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November 2023 | Vol. 12 / No. 16
Employment & Unemployment
As manufacturing sector changes, production occupations disappear: an analysis of employment from 2007–20
The Great Recession and the years of recovery that followed saw sweeping changes to the U.S. economy, including notable changes to the makeup of the labor market and industry employment. During the recession (2007–10), employment decreased for many occupations and industries including large declines for production occupations in the manufacturing sector.1 In the decade that followed the Great Recession (2010–20), the economy largely recovered; however, the growth in manufacturing sector production jobs did not make up for the 1.5 million production jobs lost from 2007 to 2010. In addition, as the manufacturing sector grew, employment shares shifted away from production occupations to other occupational groups, such as business and finance, management, and engineering.
This Beyond the Numbers article uses Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program estimates for the nation and by industry to illustrate how employment of production occupations in specific manufacturing industries and the manufacturing sector changed from 2007 to 2020.2 Focusing on changes in production occupation employment in the manufacturing sector illustrates the lasting effect recessions can have on the labor market and certain industries.
What are production occupations?
Production occupations are the largest occupational group in the manufacturing sector and make up approximately half of all manufacturing employment. They include occupations like assemblers and fabricators and metal and plastic workers.
Production occupation employment steeply decreased during the Great Recession
The Great Recession (2007–10) severely affected U.S. employment. According to OEWS estimates, total national employment fell by 5.4 percent, or 7.3 million jobs. Manufacturing sector employment fell by 18 percent, or 2.5 million jobs. Employment of production occupations in the manufacturing sector fell by 1.5 million jobs, a steep 20-percent decrease. Almost all production occupations in the manufacturing sector experienced employment decreases during this period. Table 1 shows manufacturing sector production occupations that were among those with the largest percentage of job losses from 2007 to 2010.
| Occupation | 2007 Employment (number of jobs) | 2010 Employment (number of jobs) | Employment change 2007–10 (number of jobs lost) | Percent Change 2007–10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power distributors and dispatchers | 290 | 100 | -190 | -65.5% |
| Metal workers and plastic workers, all other | 41,330 | 18,290 | -23,040 | -55.7 |
| Timing device assemblers and adjusters | 2,490 | 1,200 | -1,290 | -51.8 |
| Semiconductor processing technicians | 35,850 | 20,140 | -15,710 | -43.8 |
| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,550 | 21,750 | -14,800 | -40.5 |
| Shoe and leather workers and repairers | 4,800 | 2,900 | -1,900 | -39.6 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||
Over half of jobs for all other metal workers and plastic workers vanished. Employment of semiconductor processing technicians decreased by 43.8 percent and metal and plastic drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders fell by 40.5 percent. Appendix table 1 shows data for all detailed production occupations.
Production occupation employment declined for over 75 percent of manufacturing industries during the Great Recession
From 2007 to 2010, 51 of 65 manufacturing industries experienced statistically significant production occupation employment declines.3 Table 2 shows manufacturing industries that were among those with the largest production occupation declines and growth during the Great Recession. Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media was among the industries with the largest percentage of job losses, losing over half of its production jobs. Appendix table 2 shows data for all manufacturing industries.
| Manufacturing industry | 2007 Employment (number of jobs) | 2010 Employment (number of jobs) | Employment change (number of jobs) 2007–10 | Percent change 2007–10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media | 11,950 | 5,640 | -6,310 | -52.8% |
| Apparel knitting mills | 19,580 | 10,750 | -8,830 | -45.1 |
| Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing | 59,620 | 33,490 | -26,130 | -43.8 |
| Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing | 121,500 | 69,700 | -51,800 | -42.6 |
| Railroad rolling stock manufacturing | 14,810 | 8,830 | -5,980 | -40.4 |
| Dairy product manufacturing | 55,850 | 60,530 | 4,680 | 8.4 |
| Aerospace product and parts manufacturing | 145,270 | 157,660 | 12,390 | 8.5 |
| Other food manufacturing | 64,280 | 69,950 | 5,670 | 8.8 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||
During the Great Recession (2007–10), only 3 of 65 manufacturing industries experienced statistically significant employment increases of production occupations: other food manufacturing and aerospace product and parts manufacturing increased 8.8 and 8.5 percent, respectively, and dairy product manufacturing rose by 8.4 percent.4
Although the U.S. economy experienced steep declines in employment from 2007 to 2010, most industries recovered the jobs lost in the decade that followed; however, production occupations in the manufacturing sector did not.
Production occupations in manufacturing grew during the economic recovery (2010–20) but recovered only 13 percent of the jobs lost during the Great Recession
From 2010 to 2020, national employment increased by 12 million jobs, or 9.4 percent, recovering beyond pre-Great Recession levels. At the same time, the manufacturing sector recovered only about 600,000 (24 percent) of the 2.5 million jobs lost during the Great Recession. Similarly, production occupations within the manufacturing sector recovered only about 200,000 (13 percent) of the 1.5 million jobs lost.
Even though production occupations grew overall, many individual production jobs in manufacturing continued to see large declines during this period. Chart 1 shows manufacturing sector production occupations that were among those with the largest percentage of job gains and losses from 2010 to 2020.
| Occupation | Percent change, 2010–20 |
|---|---|
| Chemical equipment operators and tenders | 109.8 |
| Plant and system operators, all other | 77.7 |
| Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 76.7 |
| Foundry mold and coremakers | 57.9 |
| Food batchmakers | 53.2 |
| Production occupations | 3.6 |
| Cutters and trimmers, hand | -58.8 |
| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | -64.7 |
| Photographic process workers and processing machine operators | -84.9 |
| Model makers, wood | -86.9 |
| Patternmakers, wood | -87.5 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | |
Employment for chemical equipment operators and tenders more than doubled between 2010 and 2020. Metal and plastic multiple machine tool operators and all other plant and system operators both saw more than 75 percent growth.
Some production occupation employment fell sharply, almost disappearing entirely. For example, wood patternmakers’ employment fell 87.5 percent. Photographic process workers and processing machine operators decreased 84.9 percent and metal and plastic drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders fell by 64.7 percent.
Many production occupations experienced growth during this time but were unable to surpass jobs lost between 2007 and 2010. Table 3 includes five selected occupations that experienced growth from 2010 to 2020 but did not reach employment levels equal to or exceeding their 2007 pre-recession employment.
| Occupation | Employment (number of jobs) | Percent change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2010 | 2020 | 2007–10 | 2010–20 | 2007–20 | |
| Semiconductor processing technicians | 35,850 | 20,140 | 30,350 | -43.8% | 50.7% | -15.3% |
| Power distributors and dispatchers | 290 | 100 | 150 | -65.5 | 50.0 | -48.3 |
| Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 40,530 | 29,200 | 36,700 | -28.0 | 25.7 | -9.4 |
| Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood | 51,520 | 33,040 | 41,500 | -35.9 | 25.6 | -19.4 |
| Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing | 87,440 | 56,730 | 70,010 | -35.1 | 23.4 | -19.9 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||||
Semiconductor processing technicians’ employment rose 50.7 percent from 2010 to 2020 but was still 15.3 percent below its 2007 level. The same was true for wood sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, whose employment increased 25.6 percent from 2010 to 2020 but was still 19.4 percent below 2007 employment.
Employment in manufacturing industries increased during the economic recovery (2010–20), but growth amounted to only a fraction of the jobs lost during the Great Recession
Many manufacturing industries experienced large production occupation employment declines during the Great Recession followed by considerable gains during the subsequent recovery, but their 2020 employment levels were still lower than their 2007 levels. Table 4 shows selected manufacturing industries that grew between 2010 and 2020 but saw overall decline from 2007 to 2020.
| Manufacturing industry | Employment (number of jobs) | Percent change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2010 | 2020 | 2007–10 | 2010–20 | 2007–20 | |
| Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing | 121,500 | 69,700 | 102,260 | -42.6% | 46.7% | -15.8% |
| Railroad rolling stock manufacturing | 14,810 | 8,830 | 11,440 | -40.4 | 29.6 | -22.8 |
| Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing | 59,620 | 33,490 | 43,120 | -43.8 | 28.8 | -27.7 |
| Motor vehicle parts manufacturing | 396,120 | 255,960 | 308,700 | -35.4 | 20.6 | -22.1 |
| Sawmills and wood preservation | 46,320 | 32,150 | 37,500 | -30.6 | 16.6 | -19.0 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||||
M otor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing production occupation employment fell by 51,800 jobs during the Great Recession, then it increased by 32,560 jobs from 2010 to 2020 but was still 19,240 jobs (15.8 percent) below pre-Great Recession levels. Railroad rolling stock manufacturing; veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing; motor vehicle parts manufacturing; and sawmills and wood preservation experienced a similar pattern of employment change.
Following the recession, most manufacturing industries did not recover jobs lost. From 2007 to 2020, 51 of 65 manufacturing industries experienced statistically significant production occupation employment declines, 7 experienced increases, and the remaining showed no significant changes. Table 5 shows manufacturing industries that were among those with the largest number of production occupation jobs lost from 2007 to 2020. Printing and related support activities, motor vehicle parts manufacturing, and cut and sew apparel manufacturing were among those industries with the biggest declines in employment levels. The printing and related support activities industry alone accounted for 10 percent of the decline in production occupations in the manufacturing sector.
| Manufacturing industry | Employment (number of jobs) | Jobs gained or lost | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2010 | 2020 | 2007–10 | 2010–20 | 2007–20 | |
| Printing and related support activities | 334,900 | 263,500 | 203,680 | -71,400 | -59,820 | -131,220 |
| Motor vehicle parts manufacturing | 396,120 | 255,960 | 308,700 | -140,160 | 52,740 | -87,420 |
| Cut and sew apparel manufacturing | 123,250 | 84,190 | 44,140 | -39,060 | -40,050 | -79,110 |
| Machinery manufacturing (NAICS 3331, 3332, 3334, and 3339 only) 1 | 423,620 | 342,370 | 359,800 | -81,250 | 17,430 | -63,820 |
| Fabricated metal product manufacturing (NAICS 3321, 3322, 3325, 3326, and 3329 only) 1 | 322,170 | 255,930 | 263,360 | -66,240 | 7,430 | -58,810 |
| 1 NAICS is the North American Industry Classification System, which groups establishments into industries based on the activity in which they are primarily engaged. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||||
Changing employment trends in the manufacturing sector, 2007–20
Looking at the cumulative change from 2007 to 2020 gives us a better idea of how the employment decrease of the Great Recession and the increase of the subsequent recovery interacted to affect manufacturing production employment. According to OEWS estimates, U.S. employment increased by 4.7 million jobs, or 3.5 percent, from 2007 to 2020. However, over the same period, total employment in the manufacturing sector fell by 1.9 million jobs, a 13-percent decrease. Most of the employment decline occurred in manufacturing sector production occupations, which dropped by 1.3 million jobs, or 17 percent over the period.
As production occupation employment fell from 2007 to 2020, the composition of the manufacturing workforce shifted. Table 6 shows major occupational groups with large percentage point increases and decreases in their share of the manufacturing sector’s total employment from 2007 to 2020. Production occupations had an employment share of about 52.6 percent in 2007, but their share fell to 50.1 percent in 2020. Shares of business and financial operations grew from 3.2 to 4.4 percent and management employment rose from 4.9 to 5.7 percent. Architecture and engineering occupations also accounted for a higher share of manufacturing employment in 2020 than in 2007.
| Occupational group | Employment (number of jobs) | Percent share | Change in percent share | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2010 | 2020 | 2007 | 2010 | 2020 | 2007–20 | |
| All occupations | 13,960,700 | 11,494,240 | 12,105,940 | 100% | 100% | 100% | 0 |
| Business and financial operations | 453,650 | 404,280 | 531,370 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 1.1 |
| Management | 685,020 | 631,630 | 695,250 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 0.8 |
| Architecture and engineering | 803,280 | 715,670 | 796,960 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.6 | 0.8 |
| Transportation and material moving | 1,360,900 | 1,090,640 | 1,069,850 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 8.8 | -0.9 |
| Office and administrative support | 1,253,770 | 1,037,820 | 970,200 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | -1.0 |
| Production | 7,339,760 | 5,857,720 | 6,070,410 | 52.6 | 51.0 | 50.1 | -2.4 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | |||||||
Conclusion
Employment across many occupations and industries declined during the Great Recession and recovered in the decade after. Despite the total number of production occupation jobs in the manufacturing sector increasing from 2010 to 2020, most production occupations experienced overall losses from 2007 to 2020 and have not returned to their 2007 pre-Great Recession levels. As the economy recovered, the manufacturing sector had a shifting makeup of occupations. The share of production occupations fell, while management, business and financial operations, and architecture and engineering occupations saw employment share increases.
Appendix
The 2007 and 2010 OEWS occupational employment estimates were cross walked to match the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Occupations that could not be considered comparable because of changes in SOC classifications were excluded. The 2007 and 2010 four-digit manufacturing industry employment estimates were cross walked to match the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Industries that could not be considered comparable due to changes in NAICS classification were excluded. All OEWS data are available at https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm. SOC crosswalks are available at https://www.bls.gov/soc. NAICS crosswalks are available at https://data.bls.gov/cew/apps/bls_naics/v3/bls_naics_app.htm#tab=transition&naics=2022.
| SOC | SOC Title | 2007 Employment | 2010 Employment | 2020 Employment | Difference in employment, 2007–10 | Difference in employment, 2010–20 | Difference in employment, 2007–20 | Percent Change, 2007–10 | Percent Change, 2010–20 | Percent Change, 2007–20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51-0000 | Production occupations | 7,339,760 | 5,857,720 | 6,070,410 | -1,482,040 | 212,690 | -1,269,350 | -20.2% | 3.6% | -17.3% |
| 51-1011 | First-line supervisors of production and operating workers | 495,040 | 404,770 | 438,960 | -90,270 | 34,190 | -56,080 | -18.2 | 8.4 | -11.3 |
| 51-2011 | Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers | 31,810 | 33,850 | 34,370 | 2,040 | 520 | 2,560 | 6.4 | 1.5 | 8.0 |
| 51-2021 | Coil winders, tapers, and finishers | 20,970 | 14,250 | 10,960 | -6,720 | -3,290 | -10,010 | -32.0 | -23.1 | -47.7 |
| 51-2028 | Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers | 252,630 | 206,400 | 247,320 | -46,230 | 40,920 | -5,310 | -18.3 | 19.8 | -2.1 |
| 51-2031 | Engine and other machine assemblers | 37,250 | 30,600 | 37,400 | -6,650 | 6,800 | 150 | -17.9 | 22.2 | 0.4 |
| 51-2041 | Structural metal fabricators and fitters | 92,310 | 68,540 | 56,150 | -23,770 | -12,390 | -36,160 | -25.8 | -18.1 | -39.2 |
| 51-2051 | Fiberglass laminators and fabricators | 29,600 | 17,940 | 1 | -11,660 | 1 | 1 | -39.4 | 1 | 1 |
| 51-2061 | Timing device assemblers and adjusters | 2,490 | 1,200 | 1 | -1,290 | 1 | 1 | -51.8 | 1 | 1 |
| 51-2090 | Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators | 1,081,660 | 838,960 | 935,430 | -242,700 | 96,470 | -146,230 | -22.4 | 11.5 | -13.5 |
| 51-3011 | Bakers | 51,770 | 48,890 | 57,340 | -2,880 | 8,450 | 5,570 | -5.6 | 17.3 | 10.8 |
| 51-3021 | Butchers and meat cutters | 14,740 | 11,360 | 9,210 | -3,380 | -2,150 | -5,530 | -22.9 | -18.9 | -37.5 |
| 51-3022 | Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers | 114,650 | 125,270 | 118,830 | 10,620 | -6,440 | 4,180 | 9.3 | -5.1 | 3.6 |
| 51-3023 | Slaughterers and meat packers | 106,080 | 85,400 | 72,130 | -20,680 | -13,270 | -33,950 | -19.5 | -15.5 | -32.0 |
| 51-3091 | Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders | 14,920 | 16,040 | 14,420 | 1,120 | -1,620 | -500 | 7.5 | -10.1 | -3.4 |
| 51-3092 | Food batchmakers | 81,000 | 81,680 | 125,170 | 680 | 43,490 | 44,170 | 0.8 | 53.2 | 54.5 |
| 51-3093 | Food cooking machine operators and tenders | 27,740 | 22,190 | 22,230 | -5,550 | 40 | -5,510 | -20.0 | 0.2 | -19.9 |
| 51-4021 | Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 92,380 | 74,560 | 65,790 | -17,820 | -8,770 | -26,590 | -19.3 | -11.8 | -28.8 |
| 51-4022 | Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 29,050 | 21,060 | 12,600 | -7,990 | -8,460 | -16,450 | -27.5 | -40.2 | -56.6 |
| 51-4023 | Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,210 | 31,040 | 32,560 | -5,170 | 1,520 | -3,650 | -14.3 | 4.9 | -10.1 |
| 51-4031 | Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 216,030 | 155,210 | 158,880 | -60,820 | 3,670 | -57,150 | -28.2 | 2.4 | -26.5 |
| 51-4032 | Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 36,550 | 21,750 | 7,680 | -14,800 | -14,070 | -28,870 | -40.5 | -64.7 | -79.0 |
| 51-4033 | Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 93,860 | 68,430 | 66,050 | -25,430 | -2,380 | -27,810 | -27.1 | -3.5 | -29.6 |
| 51-4034 | Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 59,880 | 39,970 | 22,580 | -19,910 | -17,390 | -37,300 | -33.2 | -43.5 | -62.3 |
| 51-4035 | Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 25,600 | 19,950 | 13,050 | -5,650 | -6,900 | -12,550 | -22.1 | -34.6 | -49.0 |
| 51-4041 | Machinists | 328,270 | 280,120 | 295,480 | -48,150 | 15,360 | -32,790 | -14.7 | 5.5 | -10.0 |
| 51-4051 | Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders | 18,520 | 14,270 | 14,590 | -4,250 | 320 | -3,930 | -22.9 | 2.2 | -21.2 |
| 51-4052 | Pourers and casters, metal | 15,430 | 11,120 | 6,990 | -4,310 | -4,130 | -8,440 | -27.9 | -37.1 | -54.7 |
| 51-4061 | Model makers, metal and plastic | 8,150 | 5,030 | 2,340 | -3,120 | -2,690 | -5,810 | -38.3 | -53.5 | -71.3 |
| 51-4062 | Patternmakers, metal and plastic | 7,020 | 4,300 | 2,390 | -2,720 | -1,910 | -4,630 | -38.7 | -44.4 | -66.0 |
| 51-4071 | Foundry mold and coremakers | 13,920 | 9,930 | 15,680 | -3,990 | 5,750 | 1,760 | -28.7 | 57.9 | 12.6 |
| 51-4072 | Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 140,920 | 110,050 | 140,540 | -30,870 | 30,490 | -380 | -21.9 | 27.7 | -0.3 |
| 51-4081 | Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 81,480 | 65,140 | 115,090 | -16,340 | 49,950 | 33,610 | -20.1 | 76.7 | 41.2 |
| 51-4111 | Tool and die makers | 90,510 | 64,570 | 57,910 | -25,940 | -6,660 | -32,600 | -28.7 | -10.3 | -36.0 |
| 51-4121 | Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers | 258,650 | 203,260 | 265,240 | -55,390 | 61,980 | 6,590 | -21.4 | 30.5 | 2.5 |
| 51-4122 | Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 46,290 | 35,160 | 28,980 | -11,130 | -6,180 | -17,310 | -24.0 | -17.6 | -37.4 |
| 51-4191 | Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 24,860 | 17,710 | 15,360 | -7,150 | -2,350 | -9,500 | -28.8 | -13.3 | -38.2 |
| 51-4192 | Layout workers, metal and plastic | 7,860 | 7,870 | 5,600 | 10 | -2,270 | -2,260 | 0.1 | -28.8 | -28.8 |
| 51-4193 | Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 40,530 | 29,200 | 36,700 | -11,330 | 7,500 | -3,830 | -28.0 | 25.7 | -9.4 |
| 51-4194 | Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners | 14,850 | 10,000 | 4,160 | -4,850 | -5,840 | -10,690 | -32.7 | -58.4 | -72.0 |
| 51-4199 | Metal workers and plastic workers, all other | 41,330 | 18,290 | 10,880 | -23,040 | -7,410 | -30,450 | -55.7 | -40.5 | -73.7 |
| 51-5111 | Prepress technicians and workers | 43,650 | 33,090 | 20,340 | -10,560 | -12,750 | -23,310 | -24.2 | -38.5 | -53.4 |
| 51-6011 | Laundry and dry-cleaning workers | 1 | 1,190 | 720 | 1 | -470 | 1 | 1 | -39.5 | 1 |
| 51-6021 | Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials | 7,560 | 5,520 | 2,460 | -2,040 | -3,060 | -5,100 | -27.0 | -55.4 | -67.5 |
| 51-6031 | Sewing machine operators | 176,910 | 128,370 | 92,780 | -48,540 | -35,590 | -84,130 | -27.4 | -27.7 | -47.6 |
| 51-6041 | Shoe and leather workers and repairers | 4,800 | 2,900 | 3,280 | -1,900 | 380 | -1,520 | -39.6 | 13.1 | -31.7 |
| 51-6042 | Shoe machine operators and tenders | 4,000 | 3,170 | 3,830 | -830 | 660 | -170 | -20.8 | 20.8 | -4.3 |
| 51-6051 | Sewers, hand | 3,720 | 2,950 | 1,960 | -770 | -990 | -1,760 | -20.7 | -33.6 | -47.3 |
| 51-6052 | Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers | 5,980 | 4,040 | 2,490 | -1,940 | -1,550 | -3,490 | -32.4 | -38.4 | -58.4 |
| 51-6061 | Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders | 17,690 | 12,500 | 6,680 | -5,190 | -5,820 | -11,010 | -29.3 | -46.6 | -62.2 |
| 51-6062 | Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders | 18,730 | 12,930 | 11,390 | -5,800 | -1,540 | -7,340 | -31.0 | -11.9 | -39.2 |
| 51-6063 | Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders | 32,820 | 20,870 | 18,300 | -11,950 | -2,570 | -14,520 | -36.4 | -12.3 | -44.2 |
| 51-6064 | Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders | 40,020 | 27,460 | 24,610 | -12,560 | -2,850 | -15,410 | -31.4 | -10.4 | -38.5 |
| 51-6091 | Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers | 15,140 | 14,670 | 15,740 | -470 | 1,070 | 600 | -3.1 | 7.3 | 4.0 |
| 51-6092 | Fabric and apparel patternmakers | 6,800 | 5,070 | 3,140 | -1,730 | -1,930 | -3,660 | -25.4 | -38.1 | -53.8 |
| 51-6093 | Upholsterers | 24,670 | 17,610 | 17,010 | -7,060 | -600 | -7,660 | -28.6 | -3.4 | -31.0 |
| 51-6099 | Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other | 11,020 | 7,440 | 8,110 | -3,580 | 670 | -2,910 | -32.5 | 9.0 | -26.4 |
| 51-7011 | Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters | 109,660 | 71,590 | 77,750 | -38,070 | 6,160 | -31,910 | -34.7 | 8.6 | -29.1 |
| 51-7021 | Furniture finishers | 16,170 | 9,980 | 10,400 | -6,190 | 420 | -5,770 | -38.3 | 4.2 | -35.7 |
| 51-7031 | Model makers, wood | 1,460 | 1,450 | 190 | -10 | -1,260 | -1,270 | -0.7 | -86.9 | -87.0 |
| 51-7032 | Patternmakers, wood | 1,940 | 1,200 | 150 | -740 | -1,050 | -1,790 | -38.1 | -87.5 | -92.3 |
| 51-7041 | Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood | 51,520 | 33,040 | 41,500 | -18,480 | 8,460 | -10,020 | -35.9 | 25.6 | -19.4 |
| 51-7042 | Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing | 87,440 | 56,730 | 70,010 | -30,710 | 13,280 | -17,430 | -35.1 | 23.4 | -19.9 |
| 51-7099 | Woodworkers, all other | 8,210 | 6,020 | 4,790 | -2,190 | -1,230 | -3,420 | -26.7 | -20.4 | -41.7 |
| 51-8012 | Power distributors and dispatchers | 290 | 100 | 150 | -190 | 50 | -140 | -65.5 | 50.0 | -48.3 |
| 51-8013 | Power plant operators | 1,100 | 690 | 690 | -410 | 0 | -410 | -37.3 | 0.0 | -37.3 |
| 51-8021 | Stationary engineers and boiler operators | 8,600 | 8,130 | 6,080 | -470 | -2,050 | -2,520 | -5.5 | -25.2 | -29.3 |
| 51-8031 | Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators | 3,460 | 3,310 | 4,870 | -150 | 1,560 | 1,410 | -4.3 | 47.1 | 40.8 |
| 51-8091 | Chemical plant and system operators | 46,580 | 42,070 | 26,250 | -4,510 | -15,820 | -20,330 | -9.7 | -37.6 | -43.6 |
| 51-8092 | Gas plant operators | 820 | 1,540 | 710 | 720 | -830 | -110 | 87.8 | -53.9 | -13.4 |
| 51-8093 | Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers | 22,820 | 23,340 | 21,370 | 520 | -1,970 | -1,450 | 2.3 | -8.4 | -6.4 |
| 51-8099 | Plant and system operators, all other | 4,050 | 3,180 | 5,650 | -870 | 2,470 | 1,600 | -21.5 | 77.7 | 39.5 |
| 51-9011 | Chemical equipment operators and tenders | 46,290 | 43,210 | 90,670 | -3,080 | 47,460 | 44,380 | -6.7 | 109.8 | 95.9 |
| 51-9012 | Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders | 38,100 | 32,520 | 40,810 | -5,580 | 8,290 | 2,710 | -14.6 | 25.5 | 7.1 |
| 51-9021 | Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 30,020 | 22,570 | 20,890 | -7,450 | -1,680 | -9,130 | -24.8 | -7.4 | -30.4 |
| 51-9022 | Grinding and polishing workers, hand | 40,690 | 25,510 | 14,370 | -15,180 | -11,140 | -26,320 | -37.3 | -43.7 | -64.7 |
| 51-9023 | Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders | 127,470 | 113,800 | 96,330 | -13,670 | -17,470 | -31,140 | -10.7 | -15.4 | -24.4 |
| 51-9031 | Cutters and trimmers, hand | 23,640 | 15,810 | 6,520 | -7,830 | -9,290 | -17,120 | -33.1 | -58.8 | -72.4 |
| 51-9032 | Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 71,020 | 53,680 | 45,300 | -17,340 | -8,380 | -25,720 | -24.4 | -15.6 | -36.2 |
| 51-9041 | Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders | 84,770 | 62,330 | 59,480 | -22,440 | -2,850 | -25,290 | -26.5 | -4.6 | -29.8 |
| 51-9051 | Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders | 23,030 | 17,400 | 15,080 | -5,630 | -2,320 | -7,950 | -24.4 | -13.3 | -34.5 |
| 51-9061 | Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers | 330,620 | 281,190 | 352,480 | -49,430 | 71,290 | 21,860 | -15.0 | 25.4 | 6.6 |
| 51-9071 | Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers | 9,180 | 7,400 | 5,210 | -1,780 | -2,190 | -3,970 | -19.4 | -29.6 | -43.2 |
| 51-9081 | Dental laboratory technicians | 36,440 | 31,640 | 25,500 | -4,800 | -6,140 | -10,940 | -13.2 | -19.4 | -30.0 |
| 51-9082 | Medical appliance technicians | 8,170 | 9,440 | 9,070 | 1,270 | -370 | 900 | 15.5 | -3.9 | 11.0 |
| 51-9083 | Ophthalmic laboratory technicians | 12,430 | 9,640 | 11,000 | -2,790 | 1,360 | -1,430 | -22.4 | 14.1 | -11.5 |
| 51-9111 | Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 240,800 | 239,820 | 289,200 | -980 | 49,380 | 48,400 | -0.4 | 20.6 | 20.1 |
| 51-9123 | Painting, coating, and decorating workers | 16,170 | 10,530 | 8,390 | -5,640 | -2,140 | -7,780 | -34.9 | -20.3 | -48.1 |
| 51-9124 | Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders | 113,340 | 84,230 | 93,980 | -29,110 | 9,750 | -19,360 | -25.7 | 11.6 | -17.1 |
| 51-9141 | Semiconductor processing technicians | 35,850 | 20,140 | 30,350 | -15,710 | 10,210 | -5,500 | -43.8 | 50.7 | -15.3 |
| 51-9151 | Photographic process workers and processing machine operators | 3,840 | 3,710 | 560 | -130 | -3,150 | -3,280 | -3.4 | -84.9 | -85.4 |
| 51-9161 | Computer numerically controlled tool operators | 137,210 | 120,510 | 139,500 | -16,700 | 18,990 | 2,290 | -12.2 | 15.8 | 1.7 |
| 51-9162 | Computer numerically controlled tool programmers | 16,360 | 15,660 | 21,940 | -700 | 6,280 | 5,580 | -4.3 | 40.1 | 34.1 |
| 51-9191 | Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders | 21,110 | 14,640 | 11,490 | -6,470 | -3,150 | -9,620 | -30.6 | -21.5 | -45.6 |
| 51-9192 | Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders | 14,710 | 16,130 | 11,730 | 1,420 | -4,400 | -2,980 | 9.7 | -27.3 | -20.3 |
| 51-9193 | Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders | 8,900 | 8,050 | 6,540 | -850 | -1,510 | -2,360 | -9.6 | -18.8 | -26.5 |
| 51-9194 | Etchers and engravers | 6,420 | 4,740 | 5,050 | -1,680 | 310 | -1,370 | -26.2 | 6.5 | -21.3 |
| 51-9195 | Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic | 35,670 | 28,590 | 31,910 | -7,080 | 3,320 | -3,760 | -19.8 | 11.6 | -10.5 |
| 51-9196 | Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders | 104,460 | 83,460 | 92,050 | -21,000 | 8,590 | -12,410 | -20.1 | 10.3 | -11.9 |
| 51-9197 | Tire builders | 19,080 | 14,030 | 17,690 | -5,050 | 3,660 | -1,390 | -26.5 | 26.1 | -7.3 |
| 51-9198 | Helpers--production workers | 336,580 | 253,910 | 158,590 | -82,670 | -95,320 | -177,990 | -24.6 | -37.5 | -52.9 |
| 51-9199 | Production workers, all other | 153,490 | 141,730 | 104,590 | -11,760 | -37,140 | -48,900 | -7.7 | -26.2 | -31.9 |
| 1 Estimate not released. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||||||||
| NAICS | NAICS Titles | 2007 Employment | 2010 Employment | 2020 Employment | Difference in employment, 2007–10 | Difference in employment, 2010–20 | Difference in employment, 2007–20 | Percent Change, 2007–10 | Percent Change, 2010–20 | Percent Change, 2007–20 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 311100 | Animal food manufacturing | 19,990 | 20,440 | 28,940 | 450 | 8,500 | 8,950 | 2.3% | 41.6% | 44.8% |
| 311200 | Grain and oilseed milling | 28,140 | 29,550 | 29,320 | 1,410 | -230 | 1,180 | 5.0 | -0.8 | 4.2 |
| 311300 | Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing | 36,810 | 32,450 | 34,080 | -4,360 | 1,630 | -2,730 | -11.8 | 5.0 | -7.4 |
| 311400 | Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing | 87,630 | 86,840 | 88,750 | -790 | 1,910 | 1,120 | -0.9 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| 311500 | Dairy product manufacturing | 55,850 | 60,530 | 72,770 | 4,680 | 12,240 | 16,920 | 8.4 | 20.2 | 30.3 |
| 311600 | Animal slaughtering and processing | 344,160 | 328,000 | 312,820 | -16,160 | -15,180 | -31,340 | -4.7 | -4.6 | -9.1 |
| 311700 | Seafood product preparation and packaging | 20,530 | 19,640 | 14,760 | -890 | -4,880 | -5,770 | -4.3 | -24.8 | -28.1 |
| 311800 | Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing | 134,480 | 135,970 | 145,750 | 1,490 | 9,780 | 11,270 | 1.1 | 7.2 | 8.4 |
| 311900 | Other food manufacturing | 64,280 | 69,950 | 98,140 | 5,670 | 28,190 | 33,860 | 8.8 | 40.3 | 52.7 |
| 312100 | Beverage manufacturing | 47,700 | 46,530 | 66,940 | -1,170 | 20,410 | 19,240 | -2.5 | 43.9 | 40.3 |
| 312200 | Tobacco manufacturing | 11,870 | 7,340 | 5,220 | -4,530 | -2,120 | -6,650 | -38.2 | -28.9 | -56.0 |
| 313100 | Fiber, yarn, and thread mills | 29,560 | 18,790 | 14,940 | -10,770 | -3,850 | -14,620 | -36.4 | -20.5 | -49.5 |
| 313200 | Fabric mills | 50,410 | 32,800 | 29,740 | -17,610 | -3,060 | -20,670 | -34.9 | -9.3 | -41.0 |
| 313300 | Textile and fabric finishing and fabric coating mills | 31,220 | 22,050 | 13,490 | -9,170 | -8,560 | -17,730 | -29.4 | -38.8 | -56.8 |
| 314100 | Textile furnishings mills | 52,980 | 37,350 | 26,380 | -15,630 | -10,970 | -26,600 | -29.5 | -29.4 | -50.2 |
| 314900 | Other textile product mills | 46,060 | 41,350 | 37,480 | -4,710 | -3,870 | -8,580 | -10.2 | -9.4 | -18.6 |
| 315100 | Apparel knitting mills | 19,580 | 10,750 | 5,040 | -8,830 | -5,710 | -14,540 | -45.1 | -53.1 | -74.3 |
| 315200 | Cut and sew apparel manufacturing | 123,250 | 84,190 | 44,140 | -39,060 | -40,050 | -79,110 | -31.7 | -47.6 | -64.2 |
| 315900 | Apparel accessories and other apparel manufacturing | 12,210 | 8,970 | 6,510 | -3,240 | -2,460 | -5,700 | -26.5 | -27.4 | -46.7 |
| 316100 | Leather and hide tanning and finishing | 3,460 | 2,180 | 1,770 | -1,280 | -410 | -1,690 | -37.0 | -18.8 | -48.8 |
| 316200 | Footwear manufacturing | 12,150 | 9,770 | 6,700 | -2,380 | -3,070 | -5,450 | -19.6 | -31.4 | -44.9 |
| 316900 | Other leather and allied product manufacturing | 9,400 | 6,790 | 6,910 | -2,610 | 120 | -2,490 | -27.8 | 1.8 | -26.5 |
| 321100 | Sawmills and wood preservation | 46,320 | 32,150 | 37,500 | -14,170 | 5,350 | -8,820 | -30.6 | 16.6 | -19.0 |
| 321200 | Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing | 59,620 | 33,490 | 43,120 | -26,130 | 9,630 | -16,500 | -43.8 | 28.8 | -27.7 |
| 322100 | Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills | 68,720 | 56,670 | 47,580 | -12,050 | -9,090 | -21,140 | -17.5 | -16.0 | -30.8 |
| 322200 | Converted paper product manufacturing | 183,640 | 156,830 | 144,850 | -26,810 | -11,980 | -38,790 | -14.6 | -7.6 | -21.1 |
| 323100 | Printing and related support activities | 334,900 | 263,500 | 203,680 | -71,400 | -59,820 | -131,220 | -21.3 | -22.7 | -39.2 |
| 324100 | Petroleum and coal products manufacturing | 48,220 | 45,730 | 46,870 | -2,490 | 1,140 | -1,350 | -5.2 | 2.5 | -2.8 |
| 325400 | Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing | 81,920 | 80,030 | 97,050 | -1,890 | 17,020 | 15,130 | -2.3 | 21.3 | 18.5 |
| 326100 | Plastics product manufacturing | 368,640 | 288,630 | 329,400 | -80,010 | 40,770 | -39,240 | -21.7 | 14.1 | -10.6 |
| 326200 | Rubber product manufacturing | 102,050 | 79,970 | 80,440 | -22,080 | 470 | -21,610 | -21.6 | 0.6 | -21.2 |
| 327000 | Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing | 199,370 | 148,570 | 152,310 | -50,800 | 3,740 | -47,060 | -25.5 | 2.5 | -23.6 |
| 331100 | Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing | 48,960 | 40,470 | 40,310 | -8,490 | -160 | -8,650 | -17.3 | -0.4 | -17.7 |
| 331200 | Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel | 34,390 | 29,540 | 30,760 | -4,850 | 1,220 | -3,630 | -14.1 | 4.1 | -10.6 |
| 331300 | Alumina and aluminum production and processing | 39,590 | 29,230 | 30,070 | -10,360 | 840 | -9,520 | -26.2 | 2.9 | -24.0 |
| 331400 | Nonferrous metal (except aluminum) production and processing | 38,900 | 31,530 | 32,070 | -7,370 | 540 | -6,830 | -18.9 | 1.7 | -17.6 |
| 331500 | Foundries | 109,990 | 74,120 | 72,340 | -35,870 | -1,780 | -37,650 | -32.6 | -2.4 | -34.2 |
| 332700 | Machine shops; turned product; and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing | 254,900 | 212,460 | 237,900 | -42,440 | 25,440 | -17,000 | -16.6 | 12.0 | -6.7 |
| 332800 | Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities | 93,940 | 73,420 | 83,150 | -20,520 | 9,730 | -10,790 | -21.8 | 13.3 | -11.5 |
| 333500 | Metalworking machinery manufacturing | 128,120 | 96,020 | 105,730 | -32,100 | 9,710 | -22,390 | -25.1 | 10.1 | -17.5 |
| 333600 | Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing | 59,220 | 47,700 | 41,440 | -11,520 | -6,260 | -17,780 | -19.5 | -13.1 | -30.0 |
| 334200 | Communications equipment manufacturing | 34,250 | 28,760 | 19,720 | -5,490 | -9,040 | -14,530 | -16.0 | -31.4 | -42.4 |
| 334300 | Audio and video equipment manufacturing | 10,860 | 7,090 | 5,310 | -3,770 | -1,780 | -5,550 | -34.7 | -25.1 | -51.1 |
| 334400 | Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing | 193,780 | 153,900 | 146,130 | -39,880 | -7,770 | -47,650 | -20.6 | -5.0 | -24.6 |
| 334500 | Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing | 120,500 | 107,700 | 111,250 | -12,800 | 3,550 | -9,250 | -10.6 | 3.3 | -7.7 |
| 334600 | Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media | 11,950 | 5,640 | 2,480 | -6,310 | -3,160 | -9,470 | -52.8 | -56.0 | -79.2 |
| 335100 | Electric lighting equipment manufacturing | 33,210 | 23,130 | 18,870 | -10,080 | -4,260 | -14,340 | -30.4 | -18.4 | -43.2 |
| 335200 | Household appliance manufacturing | 44,990 | 36,540 | 37,270 | -8,450 | 730 | -7,720 | -18.8 | 2.0 | -17.2 |
| 335300 | Electrical equipment manufacturing | 94,500 | 73,180 | 70,160 | -21,320 | -3,020 | -24,340 | -22.6 | -4.1 | -25.8 |
| 335900 | Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing | 81,080 | 63,200 | 70,880 | -17,880 | 7,680 | -10,200 | -22.1 | 12.2 | -12.6 |
| 336100 | Motor vehicle manufacturing | 158,920 | 101,280 | 161,500 | -57,640 | 60,220 | 2,580 | -36.3 | 59.5 | 1.6 |
| 336200 | Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing | 121,500 | 69,700 | 102,260 | -51,800 | 32,560 | -19,240 | -42.6 | 46.7 | -15.8 |
| 336300 | Motor vehicle parts manufacturing | 396,120 | 255,960 | 308,700 | -140,160 | 52,740 | -87,420 | -35.4 | 20.6 | -22.1 |
| 336400 | Aerospace product and parts manufacturing | 145,270 | 157,660 | 163,430 | 12,390 | 5,770 | 18,160 | 8.5 | 3.7 | 12.5 |
| 336500 | Railroad rolling stock manufacturing | 14,810 | 8,830 | 11,440 | -5,980 | 2,610 | -3,370 | -40.4 | 29.6 | -22.8 |
| 336600 | Ship and boat building | 77,380 | 54,140 | 59,060 | -23,240 | 4,920 | -18,320 | -30.0 | 9.1 | -23.7 |
| 336900 | Other transportation equipment manufacturing | 25,360 | 18,530 | 18,060 | -6,830 | -470 | -7,300 | -26.9 | -2.5 | -28.8 |
| 337900 | Other furniture related product manufacturing | 28,990 | 21,210 | 18,570 | -7,780 | -2,640 | -10,420 | -26.8 | -12.4 | -35.9 |
| 339100 | Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing | 167,260 | 166,060 | 156,270 | -1,200 | -9,790 | -10,990 | -0.7 | -5.9 | -6.6 |
| 339900 | Other miscellaneous manufacturing | 184,740 | 136,800 | 130,270 | -47,940 | -6,530 | -54,470 | -25.9 | -4.8 | -29.5 |
| 3250A1 | Chemical manufacturing (NAICS 3251, 3252, 3253, and 3259 only) | 182,570 | 162,010 | 156,260 | -20,560 | -5,750 | -26,310 | -11.3 | -3.5 | -14.4 |
| 3250A2 | Chemical manufacturing (NAICS 3255 and 3256 only) | 74,720 | 67,900 | 78,240 | -6,820 | 10,340 | 3,520 | -9.1 | 15.2 | 4.7 |
| 3320A1 | Fabricated metal product manufacturing (NAICS 3321, 3322, 3325, 3326, and 3329 only) | 322,170 | 255,930 | 263,360 | -66,240 | 7,430 | -58,810 | -20.6 | 2.9 | -18.3 |
| 3320A2 | Fabricated metal product manufacturing (NAICS 3323 and 3324 only) | 293,880 | 231,560 | 263,660 | -62,320 | 32,100 | -30,220 | -21.2 | 13.9 | -10.3 |
| 3330A1 | Machinery manufacturing (NAICS 3331, 3332, 3334, and 3339 only) | 423,620 | 342,370 | 359,800 | -81,250 | 17,430 | -63,820 | -19.2 | 5.1 | -15.1 |
| Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. | ||||||||||
This Beyond the Numbers article was prepared by Paul Garbarino and Elizabeth Cross, an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Email: cross.elizabeth@bls.gov; telephone: (202) 691-5089.
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Suggested citation:
Paul Garbarino and Elizabeth Cross, “As manufacturing sector changes, production occupations disappear: an analysis of employment from 2007–20 ,” Beyond the Numbers: Employment & Unemployment, vol. 12 / no. 16 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2023), https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-12/as-manufacturing-sector-changes-production-occupations-disappear-1.htm
1 Although the Great Recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, the data in this article reference time periods just before and just after the Great Recession according to the availability of occupational data. For the purposes of this analysis, the “Great Recession” refers to 2007 to 2010 OEWS data. Manufacturing sector data represent North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) sector 31-33 Manufacturing. More information about the NAICS and industry definitions is available in the 2017 NAICS manual.
2 All data featured in this analysis are from the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program unless specifically stated otherwise. The OEWS program produces occupational employment and wage estimates annually for nearly 800 occupations at the national, state, metropolitan and nonmetropolitan area, and industry levels. While the OEWS program data are not designed for time-series analyses, the calculations in this analysis were carefully performed and consider the limitations of the OEWS program. For more information regarding OEWS methodology, see the OEWS Handbook of Methods chapter or technical notes.
3 In May 2020, OEWS published estimates for 68 4-digit manufacturing sector industries. However, 4 were excluded from this analysis due to NAICS changes. NAICS 327000 was included in this analysis as a 4-digit industry because no 4-digit industry under 327000 was published. Therefore, the sum of 4-digit industries that were significance tested is 65.
4 The remaining eleven experienced statistically insignificant changes.
Publish Date: Tuesday, November 14, 2023