sandler Morrill and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Economic Working Paper. April 2012.
  
  
• The Timing of Maternal Work and Time with Children
  Jay Stewart. Industrial & Labor Relations Review. Volume 64, No.1/October 2010.
  
  
• The Parenting of Infants: A Time-Use Study (PDF)
  Robert Drago. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. October 2009.
  
  
• Time use of working parents: a visual essay (HTML)
  Mary Dorinda Allard and Marianne Janes.U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2008.
  
  
• How Does Employment Affect the Timing of Time with Children? (HTML)
  Jay Stewart and Mary Dorinda Allard. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Economic Working Paper. June 2008.
  
  
• Comparing childcare measures in the ATUS and earlier time diary studies (PDF)
  Mary Dorinda Allard, Suzanne Bianchi, Jay Stewart, and Vanessa R. Wight. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. May 2007.
  
  
• Variations in time use at stages of the life cycle (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. September 2005.
  
  

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Telecommuting and gender inequalities in parents' paid and unpaid work before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
  Thomas Lyttelton,Emma Zang,Kelly Musick. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 84/Issue 1: February 2022.
  
  
• More Time with the Family? Workplace Flexibility Policies and Fathers’ Time with Children
  Dana Wray. SocArXiv Working Paper. Aug 2021.
  
  
• Flexplace work and partnered fathers’ time in housework and childcare
  Daniel L. Carlson, Richard J. Petts, Joanna R. Pepin. Men and Masculinities. May 2021.
  
  
• This Time It's Different: The Role of Women's Employment in a Pandemic Recession
  Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey and Michèle Tertilt. NBER Working Paper 27660. Aug 2020.
  
  
• The Economics of Fertility: A New Era
  Matthias Doepke, Anne Hannusch, Fabian Kindermann and Michèle Tertilt. NBER Working Paper 29948. April 2020.
  
  
• The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality
  Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, Michèle Tertilt. NBER Working Paper 26947. April 2020.
  
  
• Happy Moms, Happier Dads: Gendered Caregiving and Parents’ Affect
  Cadhla McDonnell, Nancy Kay Luke, Susan E. Short. Journal of Family Issues. Volume 40, Issue 17. July 2019.
  
  
• Expensive Childcare and Short School Days = Lower Maternal Employment and More Time in Childcare? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Leah Ruppanner, Stephanie Moller and Liana Sayer. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. July 2019.
  
  
• Do American mothers use self-employment as a flexible work alternative?
  Katherine Lim. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 17. August 2018.
  
  
• Mothers' and Fathers' Well-Being in Parenting Across the Arch of Child Development
  Ann Meier, Kelly Musick, Jocelyn Fischer and Sarah Flood. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 80, Issue 4/August 2018.
  
  
• Sex Differences in Time Spent on Household Activities and Care of Children Among US Physicians, 2003-2016
  Dan P. Ly and Anupam B. Jena. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. April 2018.
  
  
• Marital Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and Sleep
  Joanna R. Pepin, Liana C. Sayer and Lynne M. Casper. Demography. Volume 55. February 2018.
  
  
• Doing it All? Mothers’ College Enrollment, Time Use, and Affective Well-Being
  Jennifer March Augustine, Kate C. Prickett, and Daniela V. Negraia. Journal of Marriage and Family. April 2017.
  
  
• Maternal Employment and Time Investments in Children
  Frank Heiland, Joseph Price and Riley Wilson. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 15. 2017.
  
  
• The Effect of Macroeconomic Conditions on Parental Time with Children: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey.
  Patrick Bauer and Lyudmyla Sonchak. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 15. 2017.
  
  
• The time-intensity of childcare provided by older immigrant women in the U.S
  Alma Vega. Research on Aging. Volume 38/No. 7. 2017.
  
  
• Maternal Household Services and Children
  Charles L. Baum II and James D. Rodgers. Journal of Forensic Economics. 2017.
  
  
• Signs of Change? At-Home and Breadwinner Parents' Housework and Child-Care Time
  Noelle Chesly and Sarah Flood. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 79, No. 2. 2017.
  
  
• Time for Each Other: Work and Family Constraints Among Couples
  Sarah M. Flood and Katie R. Genadek. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 78, No. 1/February 2016.
  
  
• ‘The Domestic Handoff’: Stay-At-Home Fathers’ Time-Use in Female Breadwinner Families
  Beth A. Latshaw and Stephanie I. Hale. Journal of Family Studies. Volume 22, No. 2. 2016.
  
  
• Who Takes Care of Whom in the United States? Time Transfers by Age and Sex
  Denys Dukhovnov and Emilio Zagheni. Population and Development Review. Volume 41, Issue 2/June 2015.
  
  
• A Research Note on Time With Children in Different- and Same-Sex Two-Parent Families
  Kate C. Prickett, Alexa Martin-Storey, and Robert Crosnoe. Demography. Volume 52, No. 2/April 2015.
  
  
• Valuing Unpaid Child Care in the U.S.: A Prototype Satellite Account Using the American Time Use Survey
  Jooyeoun Suh and Nancy Folbre. The Review of Income and Wealth. Volume 61, No. 1/March 2015.
  
  
• Family Structure and Trends in US Fathers’ Time with Children, 2003–2013
  Sandra Hofferth and Yoonjoo Lee. Family Science. Volume 6, No. 1. 2015.
  
  
• If You're Happy and You Know It: How Do Mothers and Fathers in the US Really Feel about Caring for Their Children?
  Rachel Connelly and Jean Kimmel. Feminist Economics. Volume 21, No. 1/November 2014.
  
  
• Decomposing the Increase in Men's Time on Childcare During the Great Recession
  Marina Mileo Gorsuch. Review of Economics of the Household. August 2014.
  
  
• Time Use of Parents in the United States: What Difference did the Great Recession Make?
  Ebru Kongar and Gunseli Berik. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 812. August 2014.
  
  
• Women's Time Poverty and Family Structure: Differences by Parenthood and Employment
  Afshin Zilanawala. Journal of Family Issues. July 2014.
  
  
• The Economics of Fatherhood and Work (presentation)
  The Council of Economic Advisers. June 2014.
  
  
• Beyond Income: What Else Predicts Very Low Food Security among Children?
  Patricia M. Anderson, Kristin F. Butcher, Hilary W. Hoynes, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research Discussion Paper No. 2014-06. (April 2014)
  
  
• Essays on Health, Family, and Work Choices
  Joelle Abramowitz. July 2013.
  
  
• Time Allocation of Married Mothers and Fathers in Hard Times: The 2007-09 US Recession
  Gunseli Berik and Ebru Kongar. Feminist Economics. Volume 19, No. 3/June 2013.
  
  
• Maternal Employment and Childhood Obesity: A Search for Mechanisms in Time Use Data
  John Cawley and Feng Liu. Economics & Human Biology. Volume 10, Number 4/December 2012.
  
  
• Human capital investments in children--A comparative analysis of the role of parent-child shared time in selected countries
  Eva Osterbacka, Joachim Merz, and Cathleen D. Zick. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 9, No. 1/November 2012.
  
  
• When Do Fathers Care? Mothers' Economic Contribution and Fathers' Involvement in Child Care
  Sara Raley, Suzanne M. Bianchi, and Wendy Wang. American Journal of Sociology. Volume 117, No. 5/March 2012.
  
  
• Time Use of Mothers and Fathers in Hard Times and Better Times: The US Business Cycle of 2003-10
  Gunseli Berik and Ebru Kongar. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 696. November 2011.
  
  
• Fathers' time investments in children: do sons get more?
  Kristin Mammen. Journal of Population Economics. Volume 24, No. 3/July 2011.
  
  
• Lone and Partnered Mothers’ Childcare Time Within Context in Four Countries
  Lyn Craig and Killian Mullan. European Sociological Review. February 2011.
  
  
• The Role of Non-Standard Work Status in Parental Caregiving for Young Children
  Rachel Connolly and Jean Kimmel. Eastern Economic Journal. Volume 37, No. 2/February 2011.
  
  
• A Widening Parental Leisure Gap: The Family as a Site for Late Modern Differentiation and Convergence in Leisure Time within Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States
  Glenn J. Stalker. Canadian Journal of Sociology. Volume 36, No. 1/2011.
  
  
• Family Change and Time Allocation in American Families
  Suzanne M. Bianchi. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Volume 638, No.1/2011.
  
  
• Marriage: for love, for money ... and for time?
  Victoria Vernon. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 8, No. 4/December 2010.
  
  
• With or Without You: Divorce Rates and Intra-Household Allocation of Time
  Domenico Tabasso. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5292. November 2010.
  
  
• Adolescents' Sports and Exercise Environments in a U.S. Time Use Survey
  Genevieve Fridlund Dunton, et al. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 39, No. 2/August 2010.
  
  
• The Long Reach of the Job: Employment and Time for Family Life
  Suzanne M. Bianchi and Vanessa Wight. In B. Scheider and K. Christensen (Eds.), Workplace Flexibility: Realigning 20th Century jobs to 21st Century Workers. 2010.
  
  
• Spousal influences on parents’ non-market time choices
  Rachel Connelly and Jean Kimmel. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 7, No. 4/December 2009.
  
  
• Harmonising extended measures of parental childcare in the time-diary surveys of four countries – Proximity versus responsibility
  Killian Mullan and Lyn Craig. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 6, No. 1/September 2009.
  
  
• Spousal Economic Factors in ATUS Parents’ Time Choices
  Rachel Connelly and Jean Kimmel. Social Indicators Research. Volume 93, No. 1/August 2009.
  
  
• The Rug Rat Race
  Gary Ramey and Valerie A. Ramey. NBER Working Paper No. 15284. August 2009.
  
  
• Diverging Destinies: Maternal Education and the Developmental Gradient in Time with Children
  Ariel Kalil, Rebecca Ryan and Michael Corey. June 2009.
  
  
• Building Cultural Capital: How Parenting Behaviors Among Highly Educated Parents Diverge from Less Educated Parents
  Sara Raley and Betsy Thorn. June 2009.
  
  
• What Would They Do? Childcare under Parental Leave and Reduced Hours Options
  Robert Drago. Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society. Volume 50, No. 4/October 2011.
  
  
• Working Parents Outsource Children's Meals
  Joanne F Guthrie and Ket McClelland. Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America. Volume 7, No. 1/March 2009.
  
  
• Time Use of Mothers in the United States: Recent Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Rachel Connelly and Jean Kimmel. W.E. Upjohn Institute. Employment Research. Volume 16, No. 1/January 2009.
  
  
• Single, Cohabitating, and Married Mothers’ Time With Children
  Sarah M. Kendig and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Journal of Marriage and Family. Volume 70, No. 5/December 2008.
  
  
• Changes in the Consumption, Income, and Well-Being of Single Mother Headed Families
  Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan. American Economic Review. Volume 98, No. 5/December 2008.
  
  
• Time for Children, One’s Spouse and Oneself among Parents Who Work Nonstandard Hours
  Vanessa R. Wight, Sara B. Raley, and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Social Forces. Volume 87, No. 1/September 2008.
  
  
• Parental Education and Parental Time with Children
  Jonathan Guryan, Erik Hurst, and Melissa Schettini Kearney. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Volume 22, No. 3/Summer 2008.
  
  
• The Value of Unpaid Childcare in the United States in 2003
  Nancy Folbre and Jayoung Yoon. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. July 2008.
  
  
• Three Essays on Family Care, Time Allocation, and Economic Well-Being
  Jayoung Yoon. Doctoral Dissertations. January 2008.
  
  
• Parent-Child Quality Time: Does Birth Order Matter
  Joseph Price. Journal of Human Resources. Volume 43, No. 1/Winter 2008.
  
  
• The Effect of Family Structure on Parents' Child Care Time in the United States and the United Kingdom
  Charlene M. Kalenkoski, David C. Ribar and Leslie S. Stratton. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 5, No. 4/December 2007.
  
  
• What is Child Care? Lessons from Time Use Surveys of Major English-Speaking Countries
  Nancy Folbre and Jayoung Yoon. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 5, No. 3/October 2007.
  
  
• Mothers' Time Choices: Caregiving, Leisure, Home Production and Paid Work
  Jean Kimmel and Rachel Connelly. Journal of Human Resources. Volume 42, No. 3/Summer 2007.
  
  
• Married Fathers' and Mothers' Time with Children: Gender Differences in the Role of Parents' and Their Spouses' Employment
  Margaret Usdansky and Wendy Parker. 2007.
  
  
• The Division of Labor by New Parents: Does Child Gender Matter?
  Shelly Lundberg. Social Science Research Network. September 2005.

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Students and Teenagers

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Teen Social Interactions and Well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic 
  Charlene Marie Kalenkoski and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. June 2024.
  
  
• Parental disability and teenagers’ time allocation
  Charlene Marie Kalenkoski and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. 2022.
  
  
• Teenagers' Risky Health Behaviors and Time Use During the Great Recession
  Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. May 2015.
  
  
• Early to bed and earlier to rise: school, maternal employment, and children's sleep
  Jay Stewart. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 12, No. 1/March 2014.
  
  
• Time use of youths by immigrant and native-born parents: ATUS results (PDF)
  Yelizabetta Kofman and Suzanne Bianchi. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2012.
  
  
• Time to Work or Time to Play: The Effect of Student Employment on Homework, Screen Time, and Sleep
  Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia and Charlene Kalenkoski. Labour Economics. Volume 19, No. 2/April 2012.
  
  
• How high school students use time: a visual essay (PDF)
  Mary Dorinda Allard. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. November 2008.
  
  
• Teen time use and parental education: evidence from the CPS, MTF, and ATUS (HTML)
  Shirley L. Porterfield and Anne E. Winkler. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. May 2007.
  
  
• Time Use as a Way of Examining Contexts of Adolescent Development in the United States
  Margaret K. Vernon. Society and Leisure. Volume 28, No. 2/2006.
  
  
• Variations in time use at stages of the life cycle (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. September 2005.
  
  

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• The relationship between videogames, time allocation decisions, and labour market outcomes – Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Daniel MacDonald. Volume 13, Issue 1/2015.
  
  
• Gender Gaps in High School Students’ Homework Time
  Seth Gershenson and Stephen B. Holt. Educational Researcher. Volume 44, No. 8/November 2015.
  
  
• Honey, Can You Pick-Up Groceries on Your Way Home? Analyzing activities and travel among students and in non-traditional households
  Michael J. Smart, Kelcie M. Ralph, Brian D. Taylor, Carole Turley, and Anne E. Brown. University of California Transportation Center. August 2014.
  
  
• Do Summer Time-Use Gaps Vary by Socioeconomic Status?
  Seth Gershenson. American Educational Research Journal. Volume 50, No. 6/December 2013.
  
  
• Do families vacation more in the summer when school starts after Labor Day?
  Elton Mykerezi and Genti Kostandini. University of Minnesota Tourism Center. July 2012.
  
  
• How Do Adolescents Spell Time Use? An Alternative Methodological Approach for Analyzing Time Diary Data
  Charlene Kalenkoski, David Ribar, and Leslie Stratton. Research in Labor Economics. Volume 33, 2011.
  
  
• The Time Use of Teenagers
  Vanessa R. Wight, Joe Price, Suzanne M. Bianchi, and Bijou R. Hunt. Social Science Research. Volume 38, No. 4/December 2009.
  
  
• Sociodemographic and Behavioral Predictors of Bed Time and Wake Time Among US Adolescents Aged 15 to 17 Years
  Kristen L. Knutson and Diane S. Lauderdale. The Journal of Pediatrics. Volume 154, No. 3/ March 2009.
  
  
• Work-Study: Time Use Tradeoffs, Student Work Hours and Implications for Youth Employment Policy
  John Baffoe-Bonnie and Lonnie Golden. Social Science Research Network. December 2007.

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Older Americans

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Time use of millennials and Generation X: differences across time (HTML)
  Michelle Freeman. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. January 2022.
  
  
• Patterns of caregiving and work: evidence from two surveys (HTML)
  Alison Aughinbaugh and Rose A. Woods. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. March 2021.
  
  
• Time use of millennials and nonmillennials (HTML)
  Michelle Freeman. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. October 2019.
  
  
• How do older Americans spend their time? (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent and Jay Stewart. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. May 2007.
  
  
• Variations in time use at stages of the life cycle (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. September 2005.

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Older Americans 2020: Key Indicators of Well-Being
  Prepared by the Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. September 2020.
• Solitary Day, Solitary Activities, and Associations With Well-Being Among Older Adults
  Jack Lam and Joan García-Román. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Volume 75, Issue 7/September 2020.
  
  
• A Cross-sectional Study of Travel Patterns of Older Adults in the USA During 2015: Implications for Mobility and Traffic Safety
  Sijun Shen, Wilson Koech, Jing Feng, Thomas M Rice and Motao Zhu. BMJ Open. 2017
  
  
• The time-intensity of childcare provided by older immigrant women in the U.S
  Alma Vega. Research on Aging. Volume 38/No. 7. 2017.
  
  
• Who Takes Care of Whom in the United States? Time Transfers by Age and Sex
  Denys Dukhovnov and Emilio Zagheni. Population and Development Review. Volume 41, Issue 2/June 2015.
  
  
• The Opportunity Costs of Informal Eldercare in the United States: New Estimates from the American Time Use Survey
  Amalavoyal V. Chari, John Engberg, Kristin N. Ray, Ateev Mehrotra. Health Services Research. Volume 50, Issue 3/June 2015.
  
  
• Social Integration: How is it Related to Self-rated Health?
  Heijun Kang and Yvonne L. Michael. Advances in Aging Research. February 2013.
  
  

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Household Production

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• How does household production affect measured income inequality?
  Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart. Journal of Population Economics. Volume 24, No. 1/January 2011.
  
  
• Measuring time spent in unpaid household work: results from the American Time Use Survey (HTML)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. July 2009.

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Flexplace work and partnered fathers’ time in housework and childcare
  Daniel L. Carlson, Richard J. Petts, Joanna R. Pepin. Men and Masculinities. May 2021.
  
  
• Working From Home Leads to More Time Spent Preparing Food, Eating at Home
  Eliana Zeballos and Brandon J. Restrepo. Amber Waves. February 2021.
  
  
• The effect of working from home on major time allocations with a focus on food-related activities
  Brandon J. Restrepo and Eliana Zeballos. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 18. August 2020.
  
  
• Accounting for Household Production in the National Accounts: An Update, 1965–2017
  Danit Kanal and Joseph Ted Kornegay. Survey of Current Business. 2019.
  
  
• Marital Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and Sleep
  Joanna R. Pepin, Liana C. Sayer and Lynne M. Casper. Demography. Volume 55. February 2018.
  
  
• Inferring Inequality with Home Production
  Job Boerma and Loukas Karabarbounis. NBER Working Paper 24166. December 2017.
  
  
• Accounting for Household Production in the National Accounts: An Update, 1965–2014
  Benjamin Bridgman. Survey of Current Business. Volume 96, No. 2/February 2016.
  
  
• An Alternative Valuation Method for Household Production using American Time Use Survey Data
  Aaron Lowen and Paul Sicilian. Journal of Legal Economics. Volume 22(1). 2015.
  
  
• Structural Transformation, Marketization, and Household Production Around the World
  Benjamin Bridgman, Georg Duernecker, and Berthold Herrendorf. CESinfo Working Paper Series No. 5552. October 2015.
  
  
• Nonmarket Work Among Working-Age Disability Beneficiaries: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Carrie L. Shandra. Journal of Disability Policy Studies. June 2015.
  
  
• Direct Estimates of Food and Eating Production Function Parameters for 2004–12 Using an ATUS/CE Synthetic Dataset
  Tamar Khitarishvili, Fernando Rios Avila, and Kijong Kim. Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. Working Paper No. 836. April 2015.
  
  
• Revisiting the Role of Home Production in Life-Cycle Labor Supply
  R. Jason Faberman. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Working Paper No. 2015-02. March 2015.
  
  
• Eating In: Employment and Home Production During the Great Recession
  Kathryn Birkeland. Applied Economics Letters. Volume 21, No. 11/November 2014.
  
  
• Shopping Time
  Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, Etienne Wasmer, and Shutian Zeng. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper No. 2014-24. September 2014.
  
  
• The Great Recession and Unpaid Work Time in the United States: Does Poverty Matter?
  Tamar Khitarishvili and Kijong Kim. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 806. May 2014.
  
  
• 45-Year Trends in Women's Use of Time and Household Management Energy Expenditure
  Edward Archer et al. PLoS ONE. Volume 8, Number 2/February 2013.
  
  
• Home productivity
  Benjamin Bridgman. Bureau of Economic Analysis. February 2013.
  
  
• Accounting for Household Production in the National Accounts, 1965-2010
  Benjamin Bridgman et al. Survey of Current Business. Volume 92, Number 5/May 2012.
  
  
• On the Importance of Household Production in Collective Methods: Evidence from U.S. Data
  Olivier Donni and Eleonora Matteazzi. Annals of Economics and Statistics. Number 105/106, January/June 2012.
  
  
• Racial-Ethnic Differences in U.S. Married Women's and Men's Housework
  Liana C. Sayer and Leigh Fine. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work Around the World
  Veerle Miranda. 2011.
  
  
• Racial Discrimination and Household Chores
  Shoshana A. Grossbard, Jose I. Gimenez, and Jose A. Molina. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5345. November 2010.
  
  
• Unemployment, market work and household production
  Michael C. Burda and Daniel S. Hamermesh. Economic Letters. Volume 107, No. 2/May 2010.
  
  
• The Thrifty Food Plan is Not Thrifty When Labor Cost is Considered
  George C. Davis and W. You. Journal of Nutrition. Volume 140, No. 4/April 2010.
  
  
• Women in America: Indicators of Social and Economic Well-Being
  Prepared by the U. S. Department of Commerce and the Office of Management and Budget. March 2011.
  
  
• Revisiting the Role of Home Production in Life-Cycle Labor Supply
  Jason Faberman. Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. Working Paper No. 10-3. (January 2010)
  
  
• Shopping For, Preparing, and Eating Food: Where Does the Time Go?
  Margaret Andrews and Karen Hamrick. Amber Waves. Volume 7, No. 4/December 2009.
  
  
• Counting on Care Work: Human Infrastructure in Massachusetts
  Randy Albelda, Mignon Duffy, and Nancy Folbre. Center for Social Policy, McCormack Graduate School of Policy Studies. University of Massachusetts, Boston. September 2009.
  
  
• Home production and wages: evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Joni Hersch. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 7, No. 2/June 2009.
  
  
• Accounting for Nonmarket Production: A Prototype Satellite Account Using the American Time Use Survey
  J. Steven Landefeld, Barbara M. Fraumeni, and Cindy M. Vojtech. Review of Income and Wealth. Volume 55, No. 2/June 2009.
  
  
• Does Housework Continue to Narrow the Income Gap?: The Impact of American Housework on Economic Inequality over Time
  Cathleen D. Zick and W. Keith Bryant. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. July 2008.
  
  
• Time Spent in Home Production in the 20th Century: New Estimates from Old Data
  Valerie A. Ramey. NBER Working Paper No. 13985. May 2008.
  
  
• Does Housework Matter Anymore? The Shifting Impact of Housework on Economic Inequality
  Cathleen D. Zick, W. Keith Bryant, Sivithee Srisukhumbowornchai. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 6, No. 1/March 2008.
  
  
• Direct Estimates of Household Production
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. Economic Letters. Volume 98, No. 1/January 2008.
  
  
• Time to Eat: Household Production Under Increasing Income Inequality
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Volume 89, No. 4/November 2007.
  
  
• Total Work, Gender and Social Norms
  Michael Burda, Daniel S. Hamermesh, and Philippe Weill. NBER Working Paper No. 13000. (March 2007)
  
  
• American Time Use 1965-2003: The Construction of a Historical Comparative File, and Consideration of its Usefulness in the Construction of Extended National Accounts for the USA
  Muriel Egerton, Kimberly Fisher, and Jonathan Gershuny. Colchester: Institute for Social and Economic Research Working Paper 2005-28. 2005.

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Food and Eating

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Working From Home Leads to More Time Spent Preparing Food, Eating at Home
  Eliana Zeballos and Brandon J. Restrepo. Amber Waves. February 2021.
  
  
• The effect of working from home on major time allocations with a focus on food-related activities
  Brandon J. Restrepo and Eliana Zeballos. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 18. August 2020.
  
  
• Food Purchase Decisions of Millennial Households Compared to Other Generations
  Annemarie Kuhns and Michelle Saksena. Economic Information Bulletin No. 186. December 2017.
  
  
• Direct Estimates of Food and Eating Production Function Parameters for 2004-12 Using and ATUS/CEX Synthetic Dataset
  Tamar Khitarishvili, Fernando Rios Avila, and Kijong Kim. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 836. April 2015.
  
  
• Eating In: Employment and Home Production During the Great Recession
  Kathryn Birkeland. Applied Economics Letters. Volume 21, No. 11/November 2014
  
  
• The Role of Time in Fast-Food Purchasing Behavior in the United States
  Karen Hamrick and Abigail Okrent. Economic Research Report No. 178. November 2014.
  
  
• Time in Eating and Food Preparation Among Single Adults
  Mark C. Senia, Helen H. Jensen, and Oleksandr Zhylyevskyy. Review of Economics of the Household. July 2014.
  
  
• Resistant to the Recession: Low-Income Adults' Maintenance of Cooking and Away-From-Home Eating Behaviors During Times of Economic Turbulence
  Lindsey P. Smith, Shu Wen Ng, and Barry M. Popkin. American Journal of Public Health. Volume 104, No. 5/May 2014.
  
  
• Time to Eat? The Relationship between Food Security and Food-related Time Use
  Timothy KM Beatty, M. Susie Nanney, and Charlotte Tuttle. Public Health Nutrition. Volume 17, Number 1/January 2013.
  
  
• The time cost of access to food--Distance to the grocery store as measured in minutes
  Karen S. Hamrick and David Hopkins. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 9, No. 1/November 2012.
  
  
• How Much Time Do Americans Spend on Food?
  Karen Hamrick, Margaret Andrews, Joanne Guthrie, David Hopkins, and Ket McClelland. Economic Information Bulletin No. 86. November 2011.
  
  
• Time as an Ingredient in Meal Production and Consumption
  Jonathan Woodward. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Department of Economics Working Paper Series No. 11-12. July 2011.
  
  
• Time spent eating and its implications for Americans' energy balance
  Cathleen D. Zick and Robert B. Stevens. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Not enough money or not enough time to satisfy the Thrifty Food Plan: A cost difference approach for estimating a money-time threshold
  George C. Davis and W. You. Food Policy. Volume 36, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Trends in Americans' food-related time use: 1975-2006
  C. D. Zick and R. B. Stevens. Public Health Nutrition. Volume 13, No. 7/July 2010.
  
  
• The Thrifty Food Plan is Not Thrifty When Labor Cost is Considered
  George C. Davis and W. You. Journal of Nutrition. Volume 140, No. 4/April 2010.
  
  
• Shopping For, Preparing, and Eating Food: Where Does the Time Go?
  Margaret Andrews and Karen Hamrick. Amber Waves. Volume 7, No. 4/December 2009.
  
  
• Is Dinner Ready Yet? The Time Implications of Participating in the Food Stamp Program
  Cathleen D. Zick and Robert B. Stevens. June 2009.
  
  
• Food Stamp Effects on Home Food Preparation
  Geetha Waeher and Partha Deb. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. June 2009.
  
  
• Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: Report to Congress
  Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. June 2009.
  
  
• Time Use and Food Consumption
  Marianne Bertrand and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. American Economic Review. Volume 99, No. 2/May 2009.
  
  
• The Time Cost of Food at Home: General and Food Stamp Participant Profiles
  George C. Davis and W. You. Applied Economics. Volume 42, No. 20/March 2009.
  
  
• How Much Time do Americans Spend Eating?
  Karen Hamrick, David Hopkins, and Ket McClelland. Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America. Volume 6,No. 3/June 2008.
  
  
• Time to Eat: Household Production Under Increasing Income Inequality
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Volume 89, No. 4/November 2007.
  
  
• Time is Money...and Dinner!
  Lisa Mancino. Amber Waves: The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America. Volume 5, No. 4/September 2007.
  
  
• Who Has Time to Cook? How Family Resources Influence Food Preparation
  Lisa Mancino and Constance Newman. ERR-40, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. May 2007.

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Leisure and Sports

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Television, capturing America's attention at prime time and beyond (HTML)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Beyond the Numbers. September 2018.
  
  
• Sports and Exercise (HTML)
  Rose A. Woods. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Spotlight on Statistics. May 2017.
  
  
• Sports and Exercise (PDF)
  Rachel Krantz-Kent. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Spotlight on Statistics. May 2008.
  
  

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Free Public Lands Admission for Children and Spillovers in Family Recreation
  Jocelyn S. Wikle et al. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2022.
  
  
• Social media use, social displacement, and well-being
  Jeffrey A. Hall and Dong Liu. Current Opinion in Psychology. Volume 46. August 2022.
  
  
• Free Time and Physical Activity Among Americans 15 Years or Older: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the American Time Use Survey
  Roland Sturm and Deborah A. Cohen. Original Research. Volume 16. September 2019.
  
  
• Marital Status and Mothers’ Time Use: Childcare, Housework, Leisure, and Sleep
  Joanna R. Pepin, Liana C. Sayer and Lynne M. Casper. Demography. Volume 55. February 2018.
  
  
• Intertemporal Elasticity of Substitution with Leisure Margin
  Juan Du and Takeshi Yagihashi. Old Dominion University Digital Commons. 2017.
  
  
• The relationship between videogames, time allocation decisions, and labour market outcomes – Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Daniel MacDonald. Volume 13, Issue 1/2015.
  
  
• Leisure Choices of the Creative Class
  Eric Joseph Van Holm. Cities. Volume 41, Part A/December 2014.
  
  
• A Sex Difference in the Predisposition for Physical Competition: Males Play Sports Much More than Females Even in the Contemporary U.S.
  Robert O. Deaner, et al. PLoS ONE. Volume 7, Number 11/November 2012.
  
  
• Differences in the Intensity and Duration of Adolescents' Sports and Exercise Across Physical and Social Environments
  Genevieve F. Dunton e. al. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. Volume 83, Number 3/September 2012.
  
  
• Time use and physical activity: a shift away from movement across the globe
  S. W. Ng and B. M. Popkin. Obesity Reviews. Published online June 14, 2012.
  
  
• An Average Day in the Arts: State Participation Patterns from the American Time Use Survey for 2006-2010
  National Endowment for the Arts. NEA Research Note #106. June 2012.
  
  
• Time and Money: Using Federal Data to Measure the Value of Performing Arts Activities
  National Endowment for the Arts. NEA Research Note #102. April 2011.
  
  
• When, Where, How Long, and With Whom are Individuals Participating in Physically Active Recreational Episodes?
  Ipek N. Sener, Chandra R. Bhat, Ram M. Pendyala. Transportation Letters: The International Journal of Transportation Research. Volume 3, No. 3/2011.
  
  
• Time Preference and Time Use: Do Smokers Exercise Less?
  Younghwan Song. Labour. Volume 25, Issue 3/September 2011.
  
  
• Exercise, Physical Activity, and Exertion over the Business Cycle
  Gregory J. Colman, Dhaval M. Dave. NBER Working Paper No. 17406. September 2011.
  
  
• Risk of Injury in Basketball, Football, and Soccer Players, Ages 15 Years and Older, 2003-2007
  Elizabeth A. Carter, Beverly J. Westerman, and Katherine L. Hunting. Journal of Athletic Training. Volume 46, No. 5/October 2011.
  
  
• Environmental Influences on Exercise Intensity and Duration in a U.S. Time Use Study
  Genevieve F. Dunton, et al. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Volume 41, No. 9/September 2009.
  
  
• A Century of Work and Leisure
  Valerie A. Ramey and Neville Francis. American Economic Journal. Volume 1, No. 2/July 2009.
  
  
• Participation by US adults in sports, exercise, and recreational physical activities
  Sandra A. Ham, Judy Kruger, and Catrine Tudor-Locke. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Volume 6, No. 1/January 2009.
  
  
• Social and physical environments of sports and exercise reported among adults in the American Time Use Survey
  G. F. Dunton, D. Berrigan, et al. Prev Med. Volume 47, No. 5/November 2008.
  
  
• Walking Behaviors Reported in the American Time Use Survey, 2003-2005
  Catrine Tudor-Locke and Sandra A. Ham. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Volume 5, No. 5/September 2008.
  
  
• Here Comes The Rain Again: Weather and the Intertemporal Substitution of Leisure
  Marie Connolly. Journal of Labor Economics. Volume 26, No. 1/January 2008.
  
  
• To Read or Not to Read: A Question of National Consequence
  National Endowment for the Arts. Research Report 47. November 2007.
  
  
• Walking behaviours from the 1965-2003 American Heritage Time Use Study (AHTUS)
  Catrine Tudor-Locke, et al. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Volume 4, No. 1/September 2007.
  
  
• Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time over Five Decades
  Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Volume 122, No. 3/August 2007.
  
  
• Work, Rest, and Play: Exploring Trends in Time Allocation in Canada and the United States
  Adian McFarlane and Lindsay M. Tedds. Social Science Research Network. July 2007.
  
  
• Physical Activity during the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood
  Cathleen D. Zick, et al. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Volume 4, No. 2/April 2007.

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Health and Well-Being

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Teen Social Interactions and Well-being during the COVID-19 Pandemic 
  Charlene Marie Kalenkoski and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia. Review of Economics of the Household. June 2024.
  
  
• Exercise, Eating Patterns, and Obesity: Evidence from the ATUS and Its Eating & Health Module
  Marianne Reifschneider, Karen Hamrick, and Jill Lacey. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Social media use, social displacement, and well-being
  Jeffrey A. Hall and Dong Liu. Current Opinion in Psychology. Volume 46. August 2022.
  
  
• Physical Activity and Perceived Health: Can Time Diary Measures of Momentary Well-Being Inform the Association?
  Sandra L. Hofferth, Yoonjoo Lee, Sarah M. Flood, and Deborah Carr. Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 14, Issue 1/2018.
  
  
• Association of teleworking and smoking behavior of U.S. wage and salary workers
  Nigar Nargis, Qing Li, Lauren Griffin, Samuel Asare, Priti Bandi, Anuja Majmundar, J Lee Westmaas, and Ahmedin Jemal. Journal of Occupational Health. October 2021.
  
  
• Having too little or too much time is linked to lower subjective well-being
  Marissa A. Sharif, Cassie Mogilner and Hal E. Hershfield. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volunme 121, Issue 4/October 2021.
  
  
• Income Inequality, Social Comparison, and Happiness in the United States
  Tim Futing Liao. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World. Volume 7. February 2021.
  
  
• Solitary Day, Solitary Activities, and Associations With Well-Being Among Older Adults
  Jack Lam and Joan García-Román. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Volume 75, Issue 7/September 2020.
  
  
• Life satisfaction, loneliness and togetherness, with an application to Covid-19 lock-downs
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. Review of Economics of the Household. Volume 18. 2020.
  
  
• Free Time and Physical Activity Among Americans 15 Years or Older: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the American Time Use Survey
  Roland Sturm and Deborah A. Cohen. Original Research. Volume 16. September 2019.
  
  
• Sleep Duration in the United States 2003-2016: First Signs of Success in the Fight Against Sleep Deficiency?
  Mathias Basner and David F. Dinges. Sleep. Volume 41, Issue 4/April 2018.
  
  
• Subjective Well-Being of Eldercare Providers: 2012-2013
  Wan He, Rose M. Weingartner, and Liana C. Sayer. U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports. February 2018.
  
  
• Chronotypes in the US – Influence of Age and Sex
  Dorothee Fischer, David Lombardi, Helen Wellman-Marucci and Till Roenneberg. PLOS One. June 2017.
  
  
• Commuting Episodes in the United States: Their Correlates with Experiential Wellbeing from the American Time Use Survey
  Arthur R. Stone and Stefan Schneider. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. Volume 42, Issue 1. October 2016.
  
  
• SNAP Participants' Eating Patterns over the Benefit Month: A Time Use Perspective
  Karen S. Hamrick and Margaret Andrews. PLOS One. Volume 11, Issue 7/July 2016.
  
  
• Combining Statistics from Two National Complex Surveys to Estimate Injury Rates Per Hour Exposed and Variance by Activity in the USA
  Tin-chi Lin, et al. Injury Prevention. April 2016.
  
  
• Individual Well-Being and the Allocation of Time Before and After the Boston Marathon Terrorist Bombing (PDF) (1M)
  Andrew Clark and Elena Stancanelli. PSE Working Papers n2016-07. (2016)
  
  
• Higher Income is Associated with Less Daily Sadness But Not More Daily Happiness
  Kostadin Kushlev, Elizabeth W. Dunn, and Richard E. Lucas. Social Psychological and Personality Science. Volume 6, No. 5/July 2015.
  
  
• Subjective Well-Being and Hookah Use Among Adults in the United States: A Nationally-Representative Sample
  Alice Grinberg. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. May 2015.
  
  
• Voluntary Activities and Daily Happiness in the United States
  J. Ingnacio Gimenez-Nadal and Jose Alberto Molina. Econominc Inquiry. May 2015.
  
  
• Mixed Emotions Across the Adult Life Span in the United States
  Stefan Schneider and Arthur A. Stone. Psychology and Aging. April 2015.
  
  
• Healthy Time Use in the Encore Years: Do Work, Resources, Relations, and Gender Matter?
  Sarah M. Flood and Phyllis Moen. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. Volume 56, No. 1/March 2015.
  
  
• New Pathways from Short Sleep to Obesity? Associations between Short Sleep and "Secondary" Eating and Drinking Behavior
  Gabriel S. Tajeu and Bisakha Sen. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2015.
  
  
• Sociodemographic Characteristics and Waking Activities and Their Role in the Timing and Duration of Sleep
  M. Basner, A.M. Spaeth, and D.F. Dinges. Sleep. Volume 37, No. 12/December 2014.
  
  
• Cross-sectional Examination of Physical and Social Contexts of Episodes of Eating and Drinking in a National Sample of US Adults
  April Oh, Temitope Erinosho, Genevieve Dunton, Frank M. Perna, and David Berrigan. Public Health Nutrition. Volume 17, No. 12/December 2014.
  
  
• No Time for the Gym? Housework and Other Non-labor Market Time Use Patterns are Associated with Meeting Physical Activity Recommendations Among Adults in Full-time, Sedentary Jobs
  Lindsey P. Smith, Shu Wen Ng, and Barry M. Popkin. Social Science & Medicine. Volume 120/November 2014.
  
  
• Behavioral Responses to Daylight Savings Time
  Alison L. Sexton, Timothy K.M. Beatty. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. Volume 107, Part A/November 2014.
  
  
• Body Mass Index: Accounting for Full Time Sedentary Occupation and 24-Hr Self-Reported Time Use
  Catherine Tudor-Locke, et al. PLoS ONE. Volume 9, Issue 10/October 2014.
  
  
• Distinguishing between Frequency and Intensity of Health-related Symptoms from Diary Assessments
  Stefan Schneider and Arthur A. Stone. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Volume 77, No. 3/September 2014.
  
  
• The connection between Working Hours and Body Mass Index in the U.S.: A Time Use Analysis
  Joelle Abramowitz. Review of Economics of the Household. September 2014.
  
  
• Differences in Time Use and Activity Patterns When Adding a Second Job: Implications for Health and Safety in the United States
  Helen R. Marucci-Wellman, Tin-Chi Lin, Joanna L. Willetts, Melanye J. Brennan, and Santosh K. Verma. American Journal of Public Health. Volume 104, No. 8/August 2014.
  
  
• Sleep Behavior and Unemployment Conditions
  Marina Antillon, Diane S. Lauderdale, and John Mullahy. Economics & Human Biology. Volume 14/July 2014.
  
  
• Disability and Sleep Duration: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Carrie L. Shandra, Allison Kruger, and Lauren Hale. Disability and Health Journal. February 2014.
  
  
• Mother/Child Food Preparation, Race/Ethnicity and Weight in the United States
  Jane Kolodinsky. (2014)
  
  
• The Travel-obesity Connection: Discerning the Impacts of Commuting Trips with the Perspective of Individual Energy Expenditure and Time Use
  Jiawen Yang and Steven French. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 2013.
  
  
• More Years, Less Yawns: Fresh Evidence on Tiredness by Age and Other Factors
  Paul Dolan and Laura Kudrna. Journals of Gerontology. October 2013.
  
  
• Essays on Health, Family, and Work Choices
  Joelle Abramowitz. July 2013.
  
  
• Nonstandard Work Schedules and the Well-Being of Low-Income Families
  Maria E. Enchautegui. Urban Institute Low-Income Working Families Paper 26. (July 2013)
  
  
• How Does Time Poverty Affect Behavior? A Look at Eating and Physical Activity
  Charlene M. Kalenkoski and Karen S. Hamrick. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. March 2013.
  
  
• Social Integration: How is it Related to Self-rated Health?
  Heijun Kang and Yvonne L. Michael. Advances in Aging Research. February 2013.
  
  
• Gender and Time for Sleep among U.S. Adults
  Sarah A. Burgard and Jennifer A. Ailshire. American Sociological Review. Volume 78, No. 1/January 2013.
  
  
• Maternal Employment and Childhood Obesity: A Search for Mechanisms in Time Use Data
  John Cawley and Feng Liu. Economics & Human Biology. Volume 10, Number 4/December 2012.
  
  
• An Implementation of an Experimental Time Use Methodology: an 'Australianised Counterfactual' Estimate of National Subjective Wellbeing in the USA
  Roger Patulny and Kimberly Fisher. Centre for Time Use Research, University of Oxford, December 2012.
  
  
• National Utility: Measuring the Enjoyment of Activities
  Jonathan Gershuny. European Sociological Review. Volume 28, Number 5/November 2012.
  
  
• Three essays on the effect of public policies on infant and adolescent health
  Manan Roy. (July 2012)
  
  
• Time Use, Emotional Well-Being, and Unemployment: Evidence from Longitudinal Data
  Alan B. Krueger and Andreas I. Mueller. American Economic Review. Volume 102, No. 3/May 2012.
  
  
• Health Status and the Allocation of Time
  Melinda Podor Wengrin and Timothy J. Halliday. Health Economics. Volume 21, No. 5/May 2012.
  
  
• The Role of Time Use in Promoting Healthy Energy Balance
  Cathleen D. Zick. USDA Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 70. (December 2011)
  
  
• Time use choices and healthy body weight: A multivariate analysis of data from the American Time Use Survey
  Cathleen D. Zick, Robert B. Stevens. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Volume 8, No. 8/August 2011.
  
  
• How Much Time Do Adults Spend on Health-related Self-care? Results from the American Time Use Survey
  Daniel E. Jonas, Yoko Ibuka, and Louise B. Russell. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. Volume 24, No. 4/July-August 2011.
  
  
• Health and Health Habits among Mexican Immigrants to the United States
  Andres J. Vargas. June 2011.
  
  
• Time Use and Food Pattern Influences on Obesity
  Jane M. Kolodinsky and Amanda B. Goldstein. Obesity. Published online May 26, 2011.
  
  
• Sleep Time: Media Hype vs. Diary Data
  William Michelson. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Time spent eating and its implications for Americans' energy balance
  Cathleen D. Zick and Robert B. Stevens. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Health Status and the Allocation of Time
  Melinda Podor and Timothy J. Halliday. Health Economics. Published online March 8, 2011.
  
  
• Moving toward the transdisciplinary: Using multiple data sets to examine overweight in America
  Jane M. Kolodinsky and Amanda B. Goldstein (March 2011)
  
  
• What's Time Got to Do with It? An Investigation of Obesity in Male versus Female Single Headed Households
  Jane Kolodinsky and Amanda Goldstein. Consumer Interests Annual. 2011.
  
  
• The Gender Weight Gap: Sons, Daughters, and Maternal Weight (PDF) (331K)
  Genevieve Pham-Kanter. MPRA Paper 28997. November 2010.
  
  
• Federal Nutrition Programs and Childhood Obesity: Inside the Black Box
  Manan Roy, Daniel L. Millimet, and Rusty Tchernis. IZA Discussion Paper 5316. November 2010.
  
  
• Frequently Reported Activities by Intensity for U.S. Adults: The American Time Use Survey
  Catrine Tudor-Locke, William Johnson, and Peter Katzmarzyk. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 39, No. 4/October 2010.
  
  
• How much time do Americans spend seeking health care? Racial and ethnic differences in patient experiences
  Deborah Carr, Yoko Ibuka, and Louise B. Russell. Research in the Sociology of Health Care. Volume 28/2010.
  
  
• ATUS Eating and Health Module: Current Findings
  Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. April 2010.
  
  
• Incentives, time use and BMI: The roles of eating, grazing and goods
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. Economics and Human Biology. Volume 8, No. 1/March 2010.
  
  
• Trends in the Prevalence of Short Sleepers in the USA: 1975–2006
  Kristen L. Knutson, et al. Sleep. Volume 33, No.1/January 2010.
  
  
• Joint associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with body mass index: results from a time use survey of U.S. adults
  Genevieve F. Dunton, et al. International Journal of Obesity. Volume 33, No. 12/December 2009.
  
  
• Opportunity Costs Surrounding Exercise and Dietary Behaviors: Quantifying Trade-offs Between Commuting Time and Health-Related Activities
  Thomas James Christian. Social Science Research Network. October 2009.
  
  
• Measuring the Subjective Well-Being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-Being
  Alan B. Krueger, editor. National Bureau of Economic Research: University of Chicago Press. October 2009.
  
  
• Changing to Daylight Saving Time Cuts Into Sleep and Increases Workplace Injuries
  Christopher M. Barnes and David T. Wagner. Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume 94, No. 5/September 2009.
  
  
• Grazing, Goods, and Girth: Determinants and Effects
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. NBER Working Paper No. 15277. (August 2009)
  
  
• Food Expenditure and Time-Use Patterns in Single Normal and Over Weight Female Headed Households
  Jane Kolodinsky and Amanda Goldstein. 2009 American Time Use Survey Conference Paper. June 2009.
  
  
• Maternal Employment and Household Food Production: Implications for Nutrition and Obesity
  Yonatan Ben-Shalom. Social Science Research Network. June 2009.
  
  
• Time Spent on Outpatient Visits by Race and Ethnicity: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Deborah Carr, Yoko Ibuka and Louise Russell. 2009 American Time Use Survey Conference Paper. June 2009.
  
  
• Using Time-Use Data to Parameterize Models for the Spread of Close-Contact Infectious Diseases
  Emilio Zagheni, et al. American Journal of Epidemiology. Volume 168, No. 9/November 2008.
  
  
• No Time to Lose? Time Constraints and Physical Activity
  John Mullahy and Stephanie A. Robert. NBER Working Paper No. 14513. November 2008.
  
  
• Linking the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the Compendium of Physical Activities: Methods and Rationale; MET values for activities in the ATUS
  Catrine Tudor-Locke, Tracy L. Washington, Barbara E. Ainsworth, and Richard P. Troiano. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Volume 1, No. 1/April 2008.
  
  
• Obesity and Time Use--A First Look Using ATUS Data
  Jane Kolodinsky. Consumer Interests Annual. Volume 54, 2008.
  
  
• Health-Related Activities in the American Time Use Survey
  Louise B. Rusell, Yoko Ibuka, and Katharine G. Abraham. Medical Care. Volume 45, No. 7/July 2007.
  
  
• Measuring the Output of Health Care in the United States
  Michael S. Christian. Survey of Current Business. Volume 87, No. 6/June 2007.
  
  
• Intergenerational Private Transfers in Canada Retirement, Transfers in Time and Well-Being
  Elsa Fontainha and Andrew S. Harvey. June 2007.
  
  
• Stressed Out on Four Continents: Time Crunch or Yuppie Kvetch
  Daniel S. Hamermesh and Jungmin Lee. The Review of Economics and Statistics. Volume 89, No. 2/May 2007.
  
  
• American Time Use Survey: Sleep Time and Its Relationship to Waking Activities
  Mathias Basner, et al. Journal of Sleep. Volume 30, No. 9/2007.
  
  
• Does Television Cause Autism?
  Michael Waldman, Sean Nicholson and Nodir Adilov. NBER Working Paper 12632. October 2006.
  
  
• Would You Be Happier If You Were Richer? A Focusing Illusion
  Daniel Kahneman, et al. Science. Volume 312, No. 5782/June 2006.
  
  
• Collecting Data on Eating Patterns, Obesity Risk and Food Access: The Food and Eating Module
  Karen Hamrick. Consumer Interests Annual. 2006.

Back to Top

Other Time Use Research

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Time use of millennials and Generation X: differences across time (HTML)
  Michelle Freeman. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. January 2022.
  
  
• Time use of millennials and nonmillennials (HTML)
  Michelle Freeman. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. October 2019.
  
  
• The Time Use of Nonworking Men
  Jay Stewart. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, July 2008.
  
  
• Data Watch: The American Time Use Survey
  Daniel S. Hamermesh, Harley Frazis, and Jay Stewart. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Volume 19, No. 1/Winter 2005.
  
  
• How Americans Spend Their Time: A First Look at the New American Time Use Survey
  Mary Dorinda Allard. Chance. Volume 18, No. 1/Winter 2005.
  
  
• The American Time-Use Survey
  Diane Herz and Richard M. Devens, Jr. Industrial Relations. Volume 40, No. 3/July 2001.
  
  
• What can we learn from time use data? (PDF)
  Mary Joyce and Jay Stewart. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. August 1999.

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Application of American Time Use Survey (ATUS) in Modelling Energy-related Occupant-building Interactions: A Comprehensive Review
  Sorena Vosoughkhosravi, Amirhosein Jafari and Yimin Zhu. Energy and Buildings. Volume 294. September 2023.
  
  
• American Time Use Survey in Modeling Occupant Behavior: A Systematic Review
  Sorena Vosoughkhosravi and Amirhosein Jafari. Computing in Civil Engineering. 2023.
  
  
• Does consumption make company better? An activity and companionship model of experienced utility
  José-Domingo Mora. International Journal of Consumer Studies. May 2021.
  
  
• The Effect of Social Distancing on the Early Spread of the Novel Coronavirus
  Gregory Price and Eric Van Holm. Social Science Quarterly. Volume 102, Issue 5: May 2021.
  
  
• Coming Apart? Cultural Distances in the United States over Time
  Marianne Bertrand and Emir Kamenica. NBER Working Paper 24771. June 2018.
  
  
• Changes in Time Use and Their Effect on Energy Consumption in the United States
  Ashok Sekar, Eric Williams, and Roger Chen. Joule. January 2018.
  
  
• Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Consumers Time-Use Patterns
  Saptarshi Das, Ashok Sekar, Roger Chen, Hyung Chul Kim, Timothy J. Wallington and Eric Williams. Challenges. Volume 8, No. 2. December 2017.
  
  
• Gender Pay Gap: Recent Trends and Explanations
  The Council of Economic Advisors. April 2015.
  
  
• Are We There Yet? Trip Duration and Mood During Travel
  Transportation Research Board. January 2015.
  
  
• Measuring Commuting in the American Time Use Survey
  Gray Kimbrough. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Working Paper No. 15-02. January 2015.
  
  
• Honey, Can You Pick-Up Groceries on Your Way Home? Analyzing activities and travel among students and in non-traditional households
  Michael J. Smart, Kelcie M. Ralph, Brian D. Taylor, Carole Turley, and Anne E. Brown. University of California Transportation Center. August 2014.
  
  
• How do Working-Age People With Disabilities Spend Their Time? New Evidence From the American Time Use Survey
  Priyanka Anand and Yonatan Ben-Shalom. Demography. Volume 51, Issue 6/December 2014.
  
  
• Passenger Travel Facts and Figures 2014
  Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation. August 2014.
  
  
• Temperature and the Allocation of Time: Implications for Climate Change
  Joshua Graff Zivin, Matthew J. Neidell. Journal of Labor Economics. Volume 32, No. 1/January 2014.
  
  
• Human Capital Accounting in the United States: Context, Measurement, and Application
  Michael S. Christian. Chapter in Measuring Economic Sustainability and Progress. NBER. 2014.
  
  
• What Are We Not Doing When We're Online
  Scott Wallsten. NBER Working Paper 19549. October 2013.
  
  
• Time Use During the Great Recession
  Mark Aguiar, Erik Hurst, and Loukas Karabarbounis. American Economic Review. Volume 103, No. 5/August 2013.
  
  
• Economic Report of the President Together with the Annual Report of the Council of Economic Advisers. March 2013.
  
  
• Highly-resolved Modeling of Personal Transportation Energy Consumption in the United States
  Matteo Muratori, Michael J. Moran, Emmanuele Serra, and Giorgio Rizzoni. Energy. February 2013.
  
  
• Risk of Violent Crime Victimization During Major Daily Activities
  Andrew M. Lemieux and Marcus Felson. Violence and Victims. Volume 27, Number 5/October 2012.
  
  
• Do families vacation more in the summer when school starts after Labor Day?
  Elton Mykerezi and Genti Kostandini. University of Minnesota Tourism Center. July 2012.
  
  
• Allocating Time: Individuals' Technologies, Household Technology, Perfect Substitutes, and Specialization
  Robert A. Pollak. Annals of Economics and Statistics. Number 105/106. January/June 2012.
  
  
• Tall or Taller, Pretty or Prettier: Is Discrimination Absolute or Relative?
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. IZA Discussion Paper No. 6579. May 2012.
  
  
• 2011 Time Use in Australia, United States, and Canada Bulletin
  Deakin University Australia, 2012.
  
  
• A Comparison of Inequality and Living Standards in Canada and the United States Using an Expanded Measure of Economic Well-Being
  Edward N. Wolff, Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, Selcuk Eren, Andrew Sharpe, and Elspeth Hazell. Levy Economics Institute Working Paper No. 703. January 2012.
  
  
• Time Poverty Thresholds and Rates for the US Population
  Charlene Kalenkoski, Karen Hamrick, and Margaret Andrews. Social Indicators Research. Volume 104, No. 1/October 2011.
  
  
• Time Use During Recessions
  Mark A. Aguiar, Erik Hurst, and Loukas Karabarbounis. NBER Working Paper No. 17259. July 2011.
  
  
• Daily Life in 23 Countries
  Kimberly Fisher and John Robinson. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• IT, TV and Time Displacement: What Alexander Szalai Anticipated but Couldn't Know
  John P. Robinson. Social Indicators Research. Volume 101, No. 2/April 2011.
  
  
• Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: The Effect of Time Spent Grooming on Earnings
  Jayoti Das and Stephen B. DeLoach. Journal of Socio-Economics. Volume 40, No. 1/February 2011.
  
  
• Society at a Glance - OECD Social Indicators 2011
  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  
  
• Economic Decision-making in Poverty Depletes Behavioral Control
  Dean Spears. Princeton Working Paper. December 2010.
  
  
• How Do Immigrants Spend Time?: The Process of Assimilation
  Dan Hamermesh and Stephen Trejo. NBER Working Paper No. 16430. October 2010.
  
  
• Taxes and Time Allocation: Evidence from Single Women
  Alexander M. Gelber and Joshua W. Mitchell. NBER Working Paper No. 15583. December 2009.
  
  
• Society at a Glance - OECD Social Indicators 2009
  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  
  
• How Do We Spend Our Time? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Jean Kimmel, editor. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. July 2008.
  
  
• How Do Volunteers Find the Time? Evidence from the American Time Use Survey
  Corporation for National and Community Service. July 2008.
  
  
• The Time of Our Lives
  Daniel S. Hamermesh. In How Do We Spend Our Time: Evidence from the American Time Use Survey, Jean Kimmel, ed. W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. July 2008.
  
  
• An exploratory analysis of joint-activity participation characteristics using the American time use survey
  Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan and Chandra R Bhat. Transportation. Volume 35, No. 3/May 2008.
  
  
• Cues for Timing and Coordination: Latitude, Letterman and Longitude
  Daniel S. Hamermesh, Caitlin Knowles Myers, and Mark L. Pocock. Journal of Labor Economics. Volume 26, No. 2/April 2008.
  
  
• Human Development Report 2007/2008
  United Nations Development Programme. 2007.
  
  
• Lifecycle Prices and Production
  Mark Aguiar and Erik Hurst. American Economic Review. Volume 97, No. 5/December 2007.
  
  
• Modeling Adults' Weekend Day-Time Use by Activity Purpose and Accompaniment Arrangement
  Aarti Kapur and Chandra R. Bhat. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Volume 2021/2007.
  
  
• Are We Having More Fun Yet? Categorizing and Evaluating Changes in Time Allocation
  Alan B. Krueger. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Volume 38, No. 2/2007.
  
  
• What can activity engagement tell us about daily driving and walking time?
  Yingling Fan and Asad J. Khattak. September 2007.
  
  
• A Look at the U.S. Welfare Reform Through Time-Use Surveys
  Marie Connolly Pray. IZA Conference. 2007.
  
  
• Gender Convergence in the American Heritage Time use Study (AHTUS)
  Kimberly Fisher, Muriel Egerton, Jonathan Gershuny, and John P. Robinson. Social Indicators Research. Volume 82, No. 1/August 2006.
  
  
• Consumption, Income, and Material Well-Being After Welfare Reform
  Bruce D. Meyer and James X. Sullivan. NBER Working Paper W11976. January 2006.
  
  
• A Time-Use Approach for Estimating Commuters' Value of Travel Time
  Thomas Light. 2006.
  
  
• Research on Women's Issues in Transportation: Report of a Conference
  Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Volume 2/2005.

Back to Top

Survey Methods Research

By BLS-Affiliated Authors or Appearing in BLS Publications

• Getting Started with Time-Use Data
  Jay Stewart. Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 14, Issue 1/December 2018.
  
  
• What is the impact of recoding travel activities in the American Time Use Survey? (HTML)
  Mary Dorinda Allard. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. May 2018.
  
  
• Contrasting Stylized Questions of Sleep with Diary Measures from the American Time Use Survey
  (HTML)
  Robin L. Kaplan, Brandon Kopp, and Polly Phipps. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Survey Methods Research Statistical Survey Paper. November 2016.
  
  
• Adjusting Body Mass for Measurement Error with Invalid Validation Data
  Charles Courtemanche, Joshua C. Pinkston, and Jay Stewart. NBER Working Paper. February 2014.
  
  
• Tobit or not Tobit?
  Jay Stewart. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. Volume 38, No. 3/November 2013.
  
  
• How to Think about Time-Use Data: What Inferences Can We Make about Long- and Short-Run Time Use from Time Diaries?
  Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart. Annals of Economics and Statistics. Number 105/106, January/June 2012.
  
  
• Adding eldercare questions to the American Time Use Survey (PDF)
  Stephanie Denton. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. November 2012.
  
  
• Secondary Activities in the 2006 American Time Use Survey (HTML)
  Robert Drago. Economic Working Paper, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. February 2011.
  
  
• Examining the Relationship Between Nonresponse Propensity and Data Quality in Two National Household Surveys
  Scott Fricker and Roger Tourangeau. Public Opinion Quarterly. Volume 74, No. 5/December 2010.
  
  
• Time-use surveys: issues in data collection on multitasking (PDF)
  Robert Drago and Jay Stewart. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. August 2010.
  
  
• Twenty-four hours: An Overview of the Recall Diary Method and Data Quality in the American Time Use Survey
  Polly A. Phipps and Margaret K. Vernon. In Calendar and Time Diary: Methods in Life Course Research, edited by Robert F. Belli, Frank P. Stafford, and Duane F. Alwin, 2009.
  
  
• Volunteered vs. Requested Approaches to Secondary Activity Reports in Time Use Surveys: A Comparison of the 2006 ATUS and the 1998-1999 FISCT
  Robert Drago and Jay Stewart. December 2008.
  
  
• Where Does the Time Go? Concepts and Measurement in the American Time Use Survey
  Harley Frazis and Jay Stewart. In Hard to Measure Goods and Services: Essays in Memory of Zvi Griliches. University of Chicago Press. October 2007.
  
  
• Assessing Alternative Dissimilarity Indexes for Comparing Activity Profiles
  Jay Stewart. Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research. Volume 3, No. 1/August 2006.
  
  
• Developing the American Time Use Survey activity classification system (PDF)
  Kristina Shelley. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. June 2005.
  
  
• Pre-testing Sensitive Questions: Perceived Sensitivity, Comprehension, and Order Effects of Questions about Income and Weight (HTML)
  Margaret Vernon. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Office of Survey Methods Statistics Statistical Survey Paper. 2005.
  
  
• Nonresponse bias in the American Time Use Survey
  Grace O’Neill and John Dixon. American Statistical Association Proceedings. 2005.
  
  
• Planning, designing, and executing the BLS American Time-Use Survey (PDF)
  Michael Horrigan and Diane Herz. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. October 2004.
  
  
• Response Analysis Survey: A Qualitative look at Response and Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey (HTML)
  Grace O'Neill and Jessica Sincavage. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistical Survey Paper. 2004.
  
  
• Assessing the Bias Associated with Alternative Contact Strategies in Telephone Time-Use Surveys
  Jay Stewart. Survey Methodology. Volume 28, No. 2/December 2002.
  
  
• Measuring intrahousehold allocation of time: response to Anne E. Winkler (PDF)
  Lisa K. Schwartz, Diane Herz, and Harley Frazis. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. February 2002.
  
  
• Measuring time use in households with more than one person (PDF)
  Anne E. Winkler. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. February 2002.
  
  
• The American Time Use Survey: cognitive pretesting (PDF)
  Lisa K. Schwartz. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. February 2002.
  
  
• Reporting Absences from Home: Results of Cognitive Testing of the American Time Use Survey's Missed Days Summary Question (HTML)
  Scott Fricker and Lisa K. Schwartz. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistical Survey Paper. August 2001.
  
  
• What's Work? Respondents' Interpretations of Work-Related Summary Questions (HTML)
  Lisa K. Schwartz, Siri Lynn, and Jayme Gortman. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistical Survey Paper. July 2001.
  
  
• Minding the Children: Understanding How Recall and Conceptual Interpretations Influence Responses to a Time-Use Summary Question (HTML)
  Lisa K. Schwartz. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Statistical Survey Paper. February 2001.
  
  
• Measuring how people spend their time: a time-use survey design (PDF)
  Linda L. Stinson. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Monthly Labor Review. August 1999.

By Authors and in Publications Not Affiliated with BLS

Disclaimer: The authors of the studies below are not affiliated with BLS. The information provided in this section is for your convenience and does not constitute an endorsement.

• Report of the AAPOR Task Force on Transitions from Telephone Surveys to Self-Administered and Mixed-Mode Surveys
  American Association for Public Opinion Research. October 2019.
  
  
• Nonresponse Bias for Univariate and Multivariate Estimates of Social Activities and Roles
  Ashley Amaya and Stanley Presser. Public Opinion Quarterly. Volume 81, No. 1/Spring 2017.
  
  
• Assessing the Effect of Social Integration on Unit Nonresponse in Household Surveys
  Ashley Amaya and Jeffrey R. Harring. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology. Volume 5/2017.
  
  
• Measuring Time Use in Household Surveys
  Erik Hurst. Journal of Economic and Social Measurement. Volume 40, No. 1-4/August 2015.
  
  
• Reliability, Validity, and Variability of the Subjective Well-Being Questions in the 2010 American Time Use Survey
  Yoonjoo Lee, Sandra L. Hofferth, Sarah M. Flood, and Kimberly Fisher. Social Indicators Research. February 2015.
  
  
• Enhancing the understanding of the relationship between social integration and nonresponse in household surveys
  Ashley E. Amaya. (2015)
  
  
• What Are You Doing Now? Activity-Level Responses and Recall Failures in the American Time Use Survey
  Tarek Al Baghal, Robert F. Belli, A. Lynn Phillips, and Nicholas Ruther. Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology. Volume 2, Issue 4/December 2014.
  
  
• Distinguishing between Frequency and Intensity of Health-related Symptoms from Diary Assessments
  Stefan Schneider and Arthur A. Stone. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Volume 77, No. 3/September 2014.
  
  
• Investigating the Effect of Bias in Survey Measures of Church Attendance
  Philip S. Brenner. Sociology of Religion. Volume 73, Number 4/December 2012.
  
  
• An Implementation of an Experimental Time Use Methodology: an 'Australianised Counterfactual' Estimate of National Subjective Wellbeing in the USA
  Roger Patulny and Kimberly Fisher. Centre for Time Use Research, University of Oxford, December 2012.
  
  
• Nonresponse Bias Analysis of body Mass Index Data in the Eating and Health Module
  Karen Hamrick. USDA Economic Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 1934. August, 2012.
  
  
• Exceptional Behavior or Exceptional Identity? Overreporting of Church Attendance in the US
  Philip S. Brenner. Public Opinion Quarterly. Volume 75, No. 1/March 2011.
  
  
• Identity Importance and the Overreporting of Religious Service Attendance: Multiple Imputation of Religious Attendance Using the American Time Use Study and the General Social Survey
  Philip S. Brenner. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. Volume 50, No. 1/March 2011.
  
  
• How Social Processes Distort Measurement: The Impact of Survey Nonresponse on Estimates of Volunteer Work
  Katharine G. Abraham, Sara E. Helms, and Stanley Presser. American Journal of Sociology. Volume 114, No. 4/January 2009.
  
  
• Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey
  Phawn M. Letourneau and Andrew Zbikowski. American Statistical Association Proceedings. 2008.
  
  
• Nonresponse in the American Time Use Survey: Who Is Missing from the Data and How Much Does It Matter?
  Katharine G. Abraham, Aaron Maitland and Suzanne M. Bianchi. Public Opinion Quarterly. Volume 70, No. 5/2006.

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Last Modified Date: August 1, 2024