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Crossref 0
Discrimination: The Good, the Bad, and the Wrongful, SSRN Electronic Journal , 2017.
Impact of COVID-19 on industries, COVID-19 in the Environment, 2022.
(Strengthening U.S. Manufacturing Competitiveness and its Implications), SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014.
To help mark the Monthly Labor Review’s centennial, the editors invited several producers and users of BLS data to take a look back at the last 100 years. For the last 100 years, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program has produced and published critical economic data on employment and earnings. The scope of industries covered by CES has evolved over time to include the majority of the nonfarm economy, and the types of data have expanded to include, for example, average weekly hours and women workers. Over the century, changes in employment trends have been shaped by numerous forces, whether industry specific or broader in scope. CES data capture these trends and allow for an in-depth analysis of the changing employment structure of the national economy over the last 100 years.
Each month, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program surveys approximately 146,000 businesses and government agencies, which represent approximately 623,000 worksites in the United States. The data collected allow CES to produce detailed industry estimates of employment, hours, and earnings on the basis of payroll records of nonfarm business establishments. These data, along with data from the Current Population Survey, serve as the first economic indicator of current employment trends each month and are used to help gauge the overall health of the U.S. economy. In addition, average weekly hours series may reflect short-term fluctuations in labor demand and typically lead changes in employment. The average hourly earnings series helps determine earnings trends and may signal potential wage-push inflation.
The CES program dates back to October 1915, when a small sample of manufacturers was asked to provide total employment and payroll data. That year, their employees earned an average $10.28 per week,1 compared with $832.42 per week for employees of all manufacturing industries 100 years later.
In 1919, BLS first published monthly data on employment and earnings for production workers in manufacturing (monthly average weekly hours data for these workers were added a few years later). That same year, CES began publishing annual employment data for various industries, including detailed industries in the goods-producing sector and in the service-providing sector, the latter of which included wholesale and retail trade, transportation and public utilities, and government. (See table 1.) Nonfarm payroll employment rose from 27.1 million in 1919 to 143.1 million in December 2015, with growth averaging 1.7 percent per year. However, annual job growth has fluctuated over the period. For example, employment fell by a series low of 11.3 percent in 1932 and rose by 12.9 percent in 1941, a series high.
Industry | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Total nonfarm | 27,078 |
Total private | 24,402 |
Goods-producing | 12,828 |
Mining | 1,133 |
Construction | 1,036 |
Manufacturing | 10,659 |
Service-providing | 14,250 |
Private service-providing | 11,574 |
Transportation and public utilities | 3,711 |
Wholesale and retail trade | 4,514 |
Government | 2,676 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Since 1939, the CES program has published monthly data for total nonfarm employment and employment in selected major industries on the basis of the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system for all major industry sectors. Over time, more industry detail was added to SIC. In 2003, CES estimates were converted to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which divided the industry structure into additional sectors.2 Where possible, some CES employment series, including those for major industry sectors, have been reconstructed as far back as 1939. However, all national CES employment series first published under NAICS have series start dates of no later than 1990.
The analysis in this article focuses on longrun employment trends dating as far back as 1939; for employment series with later start dates, shorter periods of time are analyzed. Changes in employment for major industry sectors from January 1939 through December 2015 are discussed, and major historical events or other dynamics within the economy causing changes in employment trends are highlighted. Where more detailed industries have substantially contributed to the changes observed at the sector level, those industries are also discussed.
Since January 1939, job growth in the United States has averaged 2.1 percent per year. (See table 2.) Private service-providing industries have experienced relatively consistent growth and increased their share of employment from 50 percent to 71 percent through December 2015. By contrast, the share of total employment in goods-producing industries fell from 37 percent to 14 percent over the same period.
Total nonfarm data | 1939–45 | 1945–72 | 1972–79 | 1979–2001 | 2001–15 | 1939–2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Employment level change (in thousands) | 9,189 | 36,158 | 15,403 | 40,332 | 12,141 | 113,223 | |
Annualized percent change | 3.9 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 2.1 | |
Industry data (industry employment change as a percent of TNF employment change) | 1939–45 | 1945–72 | 1972–79 | 1979–2001 | 2001–15 | 1939–2015 | |
Employment level change (in thousands) | Percent of TNF change | ||||||
Total private | 80 | 78 | 84 | 87 | 94 | 95,171 | 84 |
Goods-producing | 40 | 22 | 14 | -5 | -28 | 8,580 | 8 |
Mining and logging | 0 | -1 | 2 | -1 | 1 | -121 | 0 |
Construction | 2 | 7 | 4 | 5 | -2 | 5,458 | 5 |
Manufacturing | 38 | 16 | 7 | -9 | -28 | 3,243 | 3 |
Private service-providing | 40 | 56 | 70 | 92 | 122 | 86,591 | 76 |
Trade, transportation, and utilities (1) | 18 | 19 | 22 | 18 | 12 | 20,478 | 18 |
Wholesale trade | 3 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 4,418 | 4 |
Retail trade | 7 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 6 | 12,654 | 11 |
Information | 5 | 2 | 2 | 3 | -6 | 1,651 | 1 |
Financial activities | 1 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 2 | 6,819 | 6 |
Professional and business services | 6 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 32 | 18,047 | 16 |
Private education and health care | 4 | 9 | 13 | 23 | 52 | 20,997 | 19 |
Leisure and hospitality | 4 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 28 | 13,482 | 12 |
Other services | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 5,117 | 5 |
Government | 20 | 22 | 16 | 13 | 6 | 18,052 | 16 |
Notes: (1) Includes additional series not shown separately. Note: Calculations for 1939 use January data. Calculations for all other years use December data. Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
During the World War II (WWII) era, employment rose rapidly January 1939 through November 1943 (+12.9 million), then fell by 3.7 million through December 1945. On net, employment increased by an annualized rate of 3.9 percent during that time span. Job gains were concentrated in manufacturing and government, which accounted for 38 and 20 percent, respectively, of net employment growth.
From 1948 through 1972, labor productivity (output per hour of work) rose by an average 2.8 percent per year and nonfarm employment grew at an annualized rate of 2.5 percent.3 From December 1945 through December 1972, manufacturing fell from 38 percent to 16 percent of job growth, while private service-providing industries expanded from 40 percent to 56 percent of overall growth.
Over the next 7 years, through December 1979, employment grew at a 2.7-percent annualized rate. During this period, labor productivity increased by an average of 1.5 percent per year and real gross domestic product (GDP) advanced at a 3.1-percent annualized rate. Manufacturing employment reached an alltime peak and accounted for only 7 percent of all jobs added. Government reduced its share of net employment growth during this period, while private service-providing industries added relatively more jobs. Each of three service industries—retail trade, professional and business services, and private education and health care—accounted for more than 10 percent of net employment gains during this period.
From 1979 to 2001, job growth slowed to an annualized rate of 1.7 percent. Private service-providing industries accounted for more than 90 percent of the net employment gain, and two sectors—professional and business services and private education and health care—contributed more than 20 percent each. In contrast, manufacturing suffered a net job loss.
From December 2001 through December 2015, job growth slowed to 0.6 percent annually, while real GDP grew at an annualized rate of 1.9 percent. These growth rates were dampened to a large extent by the Great Recession. Private service-providing industries added 14.9 million jobs during the 2001–15 period, while goods-producing industries cut 3.4 million jobs.
From January 1939 through December 2015, employment across sectors has risen and fallen at varied rates. Employment in one sector has shown a net decline over this period, while employment in other sectors has grown much faster than total nonfarm employment. This section examines selected sectors during this period.
Employment in the mining and logging sector declined by an annualized rate of 0.2 percent, but the industry has experienced strong trend changes. By September 1948, employment had risen to a peak of more than 1 million jobs, then started a longrun decline that lasted through 1972. After this decline, rapid job growth ensued and employment in the sector reached an alltime high of 1.3 million in November 1981 mainly because of gains in oil and gas extraction. Following this record high, job losses returned and employment fell to a record low of 566,000 in April 2003. By 2014, mining and logging employment had recovered to some extent but was still lower than its initial 1939 level. Employment in the sector declined throughout 2015.
In manufacturing, employment increased by an annualized rate of 0.4 percent. Employment in the sector grew until reaching an alltime peak of 19.6 million in June 1979, then declined and never fully recovered to the peak level. In December 2015, manufacturing jobs totaled 12.3 million and accounted for 8.6 percent of nonfarm employment, compared with 9.1 million and 30.3 percent in January 1939.
Employment in the information sector grew at an annualized rate of 1.2 percent. Through the turn of the century, the sector experienced longrun employment growth that accelerated in the 1990s. In March 2001, employment peaked at 3.7 million, then declined sharply in the years following, with declines led by the publishing and telecommunications industries. The sector reduced its share of nonfarm employment from 3.7 percent in January 1939 to 1.9 percent in December 2015.
Construction employment grew at an annualized rate of 2.3 percent over the period, slightly stronger than longrun job growth for total nonfarm industries. Construction employment has been particularly sensitive to business cycles and has experienced large cyclical fluctuations throughout the history of the series, during which it increased its share of nonfarm employment from 3.8 percent to 4.6 percent.
Financial activities also experienced slightly stronger longrun job growth than total nonfarm industries, growing at an annualized rate of 2.4 percent over the period. The sector has experienced less volatility than most other sectors and has increased its share of nonfarm employment from 4.6 percent to 5.7 percent over the period.
Employment in the retail trade sector essentially kept pace with total nonfarm employment, growing at an annualized rate of 2.1 percent over the period. Its share of total nonfarm employment edged up from 10.4 percent to 11.0 percent.
Private education and health services, the least cyclical sector, has experienced the strongest and most consistent job growth, with 3.7-percent annualized growth over the period. In January 1939, the sector’s employment level was 1.4 million, representing 4.6 percent of all nonfarm jobs. By December 2015, employment in the sector had risen to 22.4 million, representing 15.6 percent of all nonfarm jobs. Since 1990, most of the growth in this industry has been concentrated in health care.
Professional and business services also saw above-average job growth; employment in the sector grew tenfold, from around 1.9 million to 20 million over the period examined. Over the same span, the sector grew at a 3.1-percent annualized rate and increased its share of total nonfarm employment from 6.5 percent to 14.0 percent.
Employment in leisure and hospitality grew at a strong 2.8-percent annualized rate, increasing its share of nonfarm employment from 6.1 percent to 10.7 percent. Food services and drinking places has been the primary driver of growth within the sector, accounting for 77.4 percent of all jobs added from December 1990 through December 2015.
Employment in other services grew at a faster 3.1-percent annualized rate than total nonfarm employment over this longrun period as well, growing from 0.5 million in January 1939 to 5.7 million in December 2015. Its share of total nonfarm employment more than doubled, from 1.8 percent to 4.0 percent, over that period.
Government employment experienced slightly stronger longrun growth than did total nonfarm employment over the period, but government's 2.2-percent annualized employment growth over the period was not uniform. From January 1939 through December 2015, federal government employment rose by an annualized 1.5 percent per year. WWII caused a spike in federal government employment during the early 1940s, with a subsequent decline through 1948. Employment in state and local government combined has risen by an annualized 2.3 percent from December 1955 (the first year of both series) through December 2015. By December 2015, local government accounted for nearly two-thirds of all government jobs.
Many factors affect employment trends—business cycles, changing business practices, and irregular events or shocks. Next, we take a closer look at how some of these trends have affected employment throughout the 1939–2015 longrun period.
Date | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Jan 1939 | 29,923 |
Feb 1939 | 30,101 |
Mar 1939 | 30,280 |
Apr 1939 | 30,094 |
May 1939 | 30,300 |
Jun 1939 | 30,502 |
Jul 1939 | 30,419 |
Aug 1939 | 30,663 |
Sep 1939 | 31,032 |
Oct 1939 | 31,408 |
Nov 1939 | 31,469 |
Dec 1939 | 31,539 |
Jan 1940 | 31,603 |
Feb 1940 | 31,715 |
Mar 1940 | 31,826 |
Apr 1940 | 31,700 |
May 1940 | 31,880 |
Jun 1940 | 31,978 |
Jul 1940 | 31,942 |
Aug 1940 | 32,352 |
Sep 1940 | 32,810 |
Oct 1940 | 33,265 |
Nov 1940 | 33,668 |
Dec 1940 | 34,172 |
Jan 1941 | 34,480 |
Feb 1941 | 34,844 |
Mar 1941 | 35,094 |
Apr 1941 | 35,469 |
May 1941 | 36,182 |
Jun 1941 | 36,651 |
Jul 1941 | 37,137 |
Aug 1941 | 37,544 |
Sep 1941 | 37,835 |
Oct 1941 | 37,948 |
Nov 1941 | 38,024 |
Dec 1941 | 38,104 |
Jan 1942 | 38,347 |
Feb 1942 | 38,513 |
Mar 1942 | 38,936 |
Apr 1942 | 39,352 |
May 1942 | 39,772 |
Jun 1942 | 40,028 |
Jul 1942 | 40,471 |
Aug 1942 | 40,988 |
Sep 1942 | 41,255 |
Oct 1942 | 41,515 |
Nov 1942 | 41,673 |
Dec 1942 | 41,915 |
Jan 1943 | 42,172 |
Feb 1943 | 42,395 |
Mar 1943 | 42,553 |
Apr 1943 | 42,647 |
May 1943 | 42,596 |
Jun 1943 | 42,781 |
Jul 1943 | 42,701 |
Aug 1943 | 42,546 |
Sep 1943 | 42,485 |
Oct 1943 | 42,675 |
Nov 1943 | 42,820 |
Dec 1943 | 42,746 |
Jan 1944 | 42,655 |
Feb 1944 | 42,544 |
Mar 1944 | 42,292 |
Apr 1944 | 42,063 |
May 1944 | 41,985 |
Jun 1944 | 41,947 |
Jul 1944 | 41,905 |
Aug 1944 | 41,850 |
Sep 1944 | 41,672 |
Oct 1944 | 41,709 |
Nov 1944 | 41,712 |
Dec 1944 | 41,861 |
Jan 1945 | 41,897 |
Feb 1945 | 41,904 |
Mar 1945 | 41,796 |
Apr 1945 | 41,443 |
May 1945 | 41,304 |
Jun 1945 | 41,149 |
Jul 1945 | 40,873 |
Aug 1945 | 40,467 |
Sep 1945 | 38,500 |
Oct 1945 | 38,599 |
Nov 1945 | 38,997 |
Dec 1945 | 39,112 |
Jan 1946 | 39,832 |
Feb 1946 | 39,251 |
Mar 1946 | 40,193 |
Apr 1946 | 40,909 |
May 1946 | 41,349 |
Jun 1946 | 41,733 |
Jul 1946 | 42,153 |
Aug 1946 | 42,643 |
Sep 1946 | 42,909 |
Oct 1946 | 43,094 |
Nov 1946 | 43,397 |
Dec 1946 | 43,379 |
Jan 1947 | 43,539 |
Feb 1947 | 43,563 |
Mar 1947 | 43,606 |
Apr 1947 | 43,492 |
May 1947 | 43,638 |
Jun 1947 | 43,808 |
Jul 1947 | 43,743 |
Aug 1947 | 43,959 |
Sep 1947 | 44,201 |
Oct 1947 | 44,415 |
Nov 1947 | 44,487 |
Dec 1947 | 44,579 |
Jan 1948 | 44,682 |
Feb 1948 | 44,537 |
Mar 1948 | 44,681 |
Apr 1948 | 44,370 |
May 1948 | 44,795 |
Jun 1948 | 45,033 |
Jul 1948 | 45,160 |
Aug 1948 | 45,176 |
Sep 1948 | 45,295 |
Oct 1948 | 45,251 |
Nov 1948 | 45,194 |
Dec 1948 | 45,029 |
Jan 1949 | 44,671 |
Feb 1949 | 44,500 |
Mar 1949 | 44,238 |
Apr 1949 | 44,230 |
May 1949 | 43,982 |
Jun 1949 | 43,739 |
Jul 1949 | 43,529 |
Aug 1949 | 43,622 |
Sep 1949 | 43,784 |
Oct 1949 | 42,950 |
Nov 1949 | 43,245 |
Dec 1949 | 43,517 |
Jan 1950 | 43,528 |
Feb 1950 | 43,298 |
Mar 1950 | 43,952 |
Apr 1950 | 44,376 |
May 1950 | 44,718 |
Jun 1950 | 45,084 |
Jul 1950 | 45,454 |
Aug 1950 | 46,188 |
Sep 1950 | 46,442 |
Oct 1950 | 46,712 |
Nov 1950 | 46,778 |
Dec 1950 | 46,855 |
Jan 1951 | 47,288 |
Feb 1951 | 47,577 |
Mar 1951 | 47,871 |
Apr 1951 | 47,856 |
May 1951 | 47,953 |
Jun 1951 | 48,068 |
Jul 1951 | 48,062 |
Aug 1951 | 48,009 |
Sep 1951 | 47,955 |
Oct 1951 | 48,009 |
Nov 1951 | 48,148 |
Dec 1951 | 48,309 |
Jan 1952 | 48,298 |
Feb 1952 | 48,522 |
Mar 1952 | 48,504 |
Apr 1952 | 48,616 |
May 1952 | 48,645 |
Jun 1952 | 48,286 |
Jul 1952 | 48,144 |
Aug 1952 | 48,923 |
Sep 1952 | 49,319 |
Oct 1952 | 49,598 |
Nov 1952 | 49,816 |
Dec 1952 | 50,164 |
Jan 1953 | 50,145 |
Feb 1953 | 50,339 |
Mar 1953 | 50,475 |
Apr 1953 | 50,432 |
May 1953 | 50,491 |
Jun 1953 | 50,522 |
Jul 1953 | 50,536 |
Aug 1953 | 50,487 |
Sep 1953 | 50,365 |
Oct 1953 | 50,242 |
Nov 1953 | 49,907 |
Dec 1953 | 49,702 |
Jan 1954 | 49,468 |
Feb 1954 | 49,382 |
Mar 1954 | 49,158 |
Apr 1954 | 49,178 |
May 1954 | 48,965 |
Jun 1954 | 48,896 |
Jul 1954 | 48,835 |
Aug 1954 | 48,825 |
Sep 1954 | 48,882 |
Oct 1954 | 48,944 |
Nov 1954 | 49,178 |
Dec 1954 | 49,331 |
Jan 1955 | 49,497 |
Feb 1955 | 49,644 |
Mar 1955 | 49,963 |
Apr 1955 | 50,247 |
May 1955 | 50,512 |
Jun 1955 | 50,790 |
Jul 1955 | 50,985 |
Aug 1955 | 51,111 |
Sep 1955 | 51,262 |
Oct 1955 | 51,431 |
Nov 1955 | 51,592 |
Dec 1955 | 51,805 |
Jan 1956 | 51,975 |
Feb 1956 | 52,167 |
Mar 1956 | 52,295 |
Apr 1956 | 52,375 |
May 1956 | 52,506 |
Jun 1956 | 52,584 |
Jul 1956 | 51,954 |
Aug 1956 | 52,630 |
Sep 1956 | 52,601 |
Oct 1956 | 52,781 |
Nov 1956 | 52,822 |
Dec 1956 | 52,930 |
Jan 1957 | 52,888 |
Feb 1957 | 53,097 |
Mar 1957 | 53,157 |
Apr 1957 | 53,238 |
May 1957 | 53,149 |
Jun 1957 | 53,066 |
Jul 1957 | 53,123 |
Aug 1957 | 53,126 |
Sep 1957 | 52,932 |
Oct 1957 | 52,765 |
Nov 1957 | 52,559 |
Dec 1957 | 52,385 |
Jan 1958 | 52,077 |
Feb 1958 | 51,576 |
Mar 1958 | 51,300 |
Apr 1958 | 51,027 |
May 1958 | 50,913 |
Jun 1958 | 50,912 |
Jul 1958 | 51,037 |
Aug 1958 | 51,231 |
Sep 1958 | 51,506 |
Oct 1958 | 51,486 |
Nov 1958 | 51,944 |
Dec 1958 | 52,088 |
Jan 1959 | 52,480 |
Feb 1959 | 52,687 |
Mar 1959 | 53,016 |
Apr 1959 | 53,320 |
May 1959 | 53,549 |
Jun 1959 | 53,679 |
Jul 1959 | 53,803 |
Aug 1959 | 53,334 |
Sep 1959 | 53,429 |
Oct 1959 | 53,359 |
Nov 1959 | 53,635 |
Dec 1959 | 54,175 |
Jan 1960 | 54,274 |
Feb 1960 | 54,513 |
Mar 1960 | 54,458 |
Apr 1960 | 54,812 |
May 1960 | 54,473 |
Jun 1960 | 54,347 |
Jul 1960 | 54,304 |
Aug 1960 | 54,271 |
Sep 1960 | 54,228 |
Oct 1960 | 54,144 |
Nov 1960 | 53,962 |
Dec 1960 | 53,744 |
Jan 1961 | 53,683 |
Feb 1961 | 53,556 |
Mar 1961 | 53,662 |
Apr 1961 | 53,626 |
May 1961 | 53,785 |
Jun 1961 | 53,977 |
Jul 1961 | 54,123 |
Aug 1961 | 54,298 |
Sep 1961 | 54,388 |
Oct 1961 | 54,522 |
Nov 1961 | 54,743 |
Dec 1961 | 54,871 |
Jan 1962 | 54,891 |
Feb 1962 | 55,187 |
Mar 1962 | 55,276 |
Apr 1962 | 55,602 |
May 1962 | 55,627 |
Jun 1962 | 55,644 |
Jul 1962 | 55,746 |
Aug 1962 | 55,838 |
Sep 1962 | 55,977 |
Oct 1962 | 56,041 |
Nov 1962 | 56,056 |
Dec 1962 | 56,028 |
Jan 1963 | 56,116 |
Feb 1963 | 56,230 |
Mar 1963 | 56,322 |
Apr 1963 | 56,580 |
May 1963 | 56,616 |
Jun 1963 | 56,658 |
Jul 1963 | 56,794 |
Aug 1963 | 56,910 |
Sep 1963 | 57,077 |
Oct 1963 | 57,284 |
Nov 1963 | 57,255 |
Dec 1963 | 57,360 |
Jan 1964 | 57,487 |
Feb 1964 | 57,751 |
Mar 1964 | 57,898 |
Apr 1964 | 57,922 |
May 1964 | 58,089 |
Jun 1964 | 58,221 |
Jul 1964 | 58,413 |
Aug 1964 | 58,619 |
Sep 1964 | 58,903 |
Oct 1964 | 58,794 |
Nov 1964 | 59,217 |
Dec 1964 | 59,421 |
Jan 1965 | 59,583 |
Feb 1965 | 59,800 |
Mar 1965 | 60,003 |
Apr 1965 | 60,259 |
May 1965 | 60,492 |
Jun 1965 | 60,690 |
Jul 1965 | 60,963 |
Aug 1965 | 61,228 |
Sep 1965 | 61,490 |
Oct 1965 | 61,718 |
Nov 1965 | 61,997 |
Dec 1965 | 62,321 |
Jan 1966 | 62,528 |
Feb 1966 | 62,796 |
Mar 1966 | 63,192 |
Apr 1966 | 63,436 |
May 1966 | 63,711 |
Jun 1966 | 64,110 |
Jul 1966 | 64,301 |
Aug 1966 | 64,507 |
Sep 1966 | 64,644 |
Oct 1966 | 64,854 |
Nov 1966 | 65,019 |
Dec 1966 | 65,200 |
Jan 1967 | 65,407 |
Feb 1967 | 65,428 |
Mar 1967 | 65,530 |
Apr 1967 | 65,467 |
May 1967 | 65,619 |
Jun 1967 | 65,750 |
Jul 1967 | 65,887 |
Aug 1967 | 66,142 |
Sep 1967 | 66,164 |
Oct 1967 | 66,225 |
Nov 1967 | 66,703 |
Dec 1967 | 66,900 |
Jan 1968 | 66,805 |
Feb 1968 | 67,215 |
Mar 1968 | 67,295 |
Apr 1968 | 67,555 |
May 1968 | 67,653 |
Jun 1968 | 67,904 |
Jul 1968 | 68,125 |
Aug 1968 | 68,328 |
Sep 1968 | 68,487 |
Oct 1968 | 68,720 |
Nov 1968 | 68,985 |
Dec 1968 | 69,246 |
Jan 1969 | 69,438 |
Feb 1969 | 69,700 |
Mar 1969 | 69,905 |
Apr 1969 | 70,072 |
May 1969 | 70,328 |
Jun 1969 | 70,636 |
Jul 1969 | 70,729 |
Aug 1969 | 71,006 |
Sep 1969 | 70,917 |
Oct 1969 | 71,120 |
Nov 1969 | 71,087 |
Dec 1969 | 71,240 |
Jan 1970 | 71,176 |
Feb 1970 | 71,304 |
Mar 1970 | 71,452 |
Apr 1970 | 71,348 |
May 1970 | 71,123 |
Jun 1970 | 71,029 |
Jul 1970 | 71,053 |
Aug 1970 | 70,933 |
Sep 1970 | 70,948 |
Oct 1970 | 70,519 |
Nov 1970 | 70,409 |
Dec 1970 | 70,790 |
Jan 1971 | 70,866 |
Feb 1971 | 70,806 |
Mar 1971 | 70,859 |
Apr 1971 | 71,037 |
May 1971 | 71,247 |
Jun 1971 | 71,253 |
Jul 1971 | 71,315 |
Aug 1971 | 71,370 |
Sep 1971 | 71,617 |
Oct 1971 | 71,642 |
Nov 1971 | 71,846 |
Dec 1971 | 72,108 |
Jan 1972 | 72,445 |
Feb 1972 | 72,652 |
Mar 1972 | 72,945 |
Apr 1972 | 73,163 |
May 1972 | 73,467 |
Jun 1972 | 73,760 |
Jul 1972 | 73,708 |
Aug 1972 | 74,138 |
Sep 1972 | 74,263 |
Oct 1972 | 74,673 |
Nov 1972 | 74,967 |
Dec 1972 | 75,270 |
Jan 1973 | 75,621 |
Feb 1973 | 76,017 |
Mar 1973 | 76,285 |
Apr 1973 | 76,455 |
May 1973 | 76,646 |
Jun 1973 | 76,887 |
Jul 1973 | 76,911 |
Aug 1973 | 77,166 |
Sep 1973 | 77,276 |
Oct 1973 | 77,606 |
Nov 1973 | 77,912 |
Dec 1973 | 78,035 |
Jan 1974 | 78,104 |
Feb 1974 | 78,254 |
Mar 1974 | 78,296 |
Apr 1974 | 78,382 |
May 1974 | 78,547 |
Jun 1974 | 78,602 |
Jul 1974 | 78,635 |
Aug 1974 | 78,619 |
Sep 1974 | 78,611 |
Oct 1974 | 78,629 |
Nov 1974 | 78,261 |
Dec 1974 | 77,657 |
Jan 1975 | 77,297 |
Feb 1975 | 76,919 |
Mar 1975 | 76,649 |
Apr 1975 | 76,461 |
May 1975 | 76,623 |
Jun 1975 | 76,520 |
Jul 1975 | 76,769 |
Aug 1975 | 77,155 |
Sep 1975 | 77,230 |
Oct 1975 | 77,535 |
Nov 1975 | 77,680 |
Dec 1975 | 78,018 |
Jan 1976 | 78,506 |
Feb 1976 | 78,817 |
Mar 1976 | 79,049 |
Apr 1976 | 79,292 |
May 1976 | 79,311 |
Jun 1976 | 79,376 |
Jul 1976 | 79,547 |
Aug 1976 | 79,704 |
Sep 1976 | 79,892 |
Oct 1976 | 79,905 |
Nov 1976 | 80,237 |
Dec 1976 | 80,448 |
Jan 1977 | 80,692 |
Feb 1977 | 80,988 |
Mar 1977 | 81,391 |
Apr 1977 | 81,729 |
May 1977 | 82,089 |
Jun 1977 | 82,488 |
Jul 1977 | 82,836 |
Aug 1977 | 83,074 |
Sep 1977 | 83,532 |
Oct 1977 | 83,794 |
Nov 1977 | 84,173 |
Dec 1977 | 84,408 |
Jan 1978 | 84,595 |
Feb 1978 | 84,948 |
Mar 1978 | 85,461 |
Apr 1978 | 86,163 |
May 1978 | 86,509 |
Jun 1978 | 86,951 |
Jul 1978 | 87,205 |
Aug 1978 | 87,481 |
Sep 1978 | 87,618 |
Oct 1978 | 87,954 |
Nov 1978 | 88,391 |
Dec 1978 | 88,673 |
Jan 1979 | 88,810 |
Feb 1979 | 89,054 |
Mar 1979 | 89,480 |
Apr 1979 | 89,418 |
May 1979 | 89,791 |
Jun 1979 | 90,109 |
Jul 1979 | 90,215 |
Aug 1979 | 90,297 |
Sep 1979 | 90,325 |
Oct 1979 | 90,482 |
Nov 1979 | 90,576 |
Dec 1979 | 90,673 |
Jan 1980 | 90,802 |
Feb 1980 | 90,882 |
Mar 1980 | 90,994 |
Apr 1980 | 90,850 |
May 1980 | 90,419 |
Jun 1980 | 90,099 |
Jul 1980 | 89,837 |
Aug 1980 | 90,097 |
Sep 1980 | 90,210 |
Oct 1980 | 90,491 |
Nov 1980 | 90,748 |
Dec 1980 | 90,943 |
Jan 1981 | 91,037 |
Feb 1981 | 91,105 |
Mar 1981 | 91,210 |
Apr 1981 | 91,283 |
May 1981 | 91,293 |
Jun 1981 | 91,490 |
Jul 1981 | 91,602 |
Aug 1981 | 91,566 |
Sep 1981 | 91,479 |
Oct 1981 | 91,380 |
Nov 1981 | 91,171 |
Dec 1981 | 90,893 |
Jan 1982 | 90,567 |
Feb 1982 | 90,562 |
Mar 1982 | 90,432 |
Apr 1982 | 90,152 |
May 1982 | 90,107 |
Jun 1982 | 89,864 |
Jul 1982 | 89,522 |
Aug 1982 | 89,364 |
Sep 1982 | 89,183 |
Oct 1982 | 88,906 |
Nov 1982 | 88,783 |
Dec 1982 | 88,769 |
Jan 1983 | 88,993 |
Feb 1983 | 88,918 |
Mar 1983 | 89,090 |
Apr 1983 | 89,366 |
May 1983 | 89,643 |
Jun 1983 | 90,022 |
Jul 1983 | 90,440 |
Aug 1983 | 90,132 |
Sep 1983 | 91,247 |
Oct 1983 | 91,518 |
Nov 1983 | 91,871 |
Dec 1983 | 92,227 |
Jan 1984 | 92,673 |
Feb 1984 | 93,154 |
Mar 1984 | 93,429 |
Apr 1984 | 93,792 |
May 1984 | 94,100 |
Jun 1984 | 94,479 |
Jul 1984 | 94,792 |
Aug 1984 | 95,034 |
Sep 1984 | 95,344 |
Oct 1984 | 95,630 |
Nov 1984 | 95,979 |
Dec 1984 | 96,107 |
Jan 1985 | 96,373 |
Feb 1985 | 96,497 |
Mar 1985 | 96,843 |
Apr 1985 | 97,039 |
May 1985 | 97,313 |
Jun 1985 | 97,459 |
Jul 1985 | 97,649 |
Aug 1985 | 97,842 |
Sep 1985 | 98,045 |
Oct 1985 | 98,233 |
Nov 1985 | 98,442 |
Dec 1985 | 98,609 |
Jan 1986 | 98,734 |
Feb 1986 | 98,841 |
Mar 1986 | 98,935 |
Apr 1986 | 99,122 |
May 1986 | 99,249 |
Jun 1986 | 99,155 |
Jul 1986 | 99,473 |
Aug 1986 | 99,587 |
Sep 1986 | 99,934 |
Oct 1986 | 100,120 |
Nov 1986 | 100,306 |
Dec 1986 | 100,511 |
Jan 1987 | 100,683 |
Feb 1987 | 100,915 |
Mar 1987 | 101,164 |
Apr 1987 | 101,502 |
May 1987 | 101,728 |
Jun 1987 | 101,900 |
Jul 1987 | 102,247 |
Aug 1987 | 102,418 |
Sep 1987 | 102,646 |
Oct 1987 | 103,138 |
Nov 1987 | 103,370 |
Dec 1987 | 103,664 |
Jan 1988 | 103,758 |
Feb 1988 | 104,211 |
Mar 1988 | 104,487 |
Apr 1988 | 104,732 |
May 1988 | 104,961 |
Jun 1988 | 105,324 |
Jul 1988 | 105,546 |
Aug 1988 | 105,670 |
Sep 1988 | 106,009 |
Oct 1988 | 106,277 |
Nov 1988 | 106,616 |
Dec 1988 | 106,906 |
Jan 1989 | 107,168 |
Feb 1989 | 107,426 |
Mar 1989 | 107,619 |
Apr 1989 | 107,792 |
May 1989 | 107,910 |
Jun 1989 | 108,026 |
Jul 1989 | 108,066 |
Aug 1989 | 108,115 |
Sep 1989 | 108,365 |
Oct 1989 | 108,476 |
Nov 1989 | 108,753 |
Dec 1989 | 108,849 |
Jan 1990 | 109,184 |
Feb 1990 | 109,433 |
Mar 1990 | 109,647 |
Apr 1990 | 109,687 |
May 1990 | 109,838 |
Jun 1990 | 109,862 |
Jul 1990 | 109,830 |
Aug 1990 | 109,614 |
Sep 1990 | 109,525 |
Oct 1990 | 109,366 |
Nov 1990 | 109,216 |
Dec 1990 | 109,160 |
Jan 1991 | 109,040 |
Feb 1991 | 108,735 |
Mar 1991 | 108,577 |
Apr 1991 | 108,366 |
May 1991 | 108,241 |
Jun 1991 | 108,338 |
Jul 1991 | 108,298 |
Aug 1991 | 108,308 |
Sep 1991 | 108,340 |
Oct 1991 | 108,357 |
Nov 1991 | 108,299 |
Dec 1991 | 108,325 |
Jan 1992 | 108,377 |
Feb 1992 | 108,314 |
Mar 1992 | 108,368 |
Apr 1992 | 108,527 |
May 1992 | 108,653 |
Jun 1992 | 108,721 |
Jul 1992 | 108,792 |
Aug 1992 | 108,930 |
Sep 1992 | 108,966 |
Oct 1992 | 109,148 |
Nov 1992 | 109,284 |
Dec 1992 | 109,496 |
Jan 1993 | 109,805 |
Feb 1993 | 110,047 |
Mar 1993 | 109,998 |
Apr 1993 | 110,306 |
May 1993 | 110,572 |
Jun 1993 | 110,754 |
Jul 1993 | 111,055 |
Aug 1993 | 111,211 |
Sep 1993 | 111,451 |
Oct 1993 | 111,737 |
Nov 1993 | 112,000 |
Dec 1993 | 112,312 |
Jan 1994 | 112,583 |
Feb 1994 | 112,783 |
Mar 1994 | 113,248 |
Apr 1994 | 113,598 |
May 1994 | 113,931 |
Jun 1994 | 114,246 |
Jul 1994 | 114,619 |
Aug 1994 | 114,901 |
Sep 1994 | 115,254 |
Oct 1994 | 115,467 |
Nov 1994 | 115,887 |
Dec 1994 | 116,164 |
Jan 1995 | 116,488 |
Feb 1995 | 116,692 |
Mar 1995 | 116,913 |
Apr 1995 | 117,075 |
May 1995 | 117,060 |
Jun 1995 | 117,294 |
Jul 1995 | 117,390 |
Aug 1995 | 117,643 |
Sep 1995 | 117,887 |
Oct 1995 | 118,040 |
Nov 1995 | 118,189 |
Dec 1995 | 118,322 |
Jan 1996 | 118,303 |
Feb 1996 | 118,735 |
Mar 1996 | 119,002 |
Apr 1996 | 119,165 |
May 1996 | 119,487 |
Jun 1996 | 119,774 |
Jul 1996 | 120,023 |
Aug 1996 | 120,202 |
Sep 1996 | 120,427 |
Oct 1996 | 120,677 |
Nov 1996 | 120,976 |
Dec 1996 | 121,147 |
Jan 1997 | 121,381 |
Feb 1997 | 121,684 |
Mar 1997 | 122,000 |
Apr 1997 | 122,292 |
May 1997 | 122,552 |
Jun 1997 | 122,818 |
Jul 1997 | 123,124 |
Aug 1997 | 123,093 |
Sep 1997 | 123,605 |
Oct 1997 | 123,945 |
Nov 1997 | 124,251 |
Dec 1997 | 124,554 |
Jan 1998 | 124,830 |
Feb 1998 | 125,026 |
Mar 1998 | 125,177 |
Apr 1998 | 125,457 |
May 1998 | 125,861 |
Jun 1998 | 126,080 |
Jul 1998 | 126,209 |
Aug 1998 | 126,551 |
Sep 1998 | 126,774 |
Oct 1998 | 126,973 |
Nov 1998 | 127,255 |
Dec 1998 | 127,601 |
Jan 1999 | 127,727 |
Feb 1999 | 128,137 |
Mar 1999 | 128,244 |
Apr 1999 | 128,620 |
May 1999 | 128,831 |
Jun 1999 | 129,091 |
Jul 1999 | 129,417 |
Aug 1999 | 129,577 |
Sep 1999 | 129,791 |
Oct 1999 | 130,191 |
Nov 1999 | 130,484 |
Dec 1999 | 130,780 |
Jan 2000 | 131,010 |
Feb 2000 | 131,140 |
Mar 2000 | 131,608 |
Apr 2000 | 131,895 |
May 2000 | 132,122 |
Jun 2000 | 132,075 |
Jul 2000 | 132,251 |
Aug 2000 | 132,241 |
Sep 2000 | 132,377 |
Oct 2000 | 132,363 |
Nov 2000 | 132,589 |
Dec 2000 | 132,731 |
Jan 2001 | 132,705 |
Feb 2001 | 132,777 |
Mar 2001 | 132,752 |
Apr 2001 | 132,471 |
May 2001 | 132,433 |
Jun 2001 | 132,302 |
Jul 2001 | 132,190 |
Aug 2001 | 132,033 |
Sep 2001 | 131,793 |
Oct 2001 | 131,468 |
Nov 2001 | 131,175 |
Dec 2001 | 131,005 |
Jan 2002 | 130,867 |
Feb 2002 | 130,733 |
Mar 2002 | 130,713 |
Apr 2002 | 130,634 |
May 2002 | 130,627 |
Jun 2002 | 130,684 |
Jul 2002 | 130,599 |
Aug 2002 | 130,585 |
Sep 2002 | 130,526 |
Oct 2002 | 130,652 |
Nov 2002 | 130,662 |
Dec 2002 | 130,505 |
Jan 2003 | 130,597 |
Feb 2003 | 130,447 |
Mar 2003 | 130,238 |
Apr 2003 | 130,194 |
May 2003 | 130,186 |
Jun 2003 | 130,195 |
Jul 2003 | 130,219 |
Aug 2003 | 130,177 |
Sep 2003 | 130,281 |
Oct 2003 | 130,479 |
Nov 2003 | 130,496 |
Dec 2003 | 130,618 |
Jan 2004 | 130,780 |
Feb 2004 | 130,826 |
Mar 2004 | 131,158 |
Apr 2004 | 131,407 |
May 2004 | 131,715 |
Jun 2004 | 131,791 |
Jul 2004 | 131,835 |
Aug 2004 | 131,956 |
Sep 2004 | 132,120 |
Oct 2004 | 132,466 |
Nov 2004 | 132,530 |
Dec 2004 | 132,660 |
Jan 2005 | 132,794 |
Feb 2005 | 133,033 |
Mar 2005 | 133,169 |
Apr 2005 | 133,534 |
May 2005 | 133,708 |
Jun 2005 | 133,955 |
Jul 2005 | 134,331 |
Aug 2005 | 134,525 |
Sep 2005 | 134,593 |
Oct 2005 | 134,678 |
Nov 2005 | 135,015 |
Dec 2005 | 135,174 |
Jan 2006 | 135,452 |
Feb 2006 | 135,768 |
Mar 2006 | 136,049 |
Apr 2006 | 136,232 |
May 2006 | 136,255 |
Jun 2006 | 136,337 |
Jul 2006 | 136,544 |
Aug 2006 | 136,725 |
Sep 2006 | 136,883 |
Oct 2006 | 136,887 |
Nov 2006 | 137,095 |
Dec 2006 | 137,266 |
Jan 2007 | 137,506 |
Feb 2007 | 137,596 |
Mar 2007 | 137,785 |
Apr 2007 | 137,864 |
May 2007 | 138,007 |
Jun 2007 | 138,085 |
Jul 2007 | 138,052 |
Aug 2007 | 138,028 |
Sep 2007 | 138,116 |
Oct 2007 | 138,201 |
Nov 2007 | 138,316 |
Dec 2007 | 138,413 |
Jan 2008 | 138,432 |
Feb 2008 | 138,346 |
Mar 2008 | 138,268 |
Apr 2008 | 138,058 |
May 2008 | 137,873 |
Jun 2008 | 137,708 |
Jul 2008 | 137,499 |
Aug 2008 | 137,233 |
Sep 2008 | 136,781 |
Oct 2008 | 136,308 |
Nov 2008 | 135,539 |
Dec 2008 | 134,844 |
Jan 2009 | 134,053 |
Feb 2009 | 133,350 |
Mar 2009 | 132,527 |
Apr 2009 | 131,841 |
May 2009 | 131,490 |
Jun 2009 | 131,020 |
Jul 2009 | 130,691 |
Aug 2009 | 130,479 |
Sep 2009 | 130,260 |
Oct 2009 | 130,060 |
Nov 2009 | 130,053 |
Dec 2009 | 129,774 |
Jan 2010 | 129,802 |
Feb 2010 | 129,733 |
Mar 2010 | 129,896 |
Apr 2010 | 130,139 |
May 2010 | 130,661 |
Jun 2010 | 130,528 |
Jul 2010 | 130,458 |
Aug 2010 | 130,424 |
Sep 2010 | 130,372 |
Oct 2010 | 130,629 |
Nov 2010 | 130,752 |
Dec 2010 | 130,840 |
Jan 2011 | 130,882 |
Feb 2011 | 131,070 |
Mar 2011 | 131,295 |
Apr 2011 | 131,641 |
May 2011 | 131,714 |
Jun 2011 | 131,949 |
Jul 2011 | 132,019 |
Aug 2011 | 132,126 |
Sep 2011 | 132,372 |
Oct 2011 | 132,574 |
Nov 2011 | 132,720 |
Dec 2011 | 132,927 |
Jan 2012 | 133,265 |
Feb 2012 | 133,522 |
Mar 2012 | 133,761 |
Apr 2012 | 133,836 |
May 2012 | 133,951 |
Jun 2012 | 134,038 |
Jul 2012 | 134,181 |
Aug 2012 | 134,371 |
Sep 2012 | 134,552 |
Oct 2012 | 134,684 |
Nov 2012 | 134,833 |
Dec 2012 | 135,076 |
Jan 2013 | 135,266 |
Feb 2013 | 135,577 |
Mar 2013 | 135,712 |
Apr 2013 | 135,904 |
May 2013 | 136,122 |
Jun 2013 | 136,268 |
Jul 2013 | 136,408 |
Aug 2013 | 136,677 |
Sep 2013 | 136,862 |
Oct 2013 | 137,051 |
Nov 2013 | 137,342 |
Dec 2013 | 137,387 |
Jan 2014 | 137,574 |
Feb 2014 | 137,742 |
Mar 2014 | 138,014 |
Apr 2014 | 138,324 |
May 2014 | 138,537 |
Jun 2014 | 138,843 |
Jul 2014 | 139,075 |
Aug 2014 | 139,293 |
Sep 2014 | 139,579 |
Oct 2014 | 139,779 |
Nov 2014 | 140,110 |
Dec 2014 | 140,402 |
Jan 2015 | 140,623 |
Feb 2015 | 140,888 |
Mar 2015 | 140,972 |
Apr 2015 | 141,223 |
May 2015 | 141,496 |
Jun 2015 | 141,724 |
Jul 2015 | 142,001 |
Aug 2015 | 142,151 |
Sep 2015 | 142,300 |
Oct 2015 | 142,595 |
Nov 2015 | 142,875 |
Dec 2015 | 143,146 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
CES employment data serve as a major economic indicator of the health of the U.S. economy. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the organization that determines recession start and end dates, relies on these data for determining business cycle turning points.4 Since 1939, employment trends have tended to coincide with business cycles, albeit imperfectly, declining during recessions and rising during recoveries and expansions. (See figure 1). In fact, total nonfarm payroll employment from the CES serves as a primary input for The Conference Board Coincident Economic Index.5
Table 3 shows business cycle turning points and corresponding turning points in nonfarm employment since 1939. For most cyclical peaks since 1939, CES employment peaked within a few months of the business cycle peak. The same is not true of the downturns coinciding with the recession of 1945 and the 1973–75 recession. However, the decline in CES employment led the 1945 recession by 15 months, likely a result of WWII events. In contrast, CES employment lagged behind the 1973 business cycle peak by 8 months.
NBER business cycle dates | Current Employment Statistics employment turning points | Months employment turn leads or lags business cycle turn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak month | Trough month | Peak month | Trough month | Months from NBER peak | Months from NBER trough |
February 1945 | October 1945 | November 1943 | September 1945 | -15 | -1 |
November 1948 | October 1949 | September 1948 | October 1949 | -2 | 0 |
July 1953 | May 1954 | July 1953 | August 1954 | 0 | 3 |
August 1957 | April 1958 | April 1957 | June 1958 | -4 | 2 |
April 1960 | February 1961 | April 1960 | February 1961 | 0 | 0 |
December 1969 | November 1970 | March 1970 | November 1970 | 3 | 0 |
November 1973 | March 1975 | July 1974 | April 1975 | 8 | 1 |
January 1980 | July 1980 | (1) | (1) | ― | ― |
July 1981 | November 1982 | July 1981 | December 1982 | 0 | 1 |
July 1990 | March 1991 | June 1990 | May 1991 | -1 | 2 |
March 2001 | November 2001 | February 2001 | August 2003 | -1 | 21 |
December 2007 | June 2009 | January 2008 | February 2010 | 1 | 8 |
Notes: (1) No peak or trough designated because period of downturn did not meet CES criteria for peaks and troughs. Sources: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Bureau of Economic Research. |
Similarly, for all but two of the recessions, the relationship between employment and economic recovery was fairly close. The 2001 recession was the first where employment had not turned up within 3 months of earlier business cycle troughs. Following the 2001 recession, employment continued to fall for nearly 2 years. Jobs losses also continued for 8 months after the 2009 recessionary trough.
Months | November 1973– March 1975 | July 1981– November 1982 | July 1990– March 1991 | March 2001– November 2001 | December 2007– June 2009 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
-12 | -2.19 | -1.93 | -1.67 | -1.23 | -0.67 |
-11 | -1.87 | -1.64 | -1.63 | -0.88 | -0.60 |
-10 | -1.73 | -1.52 | -1.59 | -0.66 | -0.47 |
-9 | -1.31 | -1.21 | -1.36 | -0.49 | -0.41 |
-8 | -0.92 | -0.93 | -1.26 | -0.53 | -0.31 |
-7 | -0.76 | -0.72 | -1.01 | -0.40 | -0.25 |
-6 | -0.68 | -0.62 | -0.92 | -0.40 | -0.27 |
-5 | -0.48 | -0.54 | -0.62 | -0.30 | -0.29 |
-4 | -0.43 | -0.43 | -0.39 | -0.31 | -0.23 |
-3 | -0.32 | -0.35 | -0.20 | -0.14 | -0.17 |
-2 | -0.11 | -0.34 | -0.16 | -0.03 | -0.08 |
-1 | -0.04 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.05 | -0.01 |
0 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
1 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
2 | -0.03 | -0.13 | -0.23 | -0.23 | -0.12 |
3 | -0.01 | -0.24 | -0.31 | -0.26 | -0.27 |
4 | -0.48 | -0.47 | -0.45 | -0.36 | -0.40 |
5 | -1.24 | -0.77 | -0.59 | -0.44 | -0.52 |
6 | -1.70 | -1.13 | -0.64 | -0.56 | -0.67 |
7 | -2.18 | -1.14 | -0.75 | -0.74 | -0.87 |
8 | -2.53 | -1.28 | -1.03 | -0.99 | -1.19 |
9 | -2.76 | -1.58 | -1.17 | -1.21 | -1.53 |
10 | -2.56 | -1.63 | -1.36 | -1.33 | -2.09 |
11 | -2.69 | -1.90 | -1.48 | -1.44 | -2.59 |
12 | -2.37 | -2.27 | -1.39 | -1.54 | -3.16 |
13 | -1.88 | -2.44 | -1.42 | -1.55 | -3.67 |
14 | -1.79 | -2.64 | -1.41 | -1.61 | -4.27 |
15 | -1.40 | -2.94 | -1.39 | -1.62 | -4.76 |
16 | -1.21 | -3.08 | -1.37 | -1.58 | -5.01 |
17 | -0.78 | -3.09 | -1.42 | -1.64 | -5.35 |
18 | -0.16 | -2.85 | -1.40 | -1.65 | -5.59 |
19 | 0.23 | -2.93 | -1.35 | -1.70 | -5.75 |
20 | 0.53 | -2.74 | -1.41 | -1.60 | -5.90 |
21 | 0.84 | -2.44 | -1.36 | -1.59 | -6.05 |
22 | 0.86 | -2.14 | -1.22 | -1.71 | -6.05 |
23 | 0.94 | -1.72 | -1.10 | -1.64 | -6.25 |
24 | 1.16 | -1.27 | -1.04 | -1.75 | -6.23 |
25 | 1.36 | -1.60 | -0.97 | -1.91 | -6.28 |
26 | 1.60 | -0.39 | -0.85 | -1.95 | -6.17 |
27 | 1.62 | -0.09 | -0.82 | -1.95 | -5.99 |
28 | 2.04 | 0.29 | -0.65 | -1.94 | -5.61 |
29 | 2.31 | 0.68 | -0.53 | -1.93 | -5.71 |
30 | 2.62 | 1.17 | -0.33 | -1.96 | -5.76 |
31 | 2.99 | 1.69 | -0.05 | -1.88 | -5.78 |
32 | 3.50 | 1.99 | 0.17 | -1.73 | -5.82 |
33 | 3.93 | 2.39 | 0.12 | -1.72 | -5.64 |
34 | 4.39 | 2.73 | 0.40 | -1.63 | -5.55 |
35 | 4.90 | 3.14 | 0.65 | -1.50 | -5.48 |
36 | 5.34 | 3.48 | 0.81 | -1.47 | -5.45 |
37 | 5.65 | 3.75 | 1.09 | -1.22 | -5.32 |
38 | 6.23 | 4.09 | 1.23 | -1.03 | -5.16 |
39 | 6.56 | 4.40 | 1.45 | -0.80 | -4.91 |
40 | 7.04 | 4.78 | 1.71 | -0.74 | -4.85 |
41 | 7.34 | 4.92 | 1.95 | -0.71 | -4.68 |
42 | 7.58 | 5.21 | 2.23 | -0.62 | -4.63 |
43 | 8.03 | 5.34 | 2.48 | -0.49 | -4.56 |
44 | 8.68 | 5.72 | 2.66 | -0.23 | -4.38 |
45 | 9.57 | 5.94 | 3.08 | -0.19 | -4.23 |
46 | 10.01 | 6.23 | 3.40 | -0.09 | -4.13 |
47 | 10.58 | 6.39 | 3.70 | 0.01 | -3.98 |
48 | 10.90 | 6.60 | 3.99 | 0.19 | -3.73 |
49 | 11.25 | 6.81 | 4.33 | 0.30 | -3.55 |
50 | 11.42 | 7.03 | 4.59 | 0.57 | -3.37 |
51 | 11.85 | 7.24 | 4.91 | 0.70 | -3.32 |
52 | 12.41 | 7.47 | 5.10 | 0.89 | -3.24 |
53 | 12.77 | 7.65 | 5.48 | 1.17 | -3.17 |
54 | 12.94 | 7.79 | 5.74 | 1.32 | -3.07 |
55 | 13.25 | 7.90 | 6.03 | 1.37 | -2.93 |
56 | 13.79 | 8.01 | 6.22 | 1.43 | -2.80 |
57 | 13.71 | 8.21 | 6.42 | 1.69 | -2.71 |
58 | 14.19 | 8.35 | 6.57 | 1.81 | -2.60 |
59 | 14.59 | 8.25 | 6.55 | 2.01 | -2.42 |
60 | 14.73 | 8.59 | 6.76 | 2.25 | -2.29 |
61 | 14.83 | 8.72 | 6.85 | 2.46 | -2.06 |
62 | 14.87 | 9.10 | 7.08 | 2.60 | -1.96 |
63 | 15.07 | 9.30 | 7.30 | 2.62 | -1.83 |
64 | 15.19 | 9.50 | 7.44 | 2.68 | -1.67 |
65 | 15.31 | 9.73 | 7.58 | 2.84 | -1.56 |
66 | 15.47 | 9.91 | 7.70 | 2.97 | -1.46 |
67 | 15.57 | 10.17 | 7.68 | 3.09 | -1.27 |
68 | 15.72 | 10.44 | 8.08 | 3.10 | -1.13 |
69 | 15.53 | 10.81 | 8.32 | 3.25 | -1.00 |
70 | 14.99 | 11.05 | 8.47 | 3.38 | -0.79 |
71 | 14.58 | 11.24 | 8.76 | 3.56 | -0.75 |
72 | 14.25 | 11.62 | 9.02 | 3.63 | -0.62 |
73 | 14.58 | 11.81 | 9.25 | 3.77 | -0.50 |
74 | 14.72 | 12.06 | 9.41 | 3.83 | -0.30 |
75 | 15.08 | 12.59 | 9.62 | 3.94 | -0.08 |
76 | 15.40 | 12.85 | 9.84 | 4.00 | 0.08 |
77 | 15.65 | 13.17 | 10.12 | 3.97 | 0.30 |
78 | 15.77 | 13.27 | 10.27 | 3.95 | 0.46 |
79 | 15.86 | 13.76 | 10.48 | 4.02 | 0.62 |
80 | 15.99 | 14.07 | 10.76 | 4.09 | 0.83 |
81 | 16.08 | 14.33 | 11.05 | 4.17 | 0.97 |
82 | 16.10 | 14.58 | 11.31 | 4.24 | 1.21 |
83 | 16.35 | 14.98 | 11.55 | 4.26 | 1.42 |
84 | 16.49 | 15.22 | 11.79 | 4.19 | 1.58 |
85 | 16.44 | 15.36 | 12.07 | 4.14 | 1.77 |
86 | 16.33 | 15.73 | 12.04 | 3.98 | 1.83 |
87 | 16.21 | 16.02 | 12.51 | 3.84 | 2.02 |
88 | 15.94 | 16.39 | 12.82 | 3.71 | 2.21 |
89 | 15.59 | 16.71 | 13.10 | 3.56 | 2.38 |
90 | 15.17 | 16.99 | 13.37 | 3.36 | 2.58 |
91 | 15.17 | 17.27 | 13.62 | 3.02 | 2.69 |
92 | 15.00 | 17.49 | 13.80 | 2.66 | 2.79 |
93 | 14.65 | 17.67 | 13.94 | 2.08 | 3.01 |
94 | 14.59 | 17.80 | 14.20 | 1.56 | 3.21 |
95 | 14.28 | 17.93 | 14.56 | 0.96 | 3.41 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
The depth and breadth of employment losses during the Great Recession contrast sharply with all other recessions since 1939.6 From its peak in January 2008 to its trough in February 2010, nonfarm employment decreased by 8.7 million, a decline of 6.3 percent. Only the job loss during WWII was greater—from November 1943 to September 1945, employment declined by 10.1 percent. Recovery was slow coming out of the Great Recession. (See figure 2.) It took 25 months to lose the jobs, and twice as long (51 months) to recover them by May 2014. This was the longest employment recovery time following any recession since 1939. The next longest recovery, often referred to as the “jobless recovery,” followed the 1990–91 recession, in which employment took 23 months to recover.
Date | Index value |
---|---|
Jan 2005 | 53.6 |
Feb 2005 | 62.6 |
Mar 2005 | 56.7 |
Apr 2005 | 59.2 |
May 2005 | 56.7 |
Jun 2005 | 56.9 |
Jul 2005 | 60.1 |
Aug 2005 | 63.2 |
Sep 2005 | 53.4 |
Oct 2005 | 53.8 |
Nov 2005 | 60.7 |
Dec 2005 | 56.3 |
Jan 2006 | 65.3 |
Feb 2006 | 63.9 |
Mar 2006 | 67.6 |
Apr 2006 | 59.7 |
May 2006 | 50.0 |
Jun 2006 | 51.0 |
Jul 2006 | 57.4 |
Aug 2006 | 52.9 |
Sep 2006 | 53.8 |
Oct 2006 | 54.4 |
Nov 2006 | 58.6 |
Dec 2006 | 56.5 |
Jan 2007 | 62.6 |
Feb 2007 | 56.5 |
Mar 2007 | 56.7 |
Apr 2007 | 52.7 |
May 2007 | 56.1 |
Jun 2007 | 51.0 |
Jul 2007 | 47.9 |
Aug 2007 | 44.5 |
Sep 2007 | 52.7 |
Oct 2007 | 55.7 |
Nov 2007 | 55.9 |
Dec 2007 | 53.8 |
Jan 2008 | 53.4 |
Feb 2008 | 47.9 |
Mar 2008 | 49.0 |
Apr 2008 | 42.7 |
May 2008 | 38.9 |
Jun 2008 | 34.0 |
Jul 2008 | 34.4 |
Aug 2008 | 35.1 |
Sep 2008 | 28.2 |
Oct 2008 | 31.5 |
Nov 2008 | 25.2 |
Dec 2008 | 21.0 |
Jan 2009 | 22.5 |
Feb 2009 | 17.9 |
Mar 2009 | 17.6 |
Apr 2009 | 17.4 |
May 2009 | 29.8 |
Jun 2009 | 24.0 |
Jul 2009 | 28.1 |
Aug 2009 | 31.3 |
Sep 2009 | 36.3 |
Oct 2009 | 28.2 |
Nov 2009 | 41.4 |
Dec 2009 | 38.7 |
Jan 2010 | 44.7 |
Feb 2010 | 46.8 |
Mar 2010 | 56.1 |
Apr 2010 | 62.0 |
May 2010 | 54.4 |
Jun 2010 | 55.7 |
Jul 2010 | 55.5 |
Aug 2010 | 56.3 |
Sep 2010 | 53.4 |
Oct 2010 | 59.5 |
Nov 2010 | 54.6 |
Dec 2010 | 57.1 |
Jan 2011 | 55.2 |
Feb 2011 | 69.8 |
Mar 2011 | 63.0 |
Apr 2011 | 67.6 |
May 2011 | 57.4 |
Jun 2011 | 61.3 |
Jul 2011 | 60.1 |
Aug 2011 | 60.7 |
Sep 2011 | 63.9 |
Oct 2011 | 58.6 |
Nov 2011 | 55.9 |
Dec 2011 | 64.3 |
Jan 2012 | 68.7 |
Feb 2012 | 61.6 |
Mar 2012 | 68.1 |
Apr 2012 | 57.8 |
May 2012 | 58.2 |
Jun 2012 | 56.1 |
Jul 2012 | 54.8 |
Aug 2012 | 57.6 |
Sep 2012 | 56.9 |
Oct 2012 | 58.4 |
Nov 2012 | 59.2 |
Dec 2012 | 62.6 |
Jan 2013 | 61.8 |
Feb 2013 | 65.1 |
Mar 2013 | 59.9 |
Apr 2013 | 55.3 |
May 2013 | 60.5 |
Jun 2013 | 57.6 |
Jul 2013 | 55.7 |
Aug 2013 | 63.0 |
Sep 2013 | 62.6 |
Oct 2013 | 61.8 |
Nov 2013 | 67.6 |
Dec 2013 | 62.0 |
Jan 2014 | 63.2 |
Feb 2014 | 61.3 |
Mar 2014 | 65.8 |
Apr 2014 | 65.8 |
May 2014 | 60.9 |
Jun 2014 | 64.7 |
Jul 2014 | 65.6 |
Aug 2014 | 62.4 |
Sep 2014 | 63.2 |
Oct 2014 | 67.9 |
Nov 2014 | 71.2 |
Dec 2014 | 65.6 |
Jan 2015 | 62.4 |
Feb 2015 | 64.1 |
Mar 2015 | 55.0 |
Apr 2015 | 56.9 |
May 2015 | 62.0 |
Jun 2015 | 57.8 |
Jul 2015 | 63.5 |
Aug 2015 | 57.1 |
Sep 2015 | 52.9 |
Oct 2015 | 59.7 |
Nov 2015 | 62.2 |
Dec 2015 | 62.0 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
The breadth of the Great Recession also was widespread among various industries, as illustrated by the 1-month diffusion index for the private-sector industries. The diffusion index fell below 50 in February 2008, and remained below 50 through February 2010. (See figure 3.) In the diffusion index, values less than 50 indicate that more industries are losing jobs than gaining jobs; conversely, values greater than 50 indicate that more industries are gaining jobs than losing them. The index hit a trough of 17.4 in April 2009, 2 months before the recession ended.
Certain CES data series have been shown to lead business cycle turning points. Employment in the temporary help services industry, for example, is a leading indicator for overall employment cycles. Employment in temporary help services reached a peak in August 2006, 17 months before the peak in total nonfarm employment, and a trough in August 2009, 6 months before the trough in total nonfarm employment. As the economy weakens, businesses across all industries are often willing to shed temporary, contracted workers before their permanent employees. As such, employment in temporary help services will generally decline before total nonfarm employment. During times of recovery, businesses may purchase labor services from temporary help companies while judging the economic climate before they hire permanent employees.7 Accordingly, temporary help services employment tends to coincide with upturns in the business cycle, but it still leads changes in overall employment. Figure 4 tracks the employment in temporary help services from 2005 through 2015.
Date | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Jan 2005 | 2,458.6 |
Feb 2005 | 2,479.5 |
Mar 2005 | 2,492.0 |
Apr 2005 | 2,506.9 |
May 2005 | 2,505.3 |
Jun 2005 | 2,530.6 |
Jul 2005 | 2,550.4 |
Aug 2005 | 2,567.3 |
Sep 2005 | 2,604.0 |
Oct 2005 | 2,612.2 |
Nov 2005 | 2,636.6 |
Dec 2005 | 2,634.0 |
Jan 2006 | 2,621.4 |
Feb 2006 | 2,631.0 |
Mar 2006 | 2,632.9 |
Apr 2006 | 2,634.2 |
May 2006 | 2,649.6 |
Jun 2006 | 2,648.7 |
Jul 2006 | 2,647.9 |
Aug 2006 | 2,657.4 |
Sep 2006 | 2,648.2 |
Oct 2006 | 2,638.8 |
Nov 2006 | 2,636.5 |
Dec 2006 | 2,643.1 |
Jan 2007 | 2,647.2 |
Feb 2007 | 2,641.9 |
Mar 2007 | 2,636.4 |
Apr 2007 | 2,627.7 |
May 2007 | 2,608.8 |
Jun 2007 | 2,605.4 |
Jul 2007 | 2,596.1 |
Aug 2007 | 2,586.0 |
Sep 2007 | 2,566.6 |
Oct 2007 | 2,573.1 |
Nov 2007 | 2,566.9 |
Dec 2007 | 2,552.5 |
Jan 2008 | 2,542.9 |
Feb 2008 | 2,505.3 |
Mar 2008 | 2,479.9 |
Apr 2008 | 2,466.0 |
May 2008 | 2,434.1 |
Jun 2008 | 2,402.5 |
Jul 2008 | 2,372.0 |
Aug 2008 | 2,338.0 |
Sep 2008 | 2,312.7 |
Oct 2008 | 2,239.1 |
Nov 2008 | 2,119.5 |
Dec 2008 | 2,045.5 |
Jan 2009 | 1,961.0 |
Feb 2009 | 1,913.8 |
Mar 2009 | 1,855.5 |
Apr 2009 | 1,795.8 |
May 2009 | 1,773.4 |
Jun 2009 | 1,751.7 |
Jul 2009 | 1,749.2 |
Aug 2009 | 1,747.4 |
Sep 2009 | 1,768.7 |
Oct 2009 | 1,791.5 |
Nov 2009 | 1,849.8 |
Dec 2009 | 1,894.2 |
Jan 2010 | 1,952.4 |
Feb 2010 | 1,974.9 |
Mar 2010 | 2,002.6 |
Apr 2010 | 2,031.9 |
May 2010 | 2,064.3 |
Jun 2010 | 2,092.5 |
Jul 2010 | 2,079.1 |
Aug 2010 | 2,117.6 |
Sep 2010 | 2,138.7 |
Oct 2010 | 2,175.5 |
Nov 2010 | 2,201.4 |
Dec 2010 | 2,247.2 |
Jan 2011 | 2,239.8 |
Feb 2011 | 2,260.2 |
Mar 2011 | 2,293.6 |
Apr 2011 | 2,299.2 |
May 2011 | 2,292.5 |
Jun 2011 | 2,285.4 |
Jul 2011 | 2,278.6 |
Aug 2011 | 2,316.2 |
Sep 2011 | 2,343.6 |
Oct 2011 | 2,365.6 |
Nov 2011 | 2,378.5 |
Dec 2011 | 2,390.9 |
Jan 2012 | 2,426.5 |
Feb 2012 | 2,466.4 |
Mar 2012 | 2,458.4 |
Apr 2012 | 2,466.6 |
May 2012 | 2,483.1 |
Jun 2012 | 2,509.4 |
Jul 2012 | 2,521.0 |
Aug 2012 | 2,527.8 |
Sep 2012 | 2,506.5 |
Oct 2012 | 2,524.3 |
Nov 2012 | 2,533.9 |
Dec 2012 | 2,537.3 |
Jan 2013 | 2,546.8 |
Feb 2013 | 2,563.0 |
Mar 2013 | 2,580.1 |
Apr 2013 | 2,594.3 |
May 2013 | 2,609.9 |
Jun 2013 | 2,621.9 |
Jul 2013 | 2,631.3 |
Aug 2013 | 2,642.7 |
Sep 2013 | 2,657.8 |
Oct 2013 | 2,652.5 |
Nov 2013 | 2,659.8 |
Dec 2013 | 2,680.0 |
Jan 2014 | 2,681.2 |
Feb 2014 | 2,697.8 |
Mar 2014 | 2,712.6 |
Apr 2014 | 2,722.1 |
May 2014 | 2,733.2 |
Jun 2014 | 2,748.4 |
Jul 2014 | 2,765.6 |
Aug 2014 | 2,787.9 |
Sep 2014 | 2,806.1 |
Oct 2014 | 2,814.3 |
Nov 2014 | 2,828.6 |
Dec 2014 | 2,848.4 |
Jan 2015 | 2,837.0 |
Feb 2015 | 2,826.6 |
Mar 2015 | 2,836.9 |
Apr 2015 | 2,851.5 |
May 2015 | 2,863.2 |
Jun 2015 | 2,884.8 |
Jul 2015 | 2,875.5 |
Aug 2015 | 2,883.2 |
Sep 2015 | 2,890.7 |
Oct 2015 | 2,918.5 |
Nov 2015 | 2,919.2 |
Dec 2015 | 2,944.1 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Manufacturing production employees’ average weekly hours also serve as a leading indicator for business cycles; this input is included in The Conference Board Leading Economic Index.8 Average weekly hours usually decrease before the economy enters a recession because employers typically cut employees’ hours before laying them off. Since 1939, the manufacturing workweek has peaked, on average, 10 months prior to the business cycle peak. (See table 4.) While it leads business cycle peaks, the manufacturing workweek is less likely to lead periods of economic recovery. For example, the workweek did not reach a trough until 20 months after the early 2000s recession ended in November 2001.
NBER business cycle dates | Manufacturing workweek turning points | Months manufacturing workweek turn leads/lags business cycle turn | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak month | Trough month | Workweek peak | Workweek trough | Number of months from NBER peak | Number of months from NBER trough |
February 1945 | October 1945 | November 1943 | May 1946 | -15 | 7 |
November 1948 | October 1949 | December 1947 | April 1949 | -13 | 6 |
July 1953 | May 1954 | March 1953 | January 1954 | -4 | -4 |
August 1957 | April 1958 | November 1955 | February 1958 | -21 | -2 |
April 1960 | February 1961 | May 1959 | December 1960 | -11 | -2 |
December 1969 | November 1970 | October 1968 | December 1970 | -14 | 1 |
November 1973 | March 1975 | March 1973 | March 1975 | -8 | 0 |
January 1980 | July 1980 | March 1979 | July 1980 | -10 | 0 |
July 1981 | November 1982 | May 1981 | January 1982 | -2 | -10 |
July 1990 | March 1991 | February 1989 | March 1991 | -17 | 0 |
March 2001 | November 2001 | April 2000 | July 2003 | -11 | 20 |
December 2007 | June 2009 | March 2008 | May 2009 | 3 | -1 |
Sources: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Bureau of Economic Research. |
For most industries, employment trends track business cycles; however, weakness in certain economic sectors may sometimes signal turning points. Construction serves as an interesting example: during the past 12 business cycle peaks, employment in the construction sector experienced a coincident peak in 4 instances, peaked 5 or more months prior in 6 instances, and failed to reach a proximate employment peak in the 2 remaining instances. Construction employment peaked in April 2006, 20 months before the start of the Great Recession. This change in employment trend generally tracked the U.S. housing bubble, a period during which new single-family home prices rose rapidly until peaking in 2007, then declined sharply the next several years before reaching a trough in 2011.9 Prices have since rebounded sharply, surpassing the 2007 peak by 8.0 percent as of 2015. Residential construction exhibited an earlier lead time into the housing bust and ensuing recession than nonresidential construction; employment in residential building and residential specialty trades peaked in early 2006, while nonresidential construction employment peaked in early 2008.10 (See figure 5.)
Date | Residential | Nonresidential |
---|---|---|
Jan 2001 | 2,601.0 | 3,276.8 |
Feb 2001 | 2,612.4 | 3,279.4 |
Mar 2001 | 2,619.2 | 3,285.7 |
Apr 2001 | 2,615.7 | 3,275.1 |
May 2001 | 2,631.5 | 3,263.8 |
Jun 2001 | 2,636.3 | 3,253.8 |
Jul 2001 | 2,637.5 | 3,251.5 |
Aug 2001 | 2,639.9 | 3,231.3 |
Sep 2001 | 2,639.9 | 3,217.8 |
Oct 2001 | 2,641.4 | 3,209.4 |
Nov 2001 | 2,644.1 | 3,187.4 |
Dec 2001 | 2,649.0 | 3,181.3 |
Jan 2002 | 2,644.7 | 3,176.7 |
Feb 2002 | 2,656.1 | 3,155.5 |
Mar 2002 | 2,673.1 | 3,135.5 |
Apr 2002 | 2,670.0 | 3,103.0 |
May 2002 | 2,675.1 | 3,080.0 |
Jun 2002 | 2,675.9 | 3,092.3 |
Jul 2002 | 2,683.1 | 3,079.7 |
Aug 2002 | 2,699.5 | 3,079.7 |
Sep 2002 | 2,713.9 | 3,068.6 |
Oct 2002 | 2,716.8 | 3,053.1 |
Nov 2002 | 2,741.5 | 3,056.6 |
Dec 2002 | 2,736.7 | 3,051.2 |
Jan 2003 | 2,737.6 | 3,053.5 |
Feb 2003 | 2,734.1 | 3,027.9 |
Mar 2003 | 2,743.8 | 3,012.9 |
Apr 2003 | 2,762.7 | 3,028.7 |
May 2003 | 2,772.3 | 3,032.8 |
Jun 2003 | 2,795.4 | 3,025.7 |
Jul 2003 | 2,807.7 | 3,022.9 |
Aug 2003 | 2,827.2 | 3,025.7 |
Sep 2003 | 2,844.0 | 3,030.2 |
Oct 2003 | 2,860.8 | 3,022.6 |
Nov 2003 | 2,882.7 | 3,013.5 |
Dec 2003 | 2,897.5 | 3,025.6 |
Jan 2004 | 2,921.3 | 3,022.3 |
Feb 2004 | 2,929.8 | 3,013.6 |
Mar 2004 | 2,954.5 | 3,029.8 |
Apr 2004 | 2,964.7 | 3,033.6 |
May 2004 | 2,989.3 | 3,055.6 |
Jun 2004 | 3,008.9 | 3,051.3 |
Jul 2004 | 3,029.2 | 3,043.4 |
Aug 2004 | 3,047.6 | 3,046.5 |
Sep 2004 | 3,065.0 | 3,053.9 |
Oct 2004 | 3,090.2 | 3,071.4 |
Nov 2004 | 3,103.1 | 3,071.1 |
Dec 2004 | 3,127.7 | 3,071.0 |
Jan 2005 | 3,116.9 | 3,060.3 |
Feb 2005 | 3,156.8 | 3,077.8 |
Mar 2005 | 3,176.5 | 3,078.2 |
Apr 2005 | 3,208.4 | 3,118.9 |
May 2005 | 3,236.2 | 3,110.7 |
Jun 2005 | 3,252.2 | 3,114.8 |
Jul 2005 | 3,267.6 | 3,120.2 |
Aug 2005 | 3,284.2 | 3,143.2 |
Sep 2005 | 3,310.9 | 3,139.0 |
Oct 2005 | 3,343.9 | 3,152.7 |
Nov 2005 | 3,370.9 | 3,179.6 |
Dec 2005 | 3,395.3 | 3,175.5 |
Jan 2006 | 3,421.7 | 3,199.5 |
Feb 2006 | 3,441.9 | 3,241.5 |
Mar 2006 | 3,444.0 | 3,263.2 |
Apr 2006 | 3,449.9 | 3,291.8 |
May 2006 | 3,441.7 | 3,288.2 |
Jun 2006 | 3,423.3 | 3,299.6 |
Jul 2006 | 3,407.8 | 3,324.6 |
Aug 2006 | 3,416.7 | 3,322.1 |
Sep 2006 | 3,389.4 | 3,339.8 |
Oct 2006 | 3,348.1 | 3,340.8 |
Nov 2006 | 3,340.4 | 3,329.3 |
Dec 2006 | 3,332.9 | 3,352.5 |
Jan 2007 | 3,328.2 | 3,386.3 |
Feb 2007 | 3,295.2 | 3,340.0 |
Mar 2007 | 3,308.2 | 3,391.2 |
Apr 2007 | 3,291.6 | 3,383.8 |
May 2007 | 3,281.5 | 3,383.7 |
Jun 2007 | 3,273.4 | 3,402.5 |
Jul 2007 | 3,255.8 | 3,397.3 |
Aug 2007 | 3,212.2 | 3,395.2 |
Sep 2007 | 3,175.3 | 3,402.9 |
Oct 2007 | 3,136.3 | 3,425.8 |
Nov 2007 | 3,084.7 | 3,430.4 |
Dec 2007 | 3,061.6 | 3,421.9 |
Jan 2008 | 3,035.6 | 3,439.8 |
Feb 2008 | 3,009.4 | 3,441.3 |
Mar 2008 | 2,972.2 | 3,444.0 |
Apr 2008 | 2,927.4 | 3,423.3 |
May 2008 | 2,881.9 | 3,416.4 |
Jun 2008 | 2,840.3 | 3,399.5 |
Jul 2008 | 2,803.3 | 3,391.4 |
Aug 2008 | 2,764.2 | 3,393.3 |
Sep 2008 | 2,730.0 | 3,363.7 |
Oct 2008 | 2,679.8 | 3,344.3 |
Nov 2008 | 2,607.2 | 3,280.6 |
Dec 2008 | 2,546.6 | 3,236.7 |
Jan 2009 | 2,481.8 | 3,179.1 |
Feb 2009 | 2,412.0 | 3,125.3 |
Mar 2009 | 2,352.1 | 3,051.6 |
Apr 2009 | 2,299.4 | 2,989.2 |
May 2009 | 2,273.4 | 2,967.0 |
Jun 2009 | 2,237.2 | 2,927.7 |
Jul 2009 | 2,215.9 | 2,876.9 |
Aug 2009 | 2,189.3 | 2,832.5 |
Sep 2009 | 2,163.4 | 2,799.7 |
Oct 2009 | 2,144.7 | 2,759.1 |
Nov 2009 | 2,137.2 | 2,744.3 |
Dec 2009 | 2,118.3 | 2,725.9 |
Jan 2010 | 2,083.6 | 2,681.1 |
Feb 2010 | 2,067.4 | 2,629.7 |
Mar 2010 | 2,057.4 | 2,664.5 |
Apr 2010 | 2,059.7 | 2,668.8 |
May 2010 | 2,049.7 | 2,652.3 |
Jun 2010 | 2,046.5 | 2,644.7 |
Jul 2010 | 2,031.3 | 2,650.5 |
Aug 2010 | 2,021.3 | 2,667.9 |
Sep 2010 | 2,015.9 | 2,650.9 |
Oct 2010 | 2,005.3 | 2,666.5 |
Nov 2010 | 1,998.9 | 2,662.1 |
Dec 2010 | 1,990.1 | 2,652.8 |
Jan 2011 | 1,982.4 | 2,626.9 |
Feb 2011 | 1,986.5 | 2,644.5 |
Mar 2011 | 1,994.8 | 2,657.1 |
Apr 2011 | 1,996.8 | 2,660.7 |
May 2011 | 2,019.7 | 2,659.0 |
Jun 2011 | 2,019.1 | 2,670.7 |
Jul 2011 | 2,021.0 | 2,690.2 |
Aug 2011 | 2,019.4 | 2,698.5 |
Sep 2011 | 2,022.1 | 2,721.6 |
Oct 2011 | 2,035.2 | 2,705.1 |
Nov 2011 | 2,035.3 | 2,704.0 |
Dec 2011 | 2,039.5 | 2,712.6 |
Jan 2012 | 2,037.8 | 2,727.5 |
Feb 2012 | 2,036.7 | 2,728.3 |
Mar 2012 | 2,042.1 | 2,720.8 |
Apr 2012 | 2,041.9 | 2,710.7 |
May 2012 | 2,040.4 | 2,709.4 |
Jun 2012 | 2,045.6 | 2,716.3 |
Jul 2012 | 2,052.2 | 2,710.8 |
Aug 2012 | 2,060.4 | 2,711.2 |
Sep 2012 | 2,065.2 | 2,715.1 |
Oct 2012 | 2,071.7 | 2,725.5 |
Nov 2012 | 2,082.6 | 2,727.3 |
Dec 2012 | 2,096.9 | 2,752.7 |
Jan 2013 | 2,108.2 | 2,751.5 |
Feb 2013 | 2,126.1 | 2,776.8 |
Mar 2013 | 2,143.4 | 2,789.1 |
Apr 2013 | 2,149.0 | 2,782.6 |
May 2013 | 2,160.6 | 2,788.3 |
Jun 2013 | 2,171.1 | 2,795.9 |
Jul 2013 | 2,182.5 | 2,789.4 |
Aug 2013 | 2,192.6 | 2,792.2 |
Sep 2013 | 2,198.7 | 2,809.8 |
Oct 2013 | 2,210.8 | 2,821.4 |
Nov 2013 | 2,236.6 | 2,827.8 |
Dec 2013 | 2,239.0 | 2,822.3 |
Jan 2014 | 2,257.2 | 2,850.2 |
Feb 2014 | 2,261.1 | 2,860.4 |
Mar 2014 | 2,287.4 | 2,869.9 |
Apr 2014 | 2,298.7 | 2,890.5 |
May 2014 | 2,304.3 | 2,895.6 |
Jun 2014 | 2,316.6 | 2,899.0 |
Jul 2014 | 2,333.3 | 2,921.6 |
Aug 2014 | 2,348.8 | 2,930.8 |
Sep 2014 | 2,362.6 | 2,939.1 |
Oct 2014 | 2,370.8 | 2,941.5 |
Nov 2014 | 2,388.4 | 2,948.0 |
Dec 2014 | 2,399.2 | 2,974.3 |
Jan 2015 | 2,421.9 | 2,997.1 |
Feb 2015 | 2,429.1 | 3,018.2 |
Mar 2015 | 2,432.1 | 3,013.6 |
Apr 2015 | 2,449.1 | 3,028.9 |
May 2015 | 2,455.9 | 3,039.3 |
Jun 2015 | 2,451.9 | 3,040.0 |
Jul 2015 | 2,463.0 | 3,038.2 |
Aug 2015 | 2,464.7 | 3,040.6 |
Sep 2015 | 2,470.9 | 3,048.9 |
Oct 2015 | 2,478.4 | 3,068.8 |
Nov 2015 | 2,523.3 | 3,085.9 |
Dec 2015 | 2,550.6 | 3,102.2 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Economic shocks in one industry can transfer to related industries. As the housing bubble started to have an impact on the construction industry, weakness quickly moved to financial activities; complementary industries such as mortgage finance and real estate were particularly affected. Financial activities reached an employment peak in December 2006, 13 months before total nonfarm employment peaked. Shortly thereafter, housing prices began to decline and both mortgage delinquency rates and home foreclosures increased sharply, particularly among homeowners with subprime home loans. The financial activities industry lost 718,000 jobs from December 2006 to February 2011.
The cyclical trends for government employment tend to lag business cycle changes. Government entities at the federal, state, and local levels set budgets based on estimates of future tax revenues and other income streams. As a result, expenditures, including those for hiring, are based on older economic data. When the economy weakens, tax revenues may fall short of expectations. This, in turn, could cause government entities to adjust their workforce through hiring freezes or layoffs.
Date | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Jan 1939 | 3,988 |
Feb 1939 | 4,001 |
Mar 1939 | 4,002 |
Apr 1939 | 4,002 |
May 1939 | 4,006 |
Jun 1939 | 4,003 |
Jul 1939 | 4,019 |
Aug 1939 | 4,046 |
Sep 1939 | 4,076 |
Oct 1939 | 4,089 |
Nov 1939 | 4,109 |
Dec 1939 | 4,134 |
Jan 1940 | 4,150 |
Feb 1940 | 4,150 |
Mar 1940 | 4,151 |
Apr 1940 | 4,152 |
May 1940 | 4,172 |
Jun 1940 | 4,218 |
Jul 1940 | 4,261 |
Aug 1940 | 4,282 |
Sep 1940 | 4,312 |
Oct 1940 | 4,353 |
Nov 1940 | 4,396 |
Dec 1940 | 4,415 |
Jan 1941 | 4,468 |
Feb 1941 | 4,504 |
Mar 1941 | 4,535 |
Apr 1941 | 4,585 |
May 1941 | 4,642 |
Jun 1941 | 4,701 |
Jul 1941 | 4,750 |
Aug 1941 | 4,821 |
Sep 1941 | 4,891 |
Oct 1941 | 4,907 |
Nov 1941 | 4,949 |
Dec 1941 | 4,971 |
Jan 1942 | 5,089 |
Feb 1942 | 5,146 |
Mar 1942 | 5,257 |
Apr 1942 | 5,357 |
May 1942 | 5,431 |
Jun 1942 | 5,510 |
Jul 1942 | 5,591 |
Aug 1942 | 5,814 |
Sep 1942 | 5,866 |
Oct 1942 | 5,956 |
Nov 1942 | 6,026 |
Dec 1942 | 6,072 |
Jan 1943 | 6,132 |
Feb 1943 | 6,223 |
Mar 1943 | 6,257 |
Apr 1943 | 6,267 |
May 1943 | 6,281 |
Jun 1943 | 6,324 |
Jul 1943 | 6,257 |
Aug 1943 | 6,151 |
Sep 1943 | 6,167 |
Oct 1943 | 6,170 |
Nov 1943 | 6,179 |
Dec 1943 | 6,271 |
Jan 1944 | 6,162 |
Feb 1944 | 6,129 |
Mar 1944 | 6,113 |
Apr 1944 | 6,112 |
May 1944 | 6,121 |
Jun 1944 | 6,147 |
Jul 1944 | 6,190 |
Aug 1944 | 6,204 |
Sep 1944 | 6,216 |
Oct 1944 | 6,223 |
Nov 1944 | 6,263 |
Dec 1944 | 6,375 |
Jan 1945 | 6,254 |
Feb 1945 | 6,239 |
Mar 1945 | 6,216 |
Apr 1945 | 6,185 |
May 1945 | 6,159 |
Jun 1945 | 6,181 |
Jul 1945 | 6,185 |
Aug 1945 | 6,135 |
Sep 1945 | 5,942 |
Oct 1945 | 5,854 |
Nov 1945 | 5,830 |
Dec 1945 | 5,811 |
Jan 1946 | 5,785 |
Feb 1946 | 5,778 |
Mar 1946 | 5,758 |
Apr 1946 | 5,761 |
May 1946 | 5,732 |
Jun 1946 | 5,680 |
Jul 1946 | 5,682 |
Aug 1946 | 5,681 |
Sep 1946 | 5,669 |
Oct 1946 | 5,664 |
Nov 1946 | 5,639 |
Dec 1946 | 5,628 |
Jan 1947 | 5,619 |
Feb 1947 | 5,606 |
Mar 1947 | 5,588 |
Apr 1947 | 5,558 |
May 1947 | 5,551 |
Jun 1947 | 5,524 |
Jul 1947 | 5,524 |
Aug 1947 | 5,519 |
Sep 1947 | 5,539 |
Oct 1947 | 5,566 |
Nov 1947 | 5,585 |
Dec 1947 | 5,605 |
Jan 1948 | 5,624 |
Feb 1948 | 5,615 |
Mar 1948 | 5,623 |
Apr 1948 | 5,643 |
May 1948 | 5,681 |
Jun 1948 | 5,736 |
Jul 1948 | 5,774 |
Aug 1948 | 5,791 |
Sep 1948 | 5,805 |
Oct 1948 | 5,829 |
Nov 1948 | 5,869 |
Dec 1948 | 5,888 |
Jan 1949 | 5,894 |
Feb 1949 | 5,893 |
Mar 1949 | 5,915 |
Apr 1949 | 5,948 |
May 1949 | 5,962 |
Jun 1949 | 5,956 |
Jul 1949 | 5,962 |
Aug 1949 | 5,985 |
Sep 1949 | 5,990 |
Oct 1949 | 5,970 |
Nov 1949 | 5,950 |
Dec 1949 | 5,952 |
Jan 1950 | 5,934 |
Feb 1950 | 5,926 |
Mar 1950 | 6,078 |
Apr 1950 | 6,094 |
May 1950 | 6,043 |
Jun 1950 | 6,022 |
Jul 1950 | 6,090 |
Aug 1950 | 6,187 |
Sep 1950 | 6,228 |
Oct 1950 | 6,249 |
Nov 1950 | 6,262 |
Dec 1950 | 6,314 |
Jan 1951 | 6,352 |
Feb 1951 | 6,382 |
Mar 1951 | 6,410 |
Apr 1951 | 6,451 |
May 1951 | 6,417 |
Jun 1951 | 6,499 |
Jul 1951 | 6,538 |
Aug 1951 | 6,519 |
Sep 1951 | 6,552 |
Oct 1951 | 6,577 |
Nov 1951 | 6,626 |
Dec 1951 | 6,688 |
Jan 1952 | 6,589 |
Feb 1952 | 6,650 |
Mar 1952 | 6,662 |
Apr 1952 | 6,662 |
May 1952 | 6,694 |
Jun 1952 | 6,712 |
Jul 1952 | 6,737 |
Aug 1952 | 6,718 |
Sep 1952 | 6,734 |
Oct 1952 | 6,816 |
Nov 1952 | 6,801 |
Dec 1952 | 6,935 |
Jan 1953 | 6,794 |
Feb 1953 | 6,797 |
Mar 1953 | 6,784 |
Apr 1953 | 6,770 |
May 1953 | 6,717 |
Jun 1953 | 6,734 |
Jul 1953 | 6,723 |
Aug 1953 | 6,754 |
Sep 1953 | 6,749 |
Oct 1953 | 6,764 |
Nov 1953 | 6,749 |
Dec 1953 | 6,743 |
Jan 1954 | 6,760 |
Feb 1954 | 6,783 |
Mar 1954 | 6,796 |
Apr 1954 | 6,806 |
May 1954 | 6,829 |
Jun 1954 | 6,846 |
Jul 1954 | 6,868 |
Aug 1954 | 6,892 |
Sep 1954 | 6,894 |
Oct 1954 | 6,900 |
Nov 1954 | 6,964 |
Dec 1954 | 6,957 |
Jan 1955 | 6,953 |
Feb 1955 | 6,923 |
Mar 1955 | 6,938 |
Apr 1955 | 6,959 |
May 1955 | 6,991 |
Jun 1955 | 7,020 |
Jul 1955 | 7,049 |
Aug 1955 | 7,023 |
Sep 1955 | 7,067 |
Oct 1955 | 7,118 |
Nov 1955 | 7,083 |
Dec 1955 | 7,132 |
Jan 1956 | 7,167 |
Feb 1956 | 7,212 |
Mar 1956 | 7,252 |
Apr 1956 | 7,276 |
May 1956 | 7,367 |
Jun 1956 | 7,367 |
Jul 1956 | 7,405 |
Aug 1956 | 7,451 |
Sep 1956 | 7,481 |
Oct 1956 | 7,519 |
Nov 1956 | 7,553 |
Dec 1956 | 7,584 |
Jan 1957 | 7,620 |
Feb 1957 | 7,646 |
Mar 1957 | 7,672 |
Apr 1957 | 7,701 |
May 1957 | 7,713 |
Jun 1957 | 7,702 |
Jul 1957 | 7,754 |
Aug 1957 | 7,757 |
Sep 1957 | 7,749 |
Oct 1957 | 7,768 |
Nov 1957 | 7,769 |
Dec 1957 | 7,846 |
Jan 1958 | 7,821 |
Feb 1958 | 7,832 |
Mar 1958 | 7,848 |
Apr 1958 | 7,868 |
May 1958 | 7,894 |
Jun 1958 | 7,926 |
Jul 1958 | 7,972 |
Aug 1958 | 8,012 |
Sep 1958 | 8,016 |
Oct 1958 | 8,031 |
Nov 1958 | 8,028 |
Dec 1958 | 8,100 |
Jan 1959 | 8,105 |
Feb 1959 | 8,116 |
Mar 1959 | 8,132 |
Apr 1959 | 8,142 |
May 1959 | 8,153 |
Jun 1959 | 8,143 |
Jul 1959 | 8,173 |
Aug 1959 | 8,181 |
Sep 1959 | 8,239 |
Oct 1959 | 8,265 |
Nov 1959 | 8,284 |
Dec 1959 | 8,368 |
Jan 1960 | 8,307 |
Feb 1960 | 8,326 |
Mar 1960 | 8,525 |
Apr 1960 | 8,534 |
May 1960 | 8,432 |
Jun 1960 | 8,432 |
Jul 1960 | 8,442 |
Aug 1960 | 8,472 |
Sep 1960 | 8,494 |
Oct 1960 | 8,502 |
Nov 1960 | 8,516 |
Dec 1960 | 8,597 |
Jan 1961 | 8,564 |
Feb 1961 | 8,587 |
Mar 1961 | 8,611 |
Apr 1961 | 8,629 |
May 1961 | 8,664 |
Jun 1961 | 8,688 |
Jul 1961 | 8,724 |
Aug 1961 | 8,764 |
Sep 1961 | 8,796 |
Oct 1961 | 8,805 |
Nov 1961 | 8,812 |
Dec 1961 | 8,836 |
Jan 1962 | 8,851 |
Feb 1962 | 8,878 |
Mar 1962 | 8,901 |
Apr 1962 | 8,922 |
May 1962 | 8,958 |
Jun 1962 | 9,000 |
Jul 1962 | 9,026 |
Aug 1962 | 9,063 |
Sep 1962 | 9,089 |
Oct 1962 | 9,114 |
Nov 1962 | 9,145 |
Dec 1962 | 9,126 |
Jan 1963 | 9,204 |
Feb 1963 | 9,231 |
Mar 1963 | 9,245 |
Apr 1963 | 9,264 |
May 1963 | 9,288 |
Jun 1963 | 9,302 |
Jul 1963 | 9,334 |
Aug 1963 | 9,368 |
Sep 1963 | 9,417 |
Oct 1963 | 9,479 |
Nov 1963 | 9,484 |
Dec 1963 | 9,497 |
Jan 1964 | 9,562 |
Feb 1964 | 9,581 |
Mar 1964 | 9,611 |
Apr 1964 | 9,644 |
May 1964 | 9,670 |
Jun 1964 | 9,669 |
Jul 1964 | 9,677 |
Aug 1964 | 9,732 |
Sep 1964 | 9,786 |
Oct 1964 | 9,845 |
Nov 1964 | 9,879 |
Dec 1964 | 9,897 |
Jan 1965 | 9,937 |
Feb 1965 | 9,974 |
Mar 1965 | 10,010 |
Apr 1965 | 10,051 |
May 1965 | 10,094 |
Jun 1965 | 10,128 |
Jul 1965 | 10,201 |
Aug 1965 | 10,271 |
Sep 1965 | 10,338 |
Oct 1965 | 10,378 |
Nov 1965 | 10,436 |
Dec 1965 | 10,499 |
Jan 1966 | 10,541 |
Feb 1966 | 10,611 |
Mar 1966 | 10,692 |
Apr 1966 | 10,759 |
May 1966 | 10,821 |
Jun 1966 | 10,902 |
Jul 1966 | 10,974 |
Aug 1966 | 11,006 |
Sep 1966 | 11,063 |
Oct 1966 | 11,127 |
Nov 1966 | 11,203 |
Dec 1966 | 11,256 |
Jan 1967 | 11,315 |
Feb 1967 | 11,353 |
Mar 1967 | 11,397 |
Apr 1967 | 11,435 |
May 1967 | 11,474 |
Jun 1967 | 11,534 |
Jul 1967 | 11,544 |
Aug 1967 | 11,590 |
Sep 1967 | 11,623 |
Oct 1967 | 11,642 |
Nov 1967 | 11,695 |
Dec 1967 | 11,735 |
Jan 1968 | 11,794 |
Feb 1968 | 11,819 |
Mar 1968 | 11,842 |
Apr 1968 | 11,878 |
May 1968 | 11,905 |
Jun 1968 | 11,987 |
Jul 1968 | 12,018 |
Aug 1968 | 12,042 |
Sep 1968 | 12,067 |
Oct 1968 | 12,101 |
Nov 1968 | 12,107 |
Dec 1968 | 12,145 |
Jan 1969 | 12,209 |
Feb 1969 | 12,224 |
Mar 1969 | 12,229 |
Apr 1969 | 12,245 |
May 1969 | 12,284 |
Jun 1969 | 12,359 |
Jul 1969 | 12,340 |
Aug 1969 | 12,373 |
Sep 1969 | 12,379 |
Oct 1969 | 12,430 |
Nov 1969 | 12,448 |
Dec 1969 | 12,477 |
Jan 1970 | 12,496 |
Feb 1970 | 12,518 |
Mar 1970 | 12,603 |
Apr 1970 | 12,705 |
May 1970 | 12,668 |
Jun 1970 | 12,667 |
Jul 1970 | 12,697 |
Aug 1970 | 12,711 |
Sep 1970 | 12,741 |
Oct 1970 | 12,793 |
Nov 1970 | 12,830 |
Dec 1970 | 12,845 |
Jan 1971 | 12,878 |
Feb 1971 | 12,877 |
Mar 1971 | 12,908 |
Apr 1971 | 12,945 |
May 1971 | 12,970 |
Jun 1971 | 13,008 |
Jul 1971 | 13,011 |
Aug 1971 | 13,041 |
Sep 1971 | 13,068 |
Oct 1971 | 13,115 |
Nov 1971 | 13,148 |
Dec 1971 | 13,190 |
Jan 1972 | 13,266 |
Feb 1972 | 13,298 |
Mar 1972 | 13,329 |
Apr 1972 | 13,358 |
May 1972 | 13,416 |
Jun 1972 | 13,405 |
Jul 1972 | 13,482 |
Aug 1972 | 13,530 |
Sep 1972 | 13,575 |
Oct 1972 | 13,606 |
Nov 1972 | 13,643 |
Dec 1972 | 13,684 |
Jan 1973 | 13,690 |
Feb 1973 | 13,711 |
Mar 1973 | 13,745 |
Apr 1973 | 13,777 |
May 1973 | 13,817 |
Jun 1973 | 13,872 |
Jul 1973 | 13,865 |
Aug 1973 | 13,904 |
Sep 1973 | 13,892 |
Oct 1973 | 13,977 |
Nov 1973 | 14,035 |
Dec 1973 | 14,070 |
Jan 1974 | 14,090 |
Feb 1974 | 14,135 |
Mar 1974 | 14,152 |
Apr 1974 | 14,191 |
May 1974 | 14,221 |
Jun 1974 | 14,239 |
Jul 1974 | 14,288 |
Aug 1974 | 14,328 |
Sep 1974 | 14,422 |
Oct 1974 | 14,484 |
Nov 1974 | 14,532 |
Dec 1974 | 14,559 |
Jan 1975 | 14,624 |
Feb 1975 | 14,747 |
Mar 1975 | 14,754 |
Apr 1975 | 14,795 |
May 1975 | 14,827 |
Jun 1975 | 14,784 |
Jul 1975 | 14,861 |
Aug 1975 | 14,870 |
Sep 1975 | 14,824 |
Oct 1975 | 14,900 |
Nov 1975 | 14,903 |
Dec 1975 | 14,946 |
Jan 1976 | 14,969 |
Feb 1976 | 14,981 |
Mar 1976 | 14,987 |
Apr 1976 | 14,985 |
May 1976 | 14,971 |
Jun 1976 | 14,963 |
Jul 1976 | 14,993 |
Aug 1976 | 15,007 |
Sep 1976 | 14,971 |
Oct 1976 | 15,028 |
Nov 1976 | 15,073 |
Dec 1976 | 15,075 |
Jan 1977 | 15,056 |
Feb 1977 | 15,056 |
Mar 1977 | 15,050 |
Apr 1977 | 15,075 |
May 1977 | 15,132 |
Jun 1977 | 15,207 |
Jul 1977 | 15,299 |
Aug 1977 | 15,328 |
Sep 1977 | 15,403 |
Oct 1977 | 15,463 |
Nov 1977 | 15,515 |
Dec 1977 | 15,538 |
Jan 1978 | 15,611 |
Feb 1978 | 15,671 |
Mar 1978 | 15,731 |
Apr 1978 | 15,797 |
May 1978 | 15,834 |
Jun 1978 | 15,852 |
Jul 1978 | 15,901 |
Aug 1978 | 15,891 |
Sep 1978 | 15,819 |
Oct 1978 | 15,858 |
Nov 1978 | 15,894 |
Dec 1978 | 15,911 |
Jan 1979 | 15,937 |
Feb 1979 | 15,947 |
Mar 1979 | 15,956 |
Apr 1979 | 15,977 |
May 1979 | 15,990 |
Jun 1979 | 16,045 |
Jul 1979 | 16,150 |
Aug 1979 | 16,229 |
Sep 1979 | 16,128 |
Oct 1979 | 16,136 |
Nov 1979 | 16,173 |
Dec 1979 | 16,180 |
Jan 1980 | 16,201 |
Feb 1980 | 16,226 |
Mar 1980 | 16,296 |
Apr 1980 | 16,583 |
May 1980 | 16,454 |
Jun 1980 | 16,441 |
Jul 1980 | 16,418 |
Aug 1980 | 16,410 |
Sep 1980 | 16,330 |
Oct 1980 | 16,386 |
Nov 1980 | 16,391 |
Dec 1980 | 16,373 |
Jan 1981 | 16,360 |
Feb 1981 | 16,346 |
Mar 1981 | 16,292 |
Apr 1981 | 16,260 |
May 1981 | 16,198 |
Jun 1981 | 16,159 |
Jul 1981 | 16,175 |
Aug 1981 | 16,110 |
Sep 1981 | 16,031 |
Oct 1981 | 16,069 |
Nov 1981 | 16,078 |
Dec 1981 | 16,073 |
Jan 1982 | 16,041 |
Feb 1982 | 16,011 |
Mar 1982 | 16,024 |
Apr 1982 | 16,010 |
May 1982 | 16,003 |
Jun 1982 | 16,016 |
Jul 1982 | 15,890 |
Aug 1982 | 15,930 |
Sep 1982 | 15,923 |
Oct 1982 | 15,956 |
Nov 1982 | 15,977 |
Dec 1982 | 15,981 |
Jan 1983 | 16,023 |
Feb 1983 | 16,004 |
Mar 1983 | 16,005 |
Apr 1983 | 15,990 |
May 1983 | 16,005 |
Jun 1983 | 16,020 |
Jul 1983 | 16,011 |
Aug 1983 | 16,016 |
Sep 1983 | 16,042 |
Oct 1983 | 15,986 |
Nov 1983 | 15,997 |
Dec 1983 | 16,008 |
Jan 1984 | 16,010 |
Feb 1984 | 16,025 |
Mar 1984 | 16,030 |
Apr 1984 | 16,075 |
May 1984 | 16,103 |
Jun 1984 | 16,127 |
Jul 1984 | 16,172 |
Aug 1984 | 16,224 |
Sep 1984 | 16,255 |
Oct 1984 | 16,274 |
Nov 1984 | 16,311 |
Dec 1984 | 16,282 |
Jan 1985 | 16,336 |
Feb 1985 | 16,349 |
Mar 1985 | 16,395 |
Apr 1985 | 16,430 |
May 1985 | 16,474 |
Jun 1985 | 16,498 |
Jul 1985 | 16,620 |
Aug 1985 | 16,619 |
Sep 1985 | 16,638 |
Oct 1985 | 16,654 |
Nov 1985 | 16,674 |
Dec 1985 | 16,694 |
Jan 1986 | 16,715 |
Feb 1986 | 16,759 |
Mar 1986 | 16,755 |
Apr 1986 | 16,765 |
May 1986 | 16,790 |
Jun 1986 | 16,779 |
Jul 1986 | 16,779 |
Aug 1986 | 16,800 |
Sep 1986 | 16,910 |
Oct 1986 | 16,969 |
Nov 1986 | 17,005 |
Dec 1986 | 17,021 |
Jan 1987 | 17,045 |
Feb 1987 | 17,036 |
Mar 1987 | 17,064 |
Apr 1987 | 17,109 |
May 1987 | 17,112 |
Jun 1987 | 17,124 |
Jul 1987 | 17,160 |
Aug 1987 | 17,172 |
Sep 1987 | 17,135 |
Oct 1987 | 17,269 |
Nov 1987 | 17,299 |
Dec 1987 | 17,347 |
Jan 1988 | 17,365 |
Feb 1988 | 17,389 |
Mar 1988 | 17,447 |
Apr 1988 | 17,452 |
May 1988 | 17,481 |
Jun 1988 | 17,515 |
Jul 1988 | 17,494 |
Aug 1988 | 17,544 |
Sep 1988 | 17,634 |
Oct 1988 | 17,670 |
Nov 1988 | 17,746 |
Dec 1988 | 17,736 |
Jan 1989 | 17,774 |
Feb 1989 | 17,812 |
Mar 1989 | 17,822 |
Apr 1989 | 17,840 |
May 1989 | 17,876 |
Jun 1989 | 17,912 |
Jul 1989 | 17,905 |
Aug 1989 | 17,989 |
Sep 1989 | 18,027 |
Oct 1989 | 18,033 |
Nov 1989 | 18,057 |
Dec 1989 | 18,075 |
Jan 1990 | 18,151 |
Feb 1990 | 18,177 |
Mar 1990 | 18,294 |
Apr 1990 | 18,377 |
May 1990 | 18,599 |
Jun 1990 | 18,556 |
Jul 1990 | 18,560 |
Aug 1990 | 18,457 |
Sep 1990 | 18,437 |
Oct 1990 | 18,443 |
Nov 1990 | 18,450 |
Dec 1990 | 18,468 |
Jan 1991 | 18,474 |
Feb 1991 | 18,482 |
Mar 1991 | 18,488 |
Apr 1991 | 18,485 |
May 1991 | 18,498 |
Jun 1991 | 18,561 |
Jul 1991 | 18,598 |
Aug 1991 | 18,567 |
Sep 1991 | 18,543 |
Oct 1991 | 18,593 |
Nov 1991 | 18,627 |
Dec 1991 | 18,641 |
Jan 1992 | 18,688 |
Feb 1992 | 18,689 |
Mar 1992 | 18,715 |
Apr 1992 | 18,739 |
May 1992 | 18,753 |
Jun 1992 | 18,762 |
Jul 1992 | 18,817 |
Aug 1992 | 18,883 |
Sep 1992 | 18,829 |
Oct 1992 | 18,828 |
Nov 1992 | 18,841 |
Dec 1992 | 18,878 |
Jan 1993 | 18,901 |
Feb 1993 | 18,902 |
Mar 1993 | 18,907 |
Apr 1993 | 18,938 |
May 1993 | 18,951 |
Jun 1993 | 18,969 |
Jul 1993 | 19,060 |
Aug 1993 | 19,028 |
Sep 1993 | 19,041 |
Oct 1993 | 19,042 |
Nov 1993 | 19,068 |
Dec 1993 | 19,109 |
Jan 1994 | 19,147 |
Feb 1994 | 19,150 |
Mar 1994 | 19,190 |
Apr 1994 | 19,223 |
May 1994 | 19,264 |
Jun 1994 | 19,274 |
Jul 1994 | 19,301 |
Aug 1994 | 19,306 |
Sep 1994 | 19,337 |
Oct 1994 | 19,344 |
Nov 1994 | 19,367 |
Dec 1994 | 19,388 |
Jan 1995 | 19,397 |
Feb 1995 | 19,407 |
Mar 1995 | 19,427 |
Apr 1995 | 19,434 |
May 1995 | 19,418 |
Jun 1995 | 19,445 |
Jul 1995 | 19,437 |
Aug 1995 | 19,429 |
Sep 1995 | 19,430 |
Oct 1995 | 19,464 |
Nov 1995 | 19,463 |
Dec 1995 | 19,466 |
Jan 1996 | 19,450 |
Feb 1996 | 19,485 |
Mar 1996 | 19,532 |
Apr 1996 | 19,515 |
May 1996 | 19,529 |
Jun 1996 | 19,528 |
Jul 1996 | 19,547 |
Aug 1996 | 19,504 |
Sep 1996 | 19,567 |
Oct 1996 | 19,554 |
Nov 1996 | 19,565 |
Dec 1996 | 19,571 |
Jan 1997 | 19,593 |
Feb 1997 | 19,598 |
Mar 1997 | 19,608 |
Apr 1997 | 19,603 |
May 1997 | 19,601 |
Jun 1997 | 19,660 |
Jul 1997 | 19,686 |
Aug 1997 | 19,617 |
Sep 1997 | 19,679 |
Oct 1997 | 19,738 |
Nov 1997 | 19,761 |
Dec 1997 | 19,766 |
Jan 1998 | 19,770 |
Feb 1998 | 19,786 |
Mar 1998 | 19,792 |
Apr 1998 | 19,816 |
May 1998 | 19,875 |
Jun 1998 | 19,879 |
Jul 1998 | 19,930 |
Aug 1998 | 19,959 |
Sep 1998 | 19,985 |
Oct 1998 | 20,001 |
Nov 1998 | 20,044 |
Dec 1998 | 20,079 |
Jan 1999 | 20,084 |
Feb 1999 | 20,144 |
Mar 1999 | 20,168 |
Apr 1999 | 20,237 |
May 1999 | 20,229 |
Jun 1999 | 20,272 |
Jul 1999 | 20,339 |
Aug 1999 | 20,375 |
Sep 1999 | 20,404 |
Oct 1999 | 20,457 |
Nov 1999 | 20,496 |
Dec 1999 | 20,540 |
Jan 2000 | 20,571 |
Feb 2000 | 20,599 |
Mar 2000 | 20,733 |
Apr 2000 | 20,802 |
May 2000 | 21,147 |
Jun 2000 | 20,887 |
Jul 2000 | 20,867 |
Aug 2000 | 20,837 |
Sep 2000 | 20,735 |
Oct 2000 | 20,743 |
Nov 2000 | 20,760 |
Dec 2000 | 20,804 |
Jan 2001 | 20,835 |
Feb 2001 | 20,906 |
Mar 2001 | 20,945 |
Apr 2001 | 20,992 |
May 2001 | 21,029 |
Jun 2001 | 21,137 |
Jul 2001 | 21,185 |
Aug 2001 | 21,218 |
Sep 2001 | 21,242 |
Oct 2001 | 21,275 |
Nov 2001 | 21,326 |
Dec 2001 | 21,355 |
Jan 2002 | 21,377 |
Feb 2002 | 21,390 |
Mar 2002 | 21,431 |
Apr 2002 | 21,443 |
May 2002 | 21,514 |
Jun 2002 | 21,549 |
Jul 2002 | 21,544 |
Aug 2002 | 21,589 |
Sep 2002 | 21,546 |
Oct 2002 | 21,559 |
Nov 2002 | 21,581 |
Dec 2002 | 21,588 |
Jan 2003 | 21,626 |
Feb 2003 | 21,624 |
Mar 2003 | 21,610 |
Apr 2003 | 21,595 |
May 2003 | 21,567 |
Jun 2003 | 21,606 |
Jul 2003 | 21,633 |
Aug 2003 | 21,556 |
Sep 2003 | 21,504 |
Oct 2003 | 21,558 |
Nov 2003 | 21,535 |
Dec 2003 | 21,546 |
Jan 2004 | 21,538 |
Feb 2004 | 21,550 |
Mar 2004 | 21,588 |
Apr 2004 | 21,614 |
May 2004 | 21,614 |
Jun 2004 | 21,601 |
Jul 2004 | 21,606 |
Aug 2004 | 21,626 |
Sep 2004 | 21,635 |
Oct 2004 | 21,656 |
Nov 2004 | 21,692 |
Dec 2004 | 21,693 |
Jan 2005 | 21,735 |
Feb 2005 | 21,744 |
Mar 2005 | 21,740 |
Apr 2005 | 21,754 |
May 2005 | 21,781 |
Jun 2005 | 21,763 |
Jul 2005 | 21,857 |
Aug 2005 | 21,863 |
Sep 2005 | 21,845 |
Oct 2005 | 21,829 |
Nov 2005 | 21,859 |
Dec 2005 | 21,879 |
Jan 2006 | 21,847 |
Feb 2006 | 21,878 |
Mar 2006 | 21,903 |
Apr 2006 | 21,919 |
May 2006 | 21,926 |
Jun 2006 | 21,922 |
Jul 2006 | 21,973 |
Aug 2006 | 22,011 |
Sep 2006 | 22,082 |
Oct 2006 | 22,068 |
Nov 2006 | 22,083 |
Dec 2006 | 22,088 |
Jan 2007 | 22,095 |
Feb 2007 | 22,131 |
Mar 2007 | 22,149 |
Apr 2007 | 22,175 |
May 2007 | 22,193 |
Jun 2007 | 22,207 |
Jul 2007 | 22,171 |
Aug 2007 | 22,226 |
Sep 2007 | 22,279 |
Oct 2007 | 22,297 |
Nov 2007 | 22,334 |
Dec 2007 | 22,376 |
Jan 2008 | 22,388 |
Feb 2008 | 22,417 |
Mar 2008 | 22,443 |
Apr 2008 | 22,450 |
May 2008 | 22,483 |
Jun 2008 | 22,517 |
Jul 2008 | 22,568 |
Aug 2008 | 22,567 |
Sep 2008 | 22,537 |
Oct 2008 | 22,549 |
Nov 2008 | 22,560 |
Dec 2008 | 22,556 |
Jan 2009 | 22,579 |
Feb 2009 | 22,576 |
Mar 2009 | 22,560 |
Apr 2009 | 22,677 |
May 2009 | 22,617 |
Jun 2009 | 22,576 |
Jul 2009 | 22,521 |
Aug 2009 | 22,537 |
Sep 2009 | 22,451 |
Oct 2009 | 22,524 |
Nov 2009 | 22,533 |
Dec 2009 | 22,482 |
Jan 2010 | 22,491 |
Feb 2010 | 22,476 |
Mar 2010 | 22,518 |
Apr 2010 | 22,569 |
May 2010 | 22,996 |
Jun 2010 | 22,740 |
Jul 2010 | 22,569 |
Aug 2010 | 22,420 |
Sep 2010 | 22,247 |
Oct 2010 | 22,297 |
Nov 2010 | 22,287 |
Dec 2010 | 22,266 |
Jan 2011 | 22,258 |
Feb 2011 | 22,215 |
Mar 2011 | 22,192 |
Apr 2011 | 22,184 |
May 2011 | 22,129 |
Jun 2011 | 22,164 |
Jul 2011 | 22,049 |
Aug 2011 | 22,017 |
Sep 2011 | 21,983 |
Oct 2011 | 21,998 |
Nov 2011 | 21,971 |
Dec 2011 | 21,954 |
Jan 2012 | 21,945 |
Feb 2012 | 21,941 |
Mar 2012 | 21,943 |
Apr 2012 | 21,928 |
May 2012 | 21,913 |
Jun 2012 | 21,928 |
Jul 2012 | 21,911 |
Aug 2012 | 21,927 |
Sep 2012 | 21,928 |
Oct 2012 | 21,896 |
Nov 2012 | 21,874 |
Dec 2012 | 21,884 |
Jan 2013 | 21,871 |
Feb 2013 | 21,885 |
Mar 2013 | 21,870 |
Apr 2013 | 21,869 |
May 2013 | 21,862 |
Jun 2013 | 21,835 |
Jul 2013 | 21,813 |
Aug 2013 | 21,840 |
Sep 2013 | 21,846 |
Oct 2013 | 21,832 |
Nov 2013 | 21,843 |
Dec 2013 | 21,817 |
Jan 2014 | 21,807 |
Feb 2014 | 21,817 |
Mar 2014 | 21,828 |
Apr 2014 | 21,856 |
May 2014 | 21,854 |
Jun 2014 | 21,893 |
Jul 2014 | 21,881 |
Aug 2014 | 21,868 |
Sep 2014 | 21,917 |
Oct 2014 | 21,927 |
Nov 2014 | 21,934 |
Dec 2014 | 21,947 |
Jan 2015 | 21,954 |
Feb 2015 | 21,967 |
Mar 2015 | 21,961 |
Apr 2015 | 21,971 |
May 2015 | 21,988 |
Jun 2015 | 21,990 |
Jul 2015 | 22,022 |
Aug 2015 | 22,049 |
Sep 2015 | 22,036 |
Oct 2015 | 22,027 |
Nov 2015 | 22,028 |
Dec 2015 | 22,040 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Post-WWII government employment has grown more slowly or turned down following business cycle turning points.11 During the 1980 recession (January 1980–July 1980), government employment did not peak until April 1980, 3 months after the business cycle peak. Following the start of the Great Recession, employment in government did not peak until April 2009, 16 months after the business cycle peak (See Figure 6).
Date | Mining employment | Over-the-year energy price percent change |
---|---|---|
Jan 1958 | 760.1 | 1.41 |
Feb 1958 | 743.4 | -0.47 |
Mar 1958 | 727.2 | -0.47 |
Apr 1958 | 707.4 | -0.93 |
May 1958 | 694.6 | -0.46 |
Jun 1958 | 695.7 | -0.46 |
Jul 1958 | 695.2 | 0.47 |
Aug 1958 | 702.8 | 1.40 |
Sep 1958 | 709.5 | 1.40 |
Oct 1958 | 707.3 | 1.40 |
Nov 1958 | 710.4 | -0.47 |
Dec 1958 | 711.8 | -0.47 |
Jan 1959 | 713.0 | -0.93 |
Feb 1959 | 704.2 | 1.41 |
Mar 1959 | 704.1 | 1.40 |
Apr 1959 | 705.2 | 1.87 |
May 1959 | 710.0 | 1.40 |
Jun 1959 | 715.0 | 1.86 |
Jul 1959 | 725.3 | 0.93 |
Aug 1959 | 667.0 | 0.92 |
Sep 1959 | 652.5 | 0.92 |
Oct 1959 | 655.6 | 2.30 |
Nov 1959 | 686.0 | 3.74 |
Dec 1959 | 694.5 | 4.21 |
Jan 1960 | 686.0 | 4.21 |
Feb 1960 | 690.9 | 2.78 |
Mar 1960 | 689.2 | 2.76 |
Apr 1960 | 692.9 | 2.75 |
May 1960 | 685.8 | 2.29 |
Jun 1960 | 682.0 | 2.28 |
Jul 1960 | 663.1 | 3.21 |
Aug 1960 | 682.8 | 2.74 |
Sep 1960 | 678.3 | 3.20 |
Oct 1960 | 677.2 | 1.35 |
Nov 1960 | 666.3 | 2.25 |
Dec 1960 | 658.0 | 1.35 |
Jan 1961 | 652.4 | 1.79 |
Feb 1961 | 646.3 | 1.80 |
Mar 1961 | 644.6 | 1.35 |
Apr 1961 | 639.6 | -0.89 |
May 1961 | 639.7 | 0.45 |
Jun 1961 | 642.4 | 0.45 |
Jul 1961 | 642.5 | 0.00 |
Aug 1961 | 644.5 | 0.00 |
Sep 1961 | 646.8 | 0.00 |
Oct 1961 | 642.1 | -0.44 |
Nov 1961 | 642.6 | -0.88 |
Dec 1961 | 638.8 | -0.88 |
Jan 1962 | 638.7 | -1.32 |
Feb 1962 | 637.8 | 0.00 |
Mar 1962 | 635.5 | -0.88 |
Apr 1962 | 632.5 | 2.25 |
May 1962 | 631.4 | 1.34 |
Jun 1962 | 624.7 | 0.00 |
Jul 1962 | 617.6 | -0.89 |
Aug 1962 | 623.0 | -0.44 |
Sep 1962 | 620.0 | 0.88 |
Oct 1962 | 617.6 | 1.34 |
Nov 1962 | 610.9 | 0.89 |
Dec 1962 | 607.4 | 1.79 |
Jan 1963 | 605.8 | 1.79 |
Feb 1963 | 605.6 | 0.44 |
Mar 1963 | 606.8 | 1.34 |
Apr 1963 | 610.7 | -0.44 |
May 1963 | 612.1 | -0.44 |
Jun 1963 | 613.8 | 0.00 |
Jul 1963 | 613.2 | 1.79 |
Aug 1963 | 612.4 | 0.89 |
Sep 1963 | 611.3 | -1.32 |
Oct 1963 | 610.7 | 0.00 |
Nov 1963 | 608.8 | -0.44 |
Dec 1963 | 610.4 | -0.88 |
Jan 1964 | 607.3 | 0.00 |
Feb 1964 | 607.4 | -2.20 |
Mar 1964 | 607.4 | -0.44 |
Apr 1964 | 607.7 | -0.44 |
May 1964 | 605.7 | -0.44 |
Jun 1964 | 609.5 | 0.44 |
Jul 1964 | 608.0 | -0.88 |
Aug 1964 | 606.8 | 0.00 |
Sep 1964 | 610.0 | 0.00 |
Oct 1964 | 612.3 | -0.88 |
Nov 1964 | 614.7 | -0.44 |
Dec 1964 | 614.1 | 0.00 |
Jan 1965 | 614.2 | 0.00 |
Feb 1965 | 614.3 | 2.25 |
Mar 1965 | 611.1 | 0.00 |
Apr 1965 | 610.6 | 1.78 |
May 1965 | 610.4 | 2.22 |
Jun 1965 | 607.2 | 2.21 |
Jul 1965 | 608.9 | 2.22 |
Aug 1965 | 608.9 | 1.77 |
Sep 1965 | 603.4 | 2.67 |
Oct 1965 | 608.5 | 2.22 |
Nov 1965 | 610.9 | 2.67 |
Dec 1965 | 609.9 | 2.21 |
Jan 1966 | 610.8 | 1.32 |
Feb 1966 | 609.5 | 2.20 |
Mar 1966 | 611.4 | 2.65 |
Apr 1966 | 574.9 | 1.31 |
May 1966 | 608.5 | 0.87 |
Jun 1966 | 609.5 | 0.87 |
Jul 1966 | 611.2 | 1.74 |
Aug 1966 | 614.9 | 1.30 |
Sep 1966 | 614.3 | 1.30 |
Oct 1966 | 613.9 | 1.74 |
Nov 1966 | 611.4 | 1.73 |
Dec 1966 | 612.3 | 1.73 |
Jan 1967 | 611.7 | 2.16 |
Feb 1967 | 609.7 | 2.16 |
Mar 1967 | 608.4 | 1.72 |
Apr 1967 | 605.8 | 3.02 |
May 1967 | 604.1 | 3.02 |
Jun 1967 | 602.7 | 2.15 |
Jul 1967 | 604.2 | 1.71 |
Aug 1967 | 590.5 | 2.58 |
Sep 1967 | 587.4 | 2.56 |
Oct 1967 | 585.6 | 2.14 |
Nov 1967 | 585.6 | 2.13 |
Dec 1967 | 585.0 | 1.70 |
Jan 1968 | 582.4 | 1.69 |
Feb 1968 | 584.0 | 1.69 |
Mar 1968 | 582.7 | 2.12 |
Apr 1968 | 596.6 | 0.42 |
May 1968 | 596.7 | 0.84 |
Jun 1968 | 597.2 | 1.68 |
Jul 1968 | 599.9 | 1.68 |
Aug 1968 | 600.9 | 1.67 |
Sep 1968 | 602.7 | 1.25 |
Oct 1968 | 556.8 | 1.67 |
Nov 1968 | 601.9 | 1.67 |
Dec 1968 | 600.5 | 1.67 |
Jan 1969 | 600.8 | 1.67 |
Feb 1969 | 600.9 | 1.24 |
Mar 1969 | 597.2 | 2.49 |
Apr 1969 | 596.3 | 3.75 |
May 1969 | 596.9 | 2.90 |
Jun 1969 | 597.6 | 3.31 |
Jul 1969 | 603.3 | 2.89 |
Aug 1969 | 608.9 | 2.47 |
Sep 1969 | 612.7 | 2.88 |
Oct 1969 | 614.0 | 2.88 |
Nov 1969 | 612.1 | 2.46 |
Dec 1969 | 612.7 | 3.29 |
Jan 1970 | 608.0 | 2.87 |
Feb 1970 | 606.6 | 2.87 |
Mar 1970 | 605.7 | 1.21 |
Apr 1970 | 602.9 | 2.41 |
May 1970 | 601.8 | 2.42 |
Jun 1970 | 604.9 | 1.20 |
Jul 1970 | 604.7 | 2.41 |
Aug 1970 | 609.9 | 2.01 |
Sep 1970 | 610.9 | 2.40 |
Oct 1970 | 611.4 | 3.60 |
Nov 1970 | 612.0 | 4.00 |
Dec 1970 | 611.2 | 4.38 |
Jan 1971 | 605.2 | 4.78 |
Feb 1971 | 600.5 | 4.38 |
Mar 1971 | 598.9 | 4.80 |
Apr 1971 | 599.2 | 2.35 |
May 1971 | 599.9 | 3.15 |
Jun 1971 | 599.0 | 3.95 |
Jul 1971 | 580.3 | 3.14 |
Aug 1971 | 597.7 | 5.51 |
Sep 1971 | 604.2 | 5.08 |
Oct 1971 | 540.3 | 4.25 |
Nov 1971 | 544.5 | 3.46 |
Dec 1971 | 604.0 | 3.05 |
Jan 1972 | 602.5 | 2.66 |
Feb 1972 | 598.5 | 2.29 |
Mar 1972 | 601.5 | 2.67 |
Apr 1972 | 595.3 | 3.07 |
May 1972 | 598.6 | 3.05 |
Jun 1972 | 600.0 | 2.66 |
Jul 1972 | 596.7 | 3.04 |
Aug 1972 | 605.8 | 1.87 |
Sep 1972 | 611.5 | 2.60 |
Oct 1972 | 611.3 | 2.59 |
Nov 1972 | 608.9 | 3.72 |
Dec 1972 | 604.7 | 2.96 |
Jan 1973 | 601.2 | 3.33 |
Feb 1973 | 604.0 | 5.22 |
Mar 1973 | 603.6 | 5.20 |
Apr 1973 | 603.8 | 6.32 |
May 1973 | 605.3 | 6.67 |
Jun 1973 | 611.7 | 8.15 |
Jul 1973 | 617.0 | 7.75 |
Aug 1973 | 622.7 | 7.69 |
Sep 1973 | 625.7 | 6.52 |
Oct 1973 | 630.1 | 9.39 |
Nov 1973 | 636.3 | 12.90 |
Dec 1973 | 641.0 | 16.91 |
Jan 1974 | 645.5 | 22.22 |
Feb 1974 | 649.2 | 25.53 |
Mar 1974 | 650.1 | 30.39 |
Apr 1974 | 659.8 | 31.47 |
May 1974 | 666.8 | 32.99 |
Jun 1974 | 672.1 | 32.19 |
Jul 1974 | 678.5 | 33.22 |
Aug 1974 | 684.9 | 33.33 |
Sep 1974 | 692.8 | 33.67 |
Oct 1974 | 703.4 | 29.37 |
Nov 1974 | 707.3 | 25.08 |
Dec 1974 | 672.9 | 21.85 |
Jan 1975 | 715.3 | 17.30 |
Feb 1975 | 718.3 | 13.84 |
Mar 1975 | 720.9 | 10.03 |
Apr 1975 | 716.9 | 9.04 |
May 1975 | 727.5 | 7.83 |
Jun 1975 | 727.4 | 8.03 |
Jul 1975 | 727.5 | 9.25 |
Aug 1975 | 731.6 | 9.18 |
Sep 1975 | 732.9 | 9.92 |
Oct 1975 | 737.6 | 10.97 |
Nov 1975 | 737.8 | 11.42 |
Dec 1975 | 743.4 | 11.36 |
Jan 1976 | 744.8 | 11.25 |
Feb 1976 | 743.1 | 10.17 |
Mar 1976 | 747.2 | 8.62 |
Apr 1976 | 745.3 | 7.07 |
May 1976 | 745.8 | 6.78 |
Jun 1976 | 749.0 | 6.47 |
Jul 1976 | 756.6 | 5.41 |
Aug 1976 | 728.1 | 5.61 |
Sep 1976 | 759.7 | 5.79 |
Oct 1976 | 760.0 | 5.98 |
Nov 1976 | 761.8 | 6.61 |
Dec 1976 | 766.1 | 7.71 |
Jan 1977 | 771.8 | 8.09 |
Feb 1977 | 775.1 | 8.33 |
Mar 1977 | 787.5 | 9.75 |
Apr 1977 | 792.7 | 10.71 |
May 1977 | 796.2 | 10.88 |
Jun 1977 | 807.2 | 10.14 |
Jul 1977 | 783.5 | 9.60 |
Aug 1977 | 768.6 | 9.51 |
Sep 1977 | 802.4 | 8.97 |
Oct 1977 | 805.5 | 9.54 |
Nov 1977 | 811.0 | 9.62 |
Dec 1977 | 670.4 | 8.63 |
Jan 1978 | 668.3 | 6.24 |
Feb 1978 | 672.2 | 5.20 |
Mar 1978 | 686.3 | 5.37 |
Apr 1978 | 841.1 | 5.76 |
May 1978 | 846.8 | 5.73 |
Jun 1978 | 854.9 | 6.13 |
Jul 1978 | 861.5 | 6.11 |
Aug 1978 | 863.8 | 6.26 |
Sep 1978 | 868.2 | 6.83 |
Oct 1978 | 875.1 | 7.13 |
Nov 1978 | 883.5 | 7.02 |
Dec 1978 | 887.7 | 8.33 |
Jan 1979 | 891.1 | 9.20 |
Feb 1979 | 898.2 | 10.47 |
Mar 1979 | 904.8 | 12.55 |
Apr 1979 | 904.7 | 15.76 |
May 1979 | 908.0 | 19.92 |
Jun 1979 | 913.7 | 24.66 |
Jul 1979 | 922.3 | 29.17 |
Aug 1979 | 929.6 | 32.51 |
Sep 1979 | 933.8 | 35.15 |
Oct 1979 | 939.3 | 35.86 |
Nov 1979 | 942.1 | 36.25 |
Dec 1979 | 949.4 | 37.39 |
Jan 1980 | 953.1 | 41.76 |
Feb 1980 | 959.4 | 46.51 |
Mar 1980 | 965.5 | 47.21 |
Apr 1980 | 974.7 | 43.53 |
May 1980 | 987.8 | 39.35 |
Jun 1980 | 997.6 | 33.69 |
Jul 1980 | 983.2 | 28.83 |
Aug 1980 | 980.7 | 25.11 |
Sep 1980 | 997.2 | 21.70 |
Oct 1980 | 1,008.1 | 19.73 |
Nov 1980 | 1,026.1 | 18.72 |
Dec 1980 | 1,041.5 | 18.10 |
Jan 1981 | 1,055.1 | 16.43 |
Feb 1981 | 1,064.7 | 16.24 |
Mar 1981 | 1,078.1 | 15.27 |
Apr 1981 | 941.2 | 14.29 |
May 1981 | 953.7 | 13.31 |
Jun 1981 | 1,107.4 | 12.49 |
Jul 1981 | 1,136.0 | 12.23 |
Aug 1981 | 1,151.9 | 12.16 |
Sep 1981 | 1,162.2 | 12.69 |
Oct 1981 | 1,166.3 | 12.73 |
Nov 1981 | 1,176.0 | 13.18 |
Dec 1981 | 1,177.4 | 11.91 |
Jan 1982 | 1,171.6 | 9.23 |
Feb 1982 | 1,173.1 | 2.94 |
Mar 1982 | 1,175.0 | -0.82 |
Apr 1982 | 1,155.3 | -3.48 |
May 1982 | 1,129.3 | -2.25 |
Jun 1982 | 1,107.0 | 1.13 |
Jul 1982 | 1,078.7 | 2.06 |
Aug 1982 | 1,054.6 | 2.04 |
Sep 1982 | 1,033.5 | 1.72 |
Oct 1982 | 1,010.6 | 2.52 |
Nov 1982 | 991.2 | 1.99 |
Dec 1982 | 974.2 | 1.28 |
Jan 1983 | 955.1 | -0.99 |
Feb 1983 | 929.6 | -0.31 |
Mar 1983 | 920.4 | 0.21 |
Apr 1983 | 906.5 | 4.99 |
May 1983 | 901.9 | 4.91 |
Jun 1983 | 899.0 | 2.24 |
Jul 1983 | 904.7 | 1.61 |
Aug 1983 | 902.7 | 1.40 |
Sep 1983 | 901.9 | 0.70 |
Oct 1983 | 913.4 | -0.88 |
Nov 1983 | 914.1 | -1.95 |
Dec 1983 | 917.1 | -2.72 |
Jan 1984 | 919.9 | 0.60 |
Feb 1984 | 920.3 | 3.79 |
Mar 1984 | 922.8 | 4.75 |
Apr 1984 | 922.3 | 2.83 |
May 1984 | 928.4 | 1.20 |
Jun 1984 | 933.6 | 0.20 |
Jul 1984 | 935.3 | -0.40 |
Aug 1984 | 938.4 | -1.09 |
Sep 1984 | 934.6 | -0.40 |
Oct 1984 | 925.1 | 0.30 |
Nov 1984 | 920.0 | 0.30 |
Dec 1984 | 910.7 | 0.10 |
Jan 1985 | 908.6 | 0.10 |
Feb 1985 | 906.3 | -1.08 |
Mar 1985 | 905.9 | -0.10 |
Apr 1985 | 910.6 | 0.59 |
May 1985 | 905.3 | 0.59 |
Jun 1985 | 899.3 | 1.39 |
Jul 1985 | 889.9 | 1.69 |
Aug 1985 | 882.9 | 1.10 |
Sep 1985 | 874.4 | 0.60 |
Oct 1985 | 868.7 | 0.10 |
Nov 1985 | 860.7 | 0.99 |
Dec 1985 | 855.1 | 2.30 |
Jan 1986 | 851.7 | 2.29 |
Feb 1986 | 834.4 | -0.80 |
Mar 1986 | 807.9 | -8.59 |
Apr 1986 | 779.2 | -14.76 |
May 1986 | 750.2 | -14.68 |
Jun 1986 | 733.2 | -13.11 |
Jul 1986 | 726.6 | -16.24 |
Aug 1986 | 707.6 | -17.39 |
Sep 1986 | 692.5 | -16.60 |
Oct 1986 | 690.3 | -18.18 |
Nov 1986 | 685.4 | -19.35 |
Dec 1986 | 679.8 | -19.43 |
Jan 1987 | 675.9 | -16.76 |
Feb 1987 | 674.6 | -12.16 |
Mar 1987 | 675.8 | -5.40 |
Apr 1987 | 678.6 | 0.46 |
May 1987 | 681.6 | -0.11 |
Jun 1987 | 682.1 | -0.34 |
Jul 1987 | 684.2 | 4.21 |
Aug 1987 | 688.5 | 8.25 |
Sep 1987 | 693.6 | 6.99 |
Oct 1987 | 699.8 | 8.21 |
Nov 1987 | 697.0 | 9.62 |
Dec 1987 | 696.1 | 8.48 |
Jan 1988 | 692.4 | 3.98 |
Feb 1988 | 691.6 | 1.49 |
Mar 1988 | 690.6 | 0.91 |
Apr 1988 | 690.0 | 1.37 |
May 1988 | 688.3 | 1.61 |
Jun 1988 | 686.0 | 0.45 |
Jul 1988 | 683.4 | 0.22 |
Aug 1988 | 680.8 | -0.44 |
Sep 1988 | 675.0 | -0.55 |
Oct 1988 | 671.9 | 0.22 |
Nov 1988 | 665.7 | -0.22 |
Dec 1988 | 663.3 | 0.11 |
Jan 1989 | 663.1 | 1.69 |
Feb 1989 | 658.4 | 2.37 |
Mar 1989 | 662.4 | 3.85 |
Apr 1989 | 663.7 | 8.78 |
May 1989 | 663.4 | 10.06 |
Jun 1989 | 653.7 | 9.00 |
Jul 1989 | 643.5 | 8.17 |
Aug 1989 | 667.6 | 5.33 |
Sep 1989 | 669.0 | 4.45 |
Oct 1989 | 669.1 | 5.12 |
Nov 1989 | 671.9 | 4.57 |
Dec 1989 | 672.1 | 5.13 |
Jan 1990 | 675.9 | 9.52 |
Feb 1990 | 677.3 | 8.15 |
Mar 1990 | 677.2 | 6.32 |
Apr 1990 | 679.2 | 0.93 |
May 1990 | 682.9 | -0.72 |
Jun 1990 | 683.7 | 0.41 |
Jul 1990 | 682.7 | 0.41 |
Aug 1990 | 680.1 | 7.06 |
Sep 1990 | 681.1 | 13.54 |
Oct 1990 | 679.0 | 17.37 |
Nov 1990 | 679.5 | 18.42 |
Dec 1990 | 681.3 | 17.83 |
Jan 1991 | 679.9 | 9.71 |
Feb 1991 | 680.3 | 6.42 |
Mar 1991 | 679.9 | 4.41 |
Apr 1991 | 675.0 | 3.79 |
May 1991 | 670.3 | 5.58 |
Jun 1991 | 666.6 | 3.91 |
Jul 1991 | 661.2 | 3.71 |
Aug 1991 | 655.8 | -0.49 |
Sep 1991 | 649.2 | -4.69 |
Oct 1991 | 643.1 | -8.30 |
Nov 1991 | 636.2 | -7.91 |
Dec 1991 | 632.3 | -7.12 |
Jan 1992 | 628.1 | -6.45 |
Feb 1992 | 623.9 | -3.16 |
Mar 1992 | 622.5 | -0.69 |
Apr 1992 | 618.6 | 0.20 |
May 1992 | 615.6 | -0.10 |
Jun 1992 | 608.6 | 2.18 |
Jul 1992 | 606.8 | 2.98 |
Aug 1992 | 602.9 | 2.37 |
Sep 1992 | 597.2 | 2.07 |
Oct 1992 | 598.8 | 2.66 |
Nov 1992 | 598.3 | 2.64 |
Dec 1992 | 597.6 | 2.13 |
Jan 1993 | 598.4 | 3.45 |
Feb 1993 | 588.6 | 3.06 |
Mar 1993 | 591.3 | 3.66 |
Apr 1993 | 589.7 | 3.45 |
May 1993 | 590.6 | 2.25 |
Jun 1993 | 582.4 | 0.58 |
Jul 1993 | 580.4 | -0.29 |
Aug 1993 | 574.6 | -0.10 |
Sep 1993 | 577.6 | -0.58 |
Oct 1993 | 577.4 | 0.96 |
Nov 1993 | 576.9 | -0.67 |
Dec 1993 | 590.0 | -1.52 |
Jan 1994 | 587.1 | -2.10 |
Feb 1994 | 583.4 | -0.19 |
Mar 1994 | 580.2 | -0.57 |
Apr 1994 | 578.0 | -1.14 |
May 1994 | 575.2 | -1.44 |
Jun 1994 | 575.3 | -0.77 |
Jul 1994 | 573.5 | 1.06 |
Aug 1994 | 573.9 | 3.19 |
Sep 1994 | 576.0 | 3.01 |
Oct 1994 | 572.7 | 0.38 |
Nov 1994 | 572.3 | 1.63 |
Dec 1994 | 569.7 | 2.12 |
Jan 1995 | 568.2 | 2.82 |
Feb 1995 | 563.5 | 1.63 |
Mar 1995 | 564.2 | 1.15 |
Apr 1995 | 562.1 | 1.83 |
May 1995 | 560.1 | 2.92 |
Jun 1995 | 557.9 | 3.49 |
Jul 1995 | 557.0 | 1.24 |
Aug 1995 | 555.2 | -1.03 |
Sep 1995 | 554.1 | -1.89 |
Oct 1995 | 553.3 | -1.23 |
Nov 1995 | 550.6 | -2.54 |
Dec 1995 | 550.5 | -1.42 |
Jan 1996 | 550.2 | 1.14 |
Feb 1996 | 553.2 | 1.23 |
Mar 1996 | 554.8 | 2.65 |
Apr 1996 | 556.0 | 5.30 |
May 1996 | 556.9 | 5.86 |
Jun 1996 | 558.0 | 3.37 |
Jul 1996 | 557.6 | 4.06 |
Aug 1996 | 558.0 | 3.88 |
Sep 1996 | 556.1 | 5.48 |
Oct 1996 | 556.7 | 5.84 |
Nov 1996 | 559.6 | 8.12 |
Dec 1996 | 559.9 | 9.10 |
Jan 1997 | 563.9 | 7.76 |
Feb 1997 | 566.4 | 7.38 |
Mar 1997 | 566.6 | 4.34 |
Apr 1997 | 568.7 | -0.18 |
May 1997 | 571.1 | -2.86 |
Jun 1997 | 571.6 | -0.27 |
Jul 1997 | 573.8 | -0.91 |
Aug 1997 | 572.6 | 1.09 |
Sep 1997 | 574.9 | 2.37 |
Oct 1997 | 575.3 | 1.18 |
Nov 1997 | 574.4 | -0.36 |
Dec 1997 | 576.5 | -3.60 |
Jan 1998 | 578.9 | -6.68 |
Feb 1998 | 579.1 | -8.61 |
Mar 1998 | 577.7 | -8.58 |
Apr 1998 | 573.3 | -7.75 |
May 1998 | 569.9 | -5.15 |
Jun 1998 | 568.6 | -5.82 |
Jul 1998 | 564.2 | -5.32 |
Aug 1998 | 562.1 | -7.94 |
Sep 1998 | 557.8 | -9.88 |
Oct 1998 | 553.1 | -9.21 |
Nov 1998 | 548.7 | -9.25 |
Dec 1998 | 546.1 | -8.83 |
Jan 1999 | 536.9 | -7.26 |
Feb 1999 | 529.8 | -5.61 |
Mar 1999 | 527.3 | -2.81 |
Apr 1999 | 521.0 | 3.03 |
May 1999 | 515.3 | 1.65 |
Jun 1999 | 511.7 | 0.87 |
Jul 1999 | 513.1 | 3.29 |
Aug 1999 | 511.9 | 7.25 |
Sep 1999 | 509.6 | 10.37 |
Oct 1999 | 510.9 | 10.34 |
Nov 1999 | 511.5 | 10.29 |
Dec 1999 | 512.3 | 13.69 |
Jan 2000 | 511.3 | 15.35 |
Feb 2000 | 512.9 | 19.76 |
Mar 2000 | 512.8 | 23.80 |
Apr 2000 | 516.7 | 14.60 |
May 2000 | 519.7 | 14.39 |
Jun 2000 | 519.0 | 21.34 |
Jul 2000 | 520.4 | 19.31 |
Aug 2000 | 521.2 | 13.06 |
Sep 2000 | 525.8 | 15.56 |
Oct 2000 | 528.8 | 15.71 |
Nov 2000 | 526.5 | 15.87 |
Dec 2000 | 526.3 | 14.32 |
Jan 2001 | 528.3 | 17.39 |
Feb 2001 | 531.8 | 12.88 |
Mar 2001 | 534.8 | 5.95 |
Apr 2001 | 535.0 | 9.43 |
May 2001 | 535.3 | 15.33 |
Jun 2001 | 535.4 | 7.97 |
Jul 2001 | 536.4 | 1.81 |
Aug 2001 | 534.5 | 2.83 |
Sep 2001 | 533.8 | 1.32 |
Oct 2001 | 529.8 | -5.17 |
Nov 2001 | 527.8 | -9.52 |
Dec 2001 | 526.0 | -12.45 |
Jan 2002 | 528.1 | -15.41 |
Feb 2002 | 523.3 | -15.36 |
Mar 2002 | 516.9 | -10.71 |
Apr 2002 | 515.5 | -8.16 |
May 2002 | 511.9 | -11.92 |
Jun 2002 | 509.1 | -11.18 |
Jul 2002 | 507.6 | -5.56 |
Aug 2002 | 507.4 | -3.30 |
Sep 2002 | 505.9 | -5.50 |
Oct 2002 | 506.6 | 3.25 |
Nov 2002 | 506.5 | 8.38 |
Dec 2002 | 506.4 | 11.59 |
Jan 2003 | 505.5 | 16.90 |
Feb 2003 | 504.6 | 24.05 |
Mar 2003 | 501.0 | 22.36 |
Apr 2003 | 498.0 | 12.35 |
May 2003 | 500.0 | 6.15 |
Jun 2003 | 501.3 | 6.74 |
Jul 2003 | 502.2 | 8.01 |
Aug 2003 | 501.1 | 11.94 |
Sep 2003 | 501.5 | 15.52 |
Oct 2003 | 503.5 | 8.59 |
Nov 2003 | 505.2 | 8.05 |
Dec 2003 | 506.9 | 9.21 |
Jan 2004 | 509.1 | 7.79 |
Feb 2004 | 509.9 | 3.55 |
Mar 2004 | 515.2 | 0.83 |
Apr 2004 | 517.7 | 5.05 |
May 2004 | 522.3 | 14.06 |
Jun 2004 | 522.4 | 16.72 |
Jul 2004 | 526.0 | 14.30 |
Aug 2004 | 528.2 | 9.94 |
Sep 2004 | 529.3 | 7.00 |
Oct 2004 | 527.3 | 15.09 |
Nov 2004 | 531.9 | 19.65 |
Dec 2004 | 534.3 | 16.93 |
Jan 2005 | 539.3 | 9.24 |
Feb 2005 | 544.0 | 10.97 |
Mar 2005 | 548.6 | 12.68 |
Apr 2005 | 555.3 | 16.25 |
May 2005 | 557.4 | 10.64 |
Jun 2005 | 561.1 | 8.05 |
Jul 2005 | 560.7 | 14.36 |
Aug 2005 | 565.0 | 21.12 |
Sep 2005 | 570.4 | 36.17 |
Oct 2005 | 575.3 | 29.82 |
Nov 2005 | 581.6 | 16.61 |
Dec 2005 | 585.3 | 15.59 |
Jan 2006 | 591.0 | 25.06 |
Feb 2006 | 596.8 | 19.96 |
Mar 2006 | 602.9 | 17.43 |
Apr 2006 | 612.9 | 19.08 |
May 2006 | 614.3 | 22.35 |
Jun 2006 | 620.3 | 22.05 |
Jul 2006 | 624.5 | 20.31 |
Aug 2006 | 628.3 | 15.48 |
Sep 2006 | 631.0 | -4.85 |
Oct 2006 | 636.2 | -10.59 |
Nov 2006 | 638.1 | -3.61 |
Dec 2006 | 642.2 | 2.72 |
Jan 2007 | 644.1 | -3.21 |
Feb 2007 | 649.2 | -0.92 |
Mar 2007 | 653.6 | 4.27 |
Apr 2007 | 657.4 | 2.42 |
May 2007 | 660.7 | 4.42 |
Jun 2007 | 663.3 | 5.00 |
Jul 2007 | 668.8 | 0.84 |
Aug 2007 | 668.1 | -2.59 |
Sep 2007 | 667.9 | 6.38 |
Oct 2007 | 669.4 | 15.36 |
Nov 2007 | 676.2 | 21.57 |
Dec 2007 | 680.8 | 17.10 |
Jan 2008 | 687.3 | 19.18 |
Feb 2008 | 689.3 | 19.46 |
Mar 2008 | 697.1 | 16.55 |
Apr 2008 | 696.0 | 15.48 |
May 2008 | 702.9 | 16.91 |
Jun 2008 | 710.7 | 24.92 |
Jul 2008 | 715.2 | 29.34 |
Aug 2008 | 722.9 | 27.20 |
Sep 2008 | 726.5 | 23.43 |
Oct 2008 | 725.4 | 12.09 |
Nov 2008 | 720.4 | -12.80 |
Dec 2008 | 715.9 | -21.74 |
Jan 2009 | 707.4 | -21.22 |
Feb 2009 | 694.4 | -20.03 |
Mar 2009 | 677.0 | -23.54 |
Apr 2009 | 660.8 | -24.37 |
May 2009 | 644.0 | -26.28 |
Jun 2009 | 635.9 | -24.82 |
Jul 2009 | 628.5 | -27.80 |
Aug 2009 | 619.6 | -23.23 |
Sep 2009 | 614.3 | -22.05 |
Oct 2009 | 611.4 | -14.01 |
Nov 2009 | 614.5 | 8.08 |
Dec 2009 | 614.1 | 18.88 |
Jan 2010 | 619.1 | 19.11 |
Feb 2010 | 624.8 | 14.10 |
Mar 2010 | 631.2 | 17.33 |
Apr 2010 | 635.9 | 17.84 |
May 2010 | 645.7 | 14.90 |
Jun 2010 | 650.9 | 3.42 |
Jul 2010 | 657.5 | 5.67 |
Aug 2010 | 665.4 | 3.57 |
Sep 2010 | 673.1 | 3.48 |
Oct 2010 | 681.1 | 5.86 |
Nov 2010 | 687.5 | 4.06 |
Dec 2010 | 685.8 | 8.20 |
Jan 2011 | 686.5 | 7.73 |
Feb 2011 | 689.0 | 10.71 |
Mar 2011 | 703.2 | 14.69 |
Apr 2011 | 719.4 | 18.53 |
May 2011 | 729.9 | 21.35 |
Jun 2011 | 741.7 | 20.50 |
Jul 2011 | 752.2 | 19.00 |
Aug 2011 | 756.2 | 18.25 |
Sep 2011 | 765.5 | 18.45 |
Oct 2011 | 772.3 | 13.82 |
Nov 2011 | 775.1 | 12.82 |
Dec 2011 | 781.4 | 7.14 |
Jan 2012 | 788.4 | 6.93 |
Feb 2012 | 795.9 | 7.34 |
Mar 2012 | 799.0 | 4.31 |
Apr 2012 | 800.9 | 1.00 |
May 2012 | 804.1 | -3.62 |
Jun 2012 | 802.5 | -4.24 |
Jul 2012 | 800.3 | -5.56 |
Aug 2012 | 799.5 | -0.98 |
Sep 2012 | 794.1 | 1.81 |
Oct 2012 | 785.9 | 3.98 |
Nov 2012 | 794.2 | 0.72 |
Dec 2012 | 797.6 | 0.89 |
Jan 2013 | 801.5 | -0.19 |
Feb 2013 | 806.4 | 2.65 |
Mar 2013 | 808.1 | -1.49 |
Apr 2013 | 804.2 | -3.88 |
May 2013 | 807.7 | -0.80 |
Jun 2013 | 810.6 | 2.55 |
Jul 2013 | 812.0 | 3.94 |
Aug 2013 | 814.4 | -0.62 |
Sep 2013 | 816.1 | -3.43 |
Oct 2013 | 818.3 | -4.94 |
Nov 2013 | 816.3 | -1.94 |
Dec 2013 | 814.4 | 0.92 |
Jan 2014 | 820.8 | 2.84 |
Feb 2014 | 822.9 | -2.23 |
Mar 2014 | 826.8 | 0.68 |
Apr 2014 | 833.4 | 3.74 |
May 2014 | 833.8 | 3.19 |
Jun 2014 | 838.0 | 2.37 |
Jul 2014 | 844.8 | 1.88 |
Aug 2014 | 846.2 | -0.17 |
Sep 2014 | 852.5 | -0.73 |
Oct 2014 | 850.3 | -1.54 |
Nov 2014 | 847.1 | -4.59 |
Dec 2014 | 844.8 | -10.52 |
Jan 2015 | 837.4 | -19.91 |
Feb 2015 | 822.4 | -18.87 |
Mar 2015 | 806.1 | -17.84 |
Apr 2015 | 791.8 | -18.86 |
May 2015 | 771.5 | -16.07 |
Jun 2015 | 768.2 | -15.27 |
Jul 2015 | 760.0 | -15.08 |
Aug 2015 | 750.8 | -15.27 |
Sep 2015 | 739.6 | -18.42 |
Oct 2015 | 735.4 | -17.23 |
Nov 2015 | 720.4 | -14.63 |
Dec 2015 | 710.3 | -12.62 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics and Consumer Price Index, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Employment in most industries moves with business cycles. But for two industries in particular, mining and health care, factors other than the prevailing business cycle tend to determine employment patterns. Employment in mining tends to respond to changing energy prices. Health care employment has continued on an upward trend, regardless of business cycles. The mining industry is particularly reactive to rising and falling energy prices. Since 1958, events ranging from oil embargos, unrest in oil producing countries, and terrorist attacks to natural disasters have coincided with jumps in energy prices. (See figure 7.) In 1974, a sharp spike in crude oil prices coincided with the oil embargo of 1973, which cut oil production and banned petroleum exports to the United States.12 Mining firms responded with a rapid buildup of domestic production and employment. As energy prices spiked again in 1980 following the Iranian Revolution and strikes at Iranian oil refineries, mining employment continued to rise. When energy prices fell in the wake of the 1986 oil price collapse, and again after the early 2000s recession (March 2001–November 2001), mining employment declined. Subsequent events, including the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Iraq War, hurricanes, and a major oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, caused energy prices to increase dramatically. With these price gains, mining employment grew rapidly, then declined sharply when prices fell.
As energy prices were rising throughout much of the last decade, domestic oil and gas producers began taking advantage of improved methods for extracting oil. The expansion of one method in particular, hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”), allowed the United States to become “the world’s largest producer of crude oil and related field production for the first time in decades.”13 The resulting increase in oil supply, combined with a deceleration in economic growth in China and elsewhere in the world, has led to a sharp decline in oil prices since late 2014.
Health care employment is often described as “recession proof” because it generally does not decline during economic downturns. Health care employment has grown consistently since 1958; there have been only 8 instances of over-the-month job losses, and 2 of those instances occurred as a result of strikes.14 Previous studies have described the rate of growth in hospital employment as countercyclical: when general business conditions are weak, hospital employment tends to grow.15 During the Great Recession, health care added 431,000 jobs, even as the economy lost 7.4 million jobs. Of the jobs added during that period, nearly a quarter (102,000) were in hospitals.
Some industries have demonstrated sharp spikes or drops in employment that quickly returned to normal. The federal government, for example, experiences a spike in employment every 10 years for the collection of the decennial census. For the 2010 Census, more than half a million temporary workers were hired to count the population; most were hired in May 2010, then laid off over the next several months.16
Employment trends in the manufacturing sector reflect some of the earliest movements in the United States toward globalization, whereby U.S. firms incorporate more foreign-made goods into their final output or, in the most extreme cases, move all production to foreign soil. Manufacturing employment in the U.S. reached an alltime peak in June 1979. Since then, the long-term employment trend has been downward. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, manufacturing accounted for 12 percent of value-added GDP in 2014, down from 26 percent in 1947.17
The losses were particularly stark in apparel, which, since January 1990, has lost 86 percent of its employment. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2015, the United States imported 12 times the value of apparel goods that it exported.
Although the CES survey cannot be used to determine if jobs moved offshore or if job losses resulted from foreign competition, export and import data help explain why the manufacturing industry has shrunk since 1979. The United States currently imports more manufactured goods than it exports. On the basis of trade data from the Census Bureau, the United States experienced a positive balance of payments in net exports of goods prior to 1970, indicating more goods were exported than imported. During the 1970s the balance shifted, and in every year since 1976 the country has experienced a negative balance of payments in goods.18
Contrasting with U.S. trade in goods, service-providing industries have seen an employment uptick that started in the 1970s. Since 1971, the United States has run a surplus in its balance of payments for services each year. But because of the trade imbalance present for goods-producing industries, the overall balance of payments has shown a deficit each year since 1976.
In addition to reacting to cyclical changes, employment trends have been affected by changing business practices. In fact, when the NAICS was initially developed in the 1990s, special attention was given to capturing such changes—the inclusion of production-oriented classifications for new and emerging industries, expanded industry detail for service providers, and efforts to identify industries that produce advanced technologies.19 One sector met each of these NAICS criteria—the information sector.
The information sector, which includes publishers, motion picture producers, broadcasters, and telecommunication services, captures new and emerging industries, such as Internet hosting and wireless telecommunication. The sector has experienced significant structural changes with the introduction of advanced technologies, including satellites, cell phones, the Internet, and other wireless communications. The sector enjoyed steady employment growth through the 1980s; this growth accelerated during the 1990s, then entered a long-term decline after employment peaked in March 2001. (See figure 8.) This decline coincided with the collapse of the dot-com bubble.
Date | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Jan 1939 | 1,112 |
Feb 1939 | 1,118 |
Mar 1939 | 1,126 |
Apr 1939 | 1,127 |
May 1939 | 1,125 |
Jun 1939 | 1,131 |
Jul 1939 | 1,131 |
Aug 1939 | 1,134 |
Sep 1939 | 1,152 |
Oct 1939 | 1,179 |
Nov 1939 | 1,179 |
Dec 1939 | 1,178 |
Jan 1940 | 1,183 |
Feb 1940 | 1,186 |
Mar 1940 | 1,182 |
Apr 1940 | 1,174 |
May 1940 | 1,178 |
Jun 1940 | 1,178 |
Jul 1940 | 1,178 |
Aug 1940 | 1,191 |
Sep 1940 | 1,205 |
Oct 1940 | 1,222 |
Nov 1940 | 1,231 |
Dec 1940 | 1,241 |
Jan 1941 | 1,253 |
Feb 1941 | 1,267 |
Mar 1941 | 1,284 |
Apr 1941 | 1,305 |
May 1941 | 1,327 |
Jun 1941 | 1,345 |
Jul 1941 | 1,363 |
Aug 1941 | 1,376 |
Sep 1941 | 1,386 |
Oct 1941 | 1,396 |
Nov 1941 | 1,399 |
Dec 1941 | 1,401 |
Jan 1942 | 1,408 |
Feb 1942 | 1,415 |
Mar 1942 | 1,426 |
Apr 1942 | 1,440 |
May 1942 | 1,450 |
Jun 1942 | 1,457 |
Jul 1942 | 1,471 |
Aug 1942 | 1,486 |
Sep 1942 | 1,500 |
Oct 1942 | 1,514 |
Nov 1942 | 1,527 |
Dec 1942 | 1,547 |
Jan 1943 | 1,562 |
Feb 1943 | 1,570 |
Mar 1943 | 1,582 |
Apr 1943 | 1,590 |
May 1943 | 1,594 |
Jun 1943 | 1,606 |
Jul 1943 | 1,614 |
Aug 1943 | 1,618 |
Sep 1943 | 1,619 |
Oct 1943 | 1,631 |
Nov 1943 | 1,640 |
Dec 1943 | 1,640 |
Jan 1944 | 1,641 |
Feb 1944 | 1,645 |
Mar 1944 | 1,643 |
Apr 1944 | 1,640 |
May 1944 | 1,639 |
Jun 1944 | 1,637 |
Jul 1944 | 1,633 |
Aug 1944 | 1,631 |
Sep 1944 | 1,626 |
Oct 1944 | 1,622 |
Nov 1944 | 1,625 |
Dec 1944 | 1,634 |
Jan 1945 | 1,631 |
Feb 1945 | 1,634 |
Mar 1945 | 1,636 |
Apr 1945 | 1,628 |
May 1945 | 1,620 |
Jun 1945 | 1,609 |
Jul 1945 | 1,596 |
Aug 1945 | 1,576 |
Sep 1945 | 1,498 |
Oct 1945 | 1,499 |
Nov 1945 | 1,517 |
Dec 1945 | 1,529 |
Jan 1946 | 1,543 |
Feb 1946 | 1,512 |
Mar 1946 | 1,553 |
Apr 1946 | 1,582 |
May 1946 | 1,575 |
Jun 1946 | 1,583 |
Jul 1946 | 1,600 |
Aug 1946 | 1,618 |
Sep 1946 | 1,625 |
Oct 1946 | 1,636 |
Nov 1946 | 1,646 |
Dec 1946 | 1,646 |
Jan 1947 | 1,653 |
Feb 1947 | 1,652 |
Mar 1947 | 1,662 |
Apr 1947 | 1,631 |
May 1947 | 1,643 |
Jun 1947 | 1,657 |
Jul 1947 | 1,654 |
Aug 1947 | 1,659 |
Sep 1947 | 1,665 |
Oct 1947 | 1,667 |
Nov 1947 | 1,668 |
Dec 1947 | 1,679 |
Jan 1948 | 1,669 |
Feb 1948 | 1,670 |
Mar 1948 | 1,678 |
Apr 1948 | 1,653 |
May 1948 | 1,664 |
Jun 1948 | 1,670 |
Jul 1948 | 1,677 |
Aug 1948 | 1,670 |
Sep 1948 | 1,671 |
Oct 1948 | 1,670 |
Nov 1948 | 1,663 |
Dec 1948 | 1,662 |
Jan 1949 | 1,638 |
Feb 1949 | 1,628 |
Mar 1949 | 1,612 |
Apr 1949 | 1,604 |
May 1949 | 1,596 |
Jun 1949 | 1,585 |
Jul 1949 | 1,572 |
Aug 1949 | 1,565 |
Sep 1949 | 1,564 |
Oct 1949 | 1,532 |
Nov 1949 | 1,540 |
Dec 1949 | 1,558 |
Jan 1950 | 1,562 |
Feb 1950 | 1,559 |
Mar 1950 | 1,570 |
Apr 1950 | 1,587 |
May 1950 | 1,586 |
Jun 1950 | 1,619 |
Jul 1950 | 1,634 |
Aug 1950 | 1,658 |
Sep 1950 | 1,670 |
Oct 1950 | 1,681 |
Nov 1950 | 1,684 |
Dec 1950 | 1,689 |
Jan 1951 | 1,701 |
Feb 1951 | 1,713 |
Mar 1951 | 1,722 |
Apr 1951 | 1,726 |
May 1951 | 1,723 |
Jun 1951 | 1,725 |
Jul 1951 | 1,722 |
Aug 1951 | 1,717 |
Sep 1951 | 1,714 |
Oct 1951 | 1,713 |
Nov 1951 | 1,718 |
Dec 1951 | 1,721 |
Jan 1952 | 1,726 |
Feb 1952 | 1,731 |
Mar 1952 | 1,732 |
Apr 1952 | 1,724 |
May 1952 | 1,728 |
Jun 1952 | 1,713 |
Jul 1952 | 1,695 |
Aug 1952 | 1,731 |
Sep 1952 | 1,747 |
Oct 1952 | 1,759 |
Nov 1952 | 1,768 |
Dec 1952 | 1,776 |
Jan 1953 | 1,778 |
Feb 1953 | 1,784 |
Mar 1953 | 1,792 |
Apr 1953 | 1,794 |
May 1953 | 1,800 |
Jun 1953 | 1,800 |
Jul 1953 | 1,802 |
Aug 1953 | 1,796 |
Sep 1953 | 1,787 |
Oct 1953 | 1,776 |
Nov 1953 | 1,761 |
Dec 1953 | 1,747 |
Jan 1954 | 1,733 |
Feb 1954 | 1,720 |
Mar 1954 | 1,701 |
Apr 1954 | 1,701 |
May 1954 | 1,693 |
Jun 1954 | 1,689 |
Jul 1954 | 1,682 |
Aug 1954 | 1,677 |
Sep 1954 | 1,678 |
Oct 1954 | 1,677 |
Nov 1954 | 1,681 |
Dec 1954 | 1,686 |
Jan 1955 | 1,693 |
Feb 1955 | 1,701 |
Mar 1955 | 1,710 |
Apr 1955 | 1,708 |
May 1955 | 1,725 |
Jun 1955 | 1,741 |
Jul 1955 | 1,744 |
Aug 1955 | 1,751 |
Sep 1955 | 1,753 |
Oct 1955 | 1,756 |
Nov 1955 | 1,767 |
Dec 1955 | 1,771 |
Jan 1956 | 1,774 |
Feb 1956 | 1,777 |
Mar 1956 | 1,777 |
Apr 1956 | 1,783 |
May 1956 | 1,784 |
Jun 1956 | 1,782 |
Jul 1956 | 1,753 |
Aug 1956 | 1,776 |
Sep 1956 | 1,778 |
Oct 1956 | 1,784 |
Nov 1956 | 1,783 |
Dec 1956 | 1,787 |
Jan 1957 | 1,788 |
Feb 1957 | 1,791 |
Mar 1957 | 1,796 |
Apr 1957 | 1,795 |
May 1957 | 1,792 |
Jun 1957 | 1,786 |
Jul 1957 | 1,785 |
Aug 1957 | 1,787 |
Sep 1957 | 1,779 |
Oct 1957 | 1,768 |
Nov 1957 | 1,753 |
Dec 1957 | 1,740 |
Jan 1958 | 1,722 |
Feb 1958 | 1,704 |
Mar 1958 | 1,684 |
Apr 1958 | 1,666 |
May 1958 | 1,658 |
Jun 1958 | 1,655 |
Jul 1958 | 1,655 |
Aug 1958 | 1,656 |
Sep 1958 | 1,663 |
Oct 1958 | 1,665 |
Nov 1958 | 1,678 |
Dec 1958 | 1,680 |
Jan 1959 | 1,697 |
Feb 1959 | 1,703 |
Mar 1959 | 1,713 |
Apr 1959 | 1,722 |
May 1959 | 1,730 |
Jun 1959 | 1,734 |
Jul 1959 | 1,737 |
Aug 1959 | 1,710 |
Sep 1959 | 1,715 |
Oct 1959 | 1,708 |
Nov 1959 | 1,716 |
Dec 1959 | 1,733 |
Jan 1960 | 1,741 |
Feb 1960 | 1,747 |
Mar 1960 | 1,746 |
Apr 1960 | 1,747 |
May 1960 | 1,739 |
Jun 1960 | 1,734 |
Jul 1960 | 1,730 |
Aug 1960 | 1,724 |
Sep 1960 | 1,720 |
Oct 1960 | 1,714 |
Nov 1960 | 1,705 |
Dec 1960 | 1,691 |
Jan 1961 | 1,688 |
Feb 1961 | 1,682 |
Mar 1961 | 1,680 |
Apr 1961 | 1,678 |
May 1961 | 1,683 |
Jun 1961 | 1,687 |
Jul 1961 | 1,694 |
Aug 1961 | 1,697 |
Sep 1961 | 1,699 |
Oct 1961 | 1,703 |
Nov 1961 | 1,709 |
Dec 1961 | 1,710 |
Jan 1962 | 1,712 |
Feb 1962 | 1,717 |
Mar 1962 | 1,721 |
Apr 1962 | 1,725 |
May 1962 | 1,725 |
Jun 1962 | 1,724 |
Jul 1962 | 1,720 |
Aug 1962 | 1,722 |
Sep 1962 | 1,724 |
Oct 1962 | 1,731 |
Nov 1962 | 1,726 |
Dec 1962 | 1,728 |
Jan 1963 | 1,710 |
Feb 1963 | 1,729 |
Mar 1963 | 1,729 |
Apr 1963 | 1,730 |
May 1963 | 1,734 |
Jun 1963 | 1,736 |
Jul 1963 | 1,739 |
Aug 1963 | 1,738 |
Sep 1963 | 1,741 |
Oct 1963 | 1,747 |
Nov 1963 | 1,741 |
Dec 1963 | 1,743 |
Jan 1964 | 1,747 |
Feb 1964 | 1,750 |
Mar 1964 | 1,751 |
Apr 1964 | 1,756 |
May 1964 | 1,758 |
Jun 1964 | 1,759 |
Jul 1964 | 1,767 |
Aug 1964 | 1,771 |
Sep 1964 | 1,779 |
Oct 1964 | 1,772 |
Nov 1964 | 1,783 |
Dec 1964 | 1,794 |
Jan 1965 | 1,783 |
Feb 1965 | 1,796 |
Mar 1965 | 1,805 |
Apr 1965 | 1,810 |
May 1965 | 1,814 |
Jun 1965 | 1,820 |
Jul 1965 | 1,828 |
Aug 1965 | 1,833 |
Sep 1965 | 1,842 |
Oct 1965 | 1,849 |
Nov 1965 | 1,854 |
Dec 1965 | 1,861 |
Jan 1966 | 1,867 |
Feb 1966 | 1,877 |
Mar 1966 | 1,884 |
Apr 1966 | 1,892 |
May 1966 | 1,901 |
Jun 1966 | 1,910 |
Jul 1966 | 1,910 |
Aug 1966 | 1,911 |
Sep 1966 | 1,928 |
Oct 1966 | 1,935 |
Nov 1966 | 1,941 |
Dec 1966 | 1,944 |
Jan 1967 | 1,952 |
Feb 1967 | 1,949 |
Mar 1967 | 1,950 |
Apr 1967 | 1,941 |
May 1967 | 1,952 |
Jun 1967 | 1,951 |
Jul 1967 | 1,955 |
Aug 1967 | 1,956 |
Sep 1967 | 1,955 |
Oct 1967 | 1,953 |
Nov 1967 | 1,970 |
Dec 1967 | 1,971 |
Jan 1968 | 1,973 |
Feb 1968 | 1,977 |
Mar 1968 | 1,978 |
Apr 1968 | 1,981 |
May 1968 | 1,974 |
Jun 1968 | 1,986 |
Jul 1968 | 1,991 |
Aug 1968 | 1,994 |
Sep 1968 | 2,001 |
Oct 1968 | 2,006 |
Nov 1968 | 2,015 |
Dec 1968 | 2,019 |
Jan 1969 | 2,019 |
Feb 1969 | 2,025 |
Mar 1969 | 2,031 |
Apr 1969 | 2,041 |
May 1969 | 2,045 |
Jun 1969 | 2,052 |
Jul 1969 | 2,055 |
Aug 1969 | 2,062 |
Sep 1969 | 2,061 |
Oct 1969 | 2,065 |
Nov 1969 | 2,062 |
Dec 1969 | 2,062 |
Jan 1970 | 2,064 |
Feb 1970 | 2,060 |
Mar 1970 | 2,059 |
Apr 1970 | 2,050 |
May 1970 | 2,045 |
Jun 1970 | 2,045 |
Jul 1970 | 2,050 |
Aug 1970 | 2,042 |
Sep 1970 | 2,040 |
Oct 1970 | 2,018 |
Nov 1970 | 2,011 |
Dec 1970 | 2,008 |
Jan 1971 | 2,014 |
Feb 1971 | 2,014 |
Mar 1971 | 2,008 |
Apr 1971 | 2,009 |
May 1971 | 2,015 |
Jun 1971 | 2,008 |
Jul 1971 | 2,009 |
Aug 1971 | 1,999 |
Sep 1971 | 2,008 |
Oct 1971 | 2,001 |
Nov 1971 | 2,005 |
Dec 1971 | 2,012 |
Jan 1972 | 2,019 |
Feb 1972 | 2,025 |
Mar 1972 | 2,035 |
Apr 1972 | 2,040 |
May 1972 | 2,046 |
Jun 1972 | 2,054 |
Jul 1972 | 2,051 |
Aug 1972 | 2,061 |
Sep 1972 | 2,066 |
Oct 1972 | 2,078 |
Nov 1972 | 2,088 |
Dec 1972 | 2,096 |
Jan 1973 | 2,100 |
Feb 1973 | 2,111 |
Mar 1973 | 2,118 |
Apr 1973 | 2,125 |
May 1973 | 2,128 |
Jun 1973 | 2,131 |
Jul 1973 | 2,133 |
Aug 1973 | 2,141 |
Sep 1973 | 2,145 |
Oct 1973 | 2,155 |
Nov 1973 | 2,160 |
Dec 1973 | 2,160 |
Jan 1974 | 2,167 |
Feb 1974 | 2,167 |
Mar 1974 | 2,165 |
Apr 1974 | 2,166 |
May 1974 | 2,169 |
Jun 1974 | 2,171 |
Jul 1974 | 2,173 |
Aug 1974 | 2,167 |
Sep 1974 | 2,159 |
Oct 1974 | 2,155 |
Nov 1974 | 2,143 |
Dec 1974 | 2,118 |
Jan 1975 | 2,095 |
Feb 1975 | 2,073 |
Mar 1975 | 2,059 |
Apr 1975 | 2,053 |
May 1975 | 2,051 |
Jun 1975 | 2,045 |
Jul 1975 | 2,047 |
Aug 1975 | 2,054 |
Sep 1975 | 2,055 |
Oct 1975 | 2,061 |
Nov 1975 | 2,067 |
Dec 1975 | 2,065 |
Jan 1976 | 2,083 |
Feb 1976 | 2,093 |
Mar 1976 | 2,100 |
Apr 1976 | 2,106 |
May 1976 | 2,106 |
Jun 1976 | 2,111 |
Jul 1976 | 2,115 |
Aug 1976 | 2,118 |
Sep 1976 | 2,123 |
Oct 1976 | 2,119 |
Nov 1976 | 2,129 |
Dec 1976 | 2,136 |
Jan 1977 | 2,145 |
Feb 1977 | 2,151 |
Mar 1977 | 2,157 |
Apr 1977 | 2,166 |
May 1977 | 2,177 |
Jun 1977 | 2,185 |
Jul 1977 | 2,192 |
Aug 1977 | 2,196 |
Sep 1977 | 2,205 |
Oct 1977 | 2,208 |
Nov 1977 | 2,218 |
Dec 1977 | 2,227 |
Jan 1978 | 2,234 |
Feb 1978 | 2,244 |
Mar 1978 | 2,255 |
Apr 1978 | 2,268 |
May 1978 | 2,277 |
Jun 1978 | 2,291 |
Jul 1978 | 2,285 |
Aug 1978 | 2,296 |
Sep 1978 | 2,301 |
Oct 1978 | 2,316 |
Nov 1978 | 2,332 |
Dec 1978 | 2,341 |
Jan 1979 | 2,347 |
Feb 1979 | 2,355 |
Mar 1979 | 2,363 |
Apr 1979 | 2,344 |
May 1979 | 2,372 |
Jun 1979 | 2,391 |
Jul 1979 | 2,386 |
Aug 1979 | 2,385 |
Sep 1979 | 2,386 |
Oct 1979 | 2,389 |
Nov 1979 | 2,391 |
Dec 1979 | 2,392 |
Jan 1980 | 2,391 |
Feb 1980 | 2,389 |
Mar 1980 | 2,390 |
Apr 1980 | 2,377 |
May 1980 | 2,365 |
Jun 1980 | 2,351 |
Jul 1980 | 2,339 |
Aug 1980 | 2,323 |
Sep 1980 | 2,325 |
Oct 1980 | 2,354 |
Nov 1980 | 2,359 |
Dec 1980 | 2,364 |
Jan 1981 | 2,372 |
Feb 1981 | 2,373 |
Mar 1981 | 2,377 |
Apr 1981 | 2,382 |
May 1981 | 2,385 |
Jun 1981 | 2,389 |
Jul 1981 | 2,392 |
Aug 1981 | 2,392 |
Sep 1981 | 2,390 |
Oct 1981 | 2,385 |
Nov 1981 | 2,379 |
Dec 1981 | 2,367 |
Jan 1982 | 2,360 |
Feb 1982 | 2,355 |
Mar 1982 | 2,348 |
Apr 1982 | 2,336 |
May 1982 | 2,334 |
Jun 1982 | 2,324 |
Jul 1982 | 2,314 |
Aug 1982 | 2,304 |
Sep 1982 | 2,295 |
Oct 1982 | 2,285 |
Nov 1982 | 2,279 |
Dec 1982 | 2,276 |
Jan 1983 | 2,272 |
Feb 1983 | 2,269 |
Mar 1983 | 2,274 |
Apr 1983 | 2,282 |
May 1983 | 2,288 |
Jun 1983 | 2,294 |
Jul 1983 | 2,303 |
Aug 1983 | 1,717 |
Sep 1983 | 2,323 |
Oct 1983 | 2,331 |
Nov 1983 | 2,337 |
Dec 1983 | 2,341 |
Jan 1984 | 2,359 |
Feb 1984 | 2,368 |
Mar 1984 | 2,378 |
Apr 1984 | 2,384 |
May 1984 | 2,392 |
Jun 1984 | 2,401 |
Jul 1984 | 2,406 |
Aug 1984 | 2,411 |
Sep 1984 | 2,412 |
Oct 1984 | 2,418 |
Nov 1984 | 2,421 |
Dec 1984 | 2,424 |
Jan 1985 | 2,429 |
Feb 1985 | 2,430 |
Mar 1985 | 2,423 |
Apr 1985 | 2,432 |
May 1985 | 2,434 |
Jun 1985 | 2,437 |
Jul 1985 | 2,438 |
Aug 1985 | 2,437 |
Sep 1985 | 2,440 |
Oct 1985 | 2,444 |
Nov 1985 | 2,448 |
Dec 1985 | 2,449 |
Jan 1986 | 2,450 |
Feb 1986 | 2,450 |
Mar 1986 | 2,449 |
Apr 1986 | 2,450 |
May 1986 | 2,451 |
Jun 1986 | 2,365 |
Jul 1986 | 2,453 |
Aug 1986 | 2,420 |
Sep 1986 | 2,458 |
Oct 1986 | 2,452 |
Nov 1986 | 2,465 |
Dec 1986 | 2,468 |
Jan 1987 | 2,472 |
Feb 1987 | 2,477 |
Mar 1987 | 2,484 |
Apr 1987 | 2,492 |
May 1987 | 2,496 |
Jun 1987 | 2,501 |
Jul 1987 | 2,508 |
Aug 1987 | 2,516 |
Sep 1987 | 2,526 |
Oct 1987 | 2,533 |
Nov 1987 | 2,538 |
Dec 1987 | 2,543 |
Jan 1988 | 2,549 |
Feb 1988 | 2,555 |
Mar 1988 | 2,563 |
Apr 1988 | 2,568 |
May 1988 | 2,575 |
Jun 1988 | 2,583 |
Jul 1988 | 2,585 |
Aug 1988 | 2,592 |
Sep 1988 | 2,601 |
Oct 1988 | 2,609 |
Nov 1988 | 2,616 |
Dec 1988 | 2,626 |
Jan 1989 | 2,620 |
Feb 1989 | 2,627 |
Mar 1989 | 2,629 |
Apr 1989 | 2,637 |
May 1989 | 2,643 |
Jun 1989 | 2,646 |
Jul 1989 | 2,639 |
Aug 1989 | 2,498 |
Sep 1989 | 2,610 |
Oct 1989 | 2,616 |
Nov 1989 | 2,620 |
Dec 1989 | 2,682 |
Jan 1990 | 2,670 |
Feb 1990 | 2,676 |
Mar 1990 | 2,681 |
Apr 1990 | 2,685 |
May 1990 | 2,690 |
Jun 1990 | 2,694 |
Jul 1990 | 2,697 |
Aug 1990 | 2,697 |
Sep 1990 | 2,694 |
Oct 1990 | 2,693 |
Nov 1990 | 2,689 |
Dec 1990 | 2,691 |
Jan 1991 | 2,697 |
Feb 1991 | 2,693 |
Mar 1991 | 2,690 |
Apr 1991 | 2,689 |
May 1991 | 2,685 |
Jun 1991 | 2,681 |
Jul 1991 | 2,677 |
Aug 1991 | 2,672 |
Sep 1991 | 2,671 |
Oct 1991 | 2,666 |
Nov 1991 | 2,655 |
Dec 1991 | 2,655 |
Jan 1992 | 2,639 |
Feb 1992 | 2,639 |
Mar 1992 | 2,642 |
Apr 1992 | 2,638 |
May 1992 | 2,638 |
Jun 1992 | 2,638 |
Jul 1992 | 2,637 |
Aug 1992 | 2,635 |
Sep 1992 | 2,640 |
Oct 1992 | 2,646 |
Nov 1992 | 2,650 |
Dec 1992 | 2,653 |
Jan 1993 | 2,655 |
Feb 1993 | 2,655 |
Mar 1993 | 2,651 |
Apr 1993 | 2,658 |
May 1993 | 2,661 |
Jun 1993 | 2,666 |
Jul 1993 | 2,667 |
Aug 1993 | 2,674 |
Sep 1993 | 2,672 |
Oct 1993 | 2,677 |
Nov 1993 | 2,683 |
Dec 1993 | 2,692 |
Jan 1994 | 2,699 |
Feb 1994 | 2,707 |
Mar 1994 | 2,714 |
Apr 1994 | 2,721 |
May 1994 | 2,725 |
Jun 1994 | 2,731 |
Jul 1994 | 2,734 |
Aug 1994 | 2,751 |
Sep 1994 | 2,750 |
Oct 1994 | 2,764 |
Nov 1994 | 2,776 |
Dec 1994 | 2,790 |
Jan 1995 | 2,784 |
Feb 1995 | 2,815 |
Mar 1995 | 2,823 |
Apr 1995 | 2,833 |
May 1995 | 2,834 |
Jun 1995 | 2,837 |
Jul 1995 | 2,848 |
Aug 1995 | 2,850 |
Sep 1995 | 2,863 |
Oct 1995 | 2,871 |
Nov 1995 | 2,879 |
Dec 1995 | 2,884 |
Jan 1996 | 2,887 |
Feb 1996 | 2,894 |
Mar 1996 | 2,904 |
Apr 1996 | 2,910 |
May 1996 | 2,921 |
Jun 1996 | 2,931 |
Jul 1996 | 2,944 |
Aug 1996 | 2,957 |
Sep 1996 | 2,972 |
Oct 1996 | 2,975 |
Nov 1996 | 2,990 |
Dec 1996 | 2,997 |
Jan 1997 | 3,010 |
Feb 1997 | 3,026 |
Mar 1997 | 3,044 |
Apr 1997 | 3,057 |
May 1997 | 3,071 |
Jun 1997 | 3,086 |
Jul 1997 | 3,093 |
Aug 1997 | 3,104 |
Sep 1997 | 3,112 |
Oct 1997 | 3,123 |
Nov 1997 | 3,133 |
Dec 1997 | 3,146 |
Jan 1998 | 3,155 |
Feb 1998 | 3,169 |
Mar 1998 | 3,178 |
Apr 1998 | 3,192 |
May 1998 | 3,202 |
Jun 1998 | 3,208 |
Jul 1998 | 3,226 |
Aug 1998 | 3,229 |
Sep 1998 | 3,244 |
Oct 1998 | 3,259 |
Nov 1998 | 3,273 |
Dec 1998 | 3,288 |
Jan 1999 | 3,303 |
Feb 1999 | 3,329 |
Mar 1999 | 3,337 |
Apr 1999 | 3,358 |
May 1999 | 3,389 |
Jun 1999 | 3,405 |
Jul 1999 | 3,427 |
Aug 1999 | 3,449 |
Sep 1999 | 3,475 |
Oct 1999 | 3,497 |
Nov 1999 | 3,515 |
Dec 1999 | 3,532 |
Jan 2000 | 3,550 |
Feb 2000 | 3,569 |
Mar 2000 | 3,591 |
Apr 2000 | 3,608 |
May 2000 | 3,614 |
Jun 2000 | 3,642 |
Jul 2000 | 3,658 |
Aug 2000 | 3,583 |
Sep 2000 | 3,674 |
Oct 2000 | 3,676 |
Nov 2000 | 3,684 |
Dec 2000 | 3,705 |
Jan 2001 | 3,709 |
Feb 2001 | 3,716 |
Mar 2001 | 3,717 |
Apr 2001 | 3,686 |
May 2001 | 3,662 |
Jun 2001 | 3,642 |
Jul 2001 | 3,619 |
Aug 2001 | 3,599 |
Sep 2001 | 3,584 |
Oct 2001 | 3,556 |
Nov 2001 | 3,535 |
Dec 2001 | 3,521 |
Jan 2002 | 3,495 |
Feb 2002 | 3,472 |
Mar 2002 | 3,454 |
Apr 2002 | 3,435 |
May 2002 | 3,417 |
Jun 2002 | 3,401 |
Jul 2002 | 3,380 |
Aug 2002 | 3,370 |
Sep 2002 | 3,345 |
Oct 2002 | 3,348 |
Nov 2002 | 3,326 |
Dec 2002 | 3,288 |
Jan 2003 | 3,264 |
Feb 2003 | 3,236 |
Mar 2003 | 3,221 |
Apr 2003 | 3,207 |
May 2003 | 3,193 |
Jun 2003 | 3,182 |
Jul 2003 | 3,176 |
Aug 2003 | 3,165 |
Sep 2003 | 3,164 |
Oct 2003 | 3,158 |
Nov 2003 | 3,150 |
Dec 2003 | 3,150 |
Jan 2004 | 3,144 |
Feb 2004 | 3,143 |
Mar 2004 | 3,134 |
Apr 2004 | 3,131 |
May 2004 | 3,134 |
Jun 2004 | 3,135 |
Jul 2004 | 3,122 |
Aug 2004 | 3,105 |
Sep 2004 | 3,093 |
Oct 2004 | 3,098 |
Nov 2004 | 3,088 |
Dec 2004 | 3,079 |
Jan 2005 | 3,069 |
Feb 2005 | 3,058 |
Mar 2005 | 3,062 |
Apr 2005 | 3,068 |
May 2005 | 3,062 |
Jun 2005 | 3,057 |
Jul 2005 | 3,061 |
Aug 2005 | 3,062 |
Sep 2005 | 3,069 |
Oct 2005 | 3,055 |
Nov 2005 | 3,056 |
Dec 2005 | 3,054 |
Jan 2006 | 3,053 |
Feb 2006 | 3,052 |
Mar 2006 | 3,055 |
Apr 2006 | 3,045 |
May 2006 | 3,039 |
Jun 2006 | 3,037 |
Jul 2006 | 3,032 |
Aug 2006 | 3,035 |
Sep 2006 | 3,028 |
Oct 2006 | 3,024 |
Nov 2006 | 3,024 |
Dec 2006 | 3,032 |
Jan 2007 | 3,030 |
Feb 2007 | 3,033 |
Mar 2007 | 3,030 |
Apr 2007 | 3,034 |
May 2007 | 3,040 |
Jun 2007 | 3,038 |
Jul 2007 | 3,037 |
Aug 2007 | 3,030 |
Sep 2007 | 3,030 |
Oct 2007 | 3,028 |
Nov 2007 | 3,024 |
Dec 2007 | 3,024 |
Jan 2008 | 3,026 |
Feb 2008 | 3,018 |
Mar 2008 | 3,021 |
Apr 2008 | 3,012 |
May 2008 | 3,007 |
Jun 2008 | 3,001 |
Jul 2008 | 2,987 |
Aug 2008 | 2,974 |
Sep 2008 | 2,961 |
Oct 2008 | 2,949 |
Nov 2008 | 2,931 |
Dec 2008 | 2,909 |
Jan 2009 | 2,891 |
Feb 2009 | 2,878 |
Mar 2009 | 2,864 |
Apr 2009 | 2,833 |
May 2009 | 2,808 |
Jun 2009 | 2,796 |
Jul 2009 | 2,780 |
Aug 2009 | 2,767 |
Sep 2009 | 2,769 |
Oct 2009 | 2,762 |
Nov 2009 | 2,752 |
Dec 2009 | 2,744 |
Jan 2010 | 2,738 |
Feb 2010 | 2,738 |
Mar 2010 | 2,719 |
Apr 2010 | 2,715 |
May 2010 | 2,709 |
Jun 2010 | 2,703 |
Jul 2010 | 2,704 |
Aug 2010 | 2,702 |
Sep 2010 | 2,697 |
Oct 2010 | 2,695 |
Nov 2010 | 2,688 |
Dec 2010 | 2,681 |
Jan 2011 | 2,676 |
Feb 2011 | 2,673 |
Mar 2011 | 2,672 |
Apr 2011 | 2,675 |
May 2011 | 2,679 |
Jun 2011 | 2,684 |
Jul 2011 | 2,676 |
Aug 2011 | 2,633 |
Sep 2011 | 2,677 |
Oct 2011 | 2,677 |
Nov 2011 | 2,675 |
Dec 2011 | 2,677 |
Jan 2012 | 2,663 |
Feb 2012 | 2,677 |
Mar 2012 | 2,678 |
Apr 2012 | 2,680 |
May 2012 | 2,685 |
Jun 2012 | 2,675 |
Jul 2012 | 2,680 |
Aug 2012 | 2,676 |
Sep 2012 | 2,670 |
Oct 2012 | 2,668 |
Nov 2012 | 2,676 |
Dec 2012 | 2,673 |
Jan 2013 | 2,661 |
Feb 2013 | 2,697 |
Mar 2013 | 2,699 |
Apr 2013 | 2,697 |
May 2013 | 2,711 |
Jun 2013 | 2,706 |
Jul 2013 | 2,722 |
Aug 2013 | 2,693 |
Sep 2013 | 2,709 |
Oct 2013 | 2,720 |
Nov 2013 | 2,729 |
Dec 2013 | 2,724 |
Jan 2014 | 2,721 |
Feb 2014 | 2,716 |
Mar 2014 | 2,724 |
Apr 2014 | 2,723 |
May 2014 | 2,717 |
Jun 2014 | 2,723 |
Jul 2014 | 2,728 |
Aug 2014 | 2,737 |
Sep 2014 | 2,735 |
Oct 2014 | 2,729 |
Nov 2014 | 2,732 |
Dec 2014 | 2,733 |
Jan 2015 | 2,734 |
Feb 2015 | 2,738 |
Mar 2015 | 2,735 |
Apr 2015 | 2,745 |
May 2015 | 2,747 |
Jun 2015 | 2,751 |
Jul 2015 | 2,756 |
Aug 2015 | 2,753 |
Sep 2015 | 2,766 |
Oct 2015 | 2,771 |
Nov 2015 | 2,753 |
Dec 2015 | 2,763 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Telecommunications is a component of the information sector that has evolved rapidly because of structural changes. Since 1990, employment in wired telecommunication has declined precipitously, while its wireless counterpart has gained jobs. This difference is largely explained by constantly improving technology and the increased popularity of cell phones and other wireless devices.
Date | Indexed to January 1990 | |
---|---|---|
Wireless | Wired | |
Jan 1990 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Feb 1990 | 101.8 | 100.0 |
Mar 1990 | 104.0 | 99.6 |
Apr 1990 | 105.2 | 99.6 |
May 1990 | 106.7 | 99.6 |
Jun 1990 | 107.9 | 99.5 |
Jul 1990 | 110.0 | 99.2 |
Aug 1990 | 111.2 | 99.1 |
Sep 1990 | 112.8 | 98.8 |
Oct 1990 | 114.3 | 98.7 |
Nov 1990 | 115.5 | 98.4 |
Dec 1990 | 116.7 | 98.9 |
Jan 1991 | 119.5 | 99.0 |
Feb 1991 | 121.3 | 98.8 |
Mar 1991 | 123.1 | 98.7 |
Apr 1991 | 124.6 | 98.7 |
May 1991 | 125.8 | 98.3 |
Jun 1991 | 126.7 | 98.1 |
Jul 1991 | 127.4 | 98.0 |
Aug 1991 | 128.3 | 97.6 |
Sep 1991 | 129.8 | 97.6 |
Oct 1991 | 131.3 | 97.6 |
Nov 1991 | 132.5 | 96.8 |
Dec 1991 | 134.0 | 97.3 |
Jan 1992 | 135.6 | 95.6 |
Feb 1992 | 138.0 | 95.7 |
Mar 1992 | 138.6 | 95.5 |
Apr 1992 | 139.8 | 95.1 |
May 1992 | 141.6 | 94.9 |
Jun 1992 | 143.8 | 94.8 |
Jul 1992 | 145.9 | 94.7 |
Aug 1992 | 148.3 | 94.6 |
Sep 1992 | 150.5 | 94.5 |
Oct 1992 | 151.7 | 94.4 |
Nov 1992 | 153.5 | 94.3 |
Dec 1992 | 155.3 | 94.5 |
Jan 1993 | 157.1 | 94.0 |
Feb 1993 | 159.3 | 93.8 |
Mar 1993 | 161.7 | 93.8 |
Apr 1993 | 163.5 | 93.8 |
May 1993 | 166.3 | 93.7 |
Jun 1993 | 168.7 | 93.6 |
Jul 1993 | 172.0 | 93.4 |
Aug 1993 | 174.8 | 93.5 |
Sep 1993 | 177.8 | 93.5 |
Oct 1993 | 180.9 | 93.5 |
Nov 1993 | 183.6 | 93.6 |
Dec 1993 | 187.2 | 93.8 |
Jan 1994 | 191.8 | 93.8 |
Feb 1994 | 195.7 | 93.9 |
Mar 1994 | 200.3 | 93.9 |
Apr 1994 | 205.5 | 94.0 |
May 1994 | 210.9 | 94.1 |
Jun 1994 | 216.7 | 94.0 |
Jul 1994 | 219.8 | 93.9 |
Aug 1994 | 224.6 | 94.3 |
Sep 1994 | 228.3 | 93.9 |
Oct 1994 | 234.7 | 94.0 |
Nov 1994 | 239.8 | 94.1 |
Dec 1994 | 245.9 | 94.3 |
Jan 1995 | 247.4 | 93.3 |
Feb 1995 | 252.9 | 94.4 |
Mar 1995 | 256.8 | 94.3 |
Apr 1995 | 262.6 | 94.1 |
May 1995 | 266.0 | 93.8 |
Jun 1995 | 271.7 | 93.7 |
Jul 1995 | 280.2 | 93.7 |
Aug 1995 | 279.6 | 93.5 |
Sep 1995 | 284.5 | 93.8 |
Oct 1995 | 289.7 | 93.9 |
Nov 1995 | 296.4 | 93.7 |
Dec 1995 | 303.6 | 93.4 |
Jan 1996 | 306.1 | 93.2 |
Feb 1996 | 308.5 | 93.1 |
Mar 1996 | 314.0 | 93.0 |
Apr 1996 | 319.5 | 93.1 |
May 1996 | 326.1 | 93.5 |
Jun 1996 | 331.9 | 94.2 |
Jul 1996 | 338.6 | 94.7 |
Aug 1996 | 344.7 | 95.3 |
Sep 1996 | 351.1 | 95.7 |
Oct 1996 | 352.3 | 95.4 |
Nov 1996 | 359.6 | 95.9 |
Dec 1996 | 366.9 | 96.0 |
Jan 1997 | 371.7 | 96.4 |
Feb 1997 | 378.4 | 97.1 |
Mar 1997 | 384.5 | 97.9 |
Apr 1997 | 390.9 | 98.2 |
May 1997 | 394.8 | 98.6 |
Jun 1997 | 400.6 | 98.8 |
Jul 1997 | 404.3 | 99.0 |
Aug 1997 | 412.5 | 99.4 |
Sep 1997 | 412.2 | 99.5 |
Oct 1997 | 420.1 | 100.0 |
Nov 1997 | 425.5 | 100.1 |
Dec 1997 | 426.7 | 100.6 |
Jan 1998 | 427.7 | 101.0 |
Feb 1998 | 428.6 | 101.3 |
Mar 1998 | 431.0 | 101.7 |
Apr 1998 | 432.5 | 102.5 |
May 1998 | 434.3 | 102.7 |
Jun 1998 | 435.9 | 103.2 |
Jul 1998 | 438.6 | 103.5 |
Aug 1998 | 439.5 | 103.1 |
Sep 1998 | 442.2 | 103.7 |
Oct 1998 | 445.0 | 104.7 |
Nov 1998 | 448.6 | 105.4 |
Dec 1998 | 452.6 | 106.2 |
Jan 1999 | 459.0 | 107.2 |
Feb 1999 | 465.3 | 107.8 |
Mar 1999 | 470.2 | 108.1 |
Apr 1999 | 474.2 | 108.8 |
May 1999 | 479.0 | 109.8 |
Jun 1999 | 483.9 | 110.5 |
Jul 1999 | 487.8 | 111.6 |
Aug 1999 | 494.8 | 112.6 |
Sep 1999 | 497.9 | 113.8 |
Oct 1999 | 502.7 | 115.0 |
Nov 1999 | 505.5 | 116.1 |
Dec 1999 | 512.8 | 117.0 |
Jan 2000 | 521.9 | 117.7 |
Feb 2000 | 526.4 | 118.3 |
Mar 2000 | 534.7 | 119.1 |
Apr 2000 | 537.4 | 119.7 |
May 2000 | 551.7 | 120.0 |
Jun 2000 | 558.7 | 121.4 |
Jul 2000 | 567.8 | 122.1 |
Aug 2000 | 577.5 | 111.3 |
Sep 2000 | 589.7 | 123.3 |
Oct 2000 | 593.9 | 123.5 |
Nov 2000 | 599.1 | 123.9 |
Dec 2000 | 607.3 | 125.6 |
Jan 2001 | 610.3 | 125.0 |
Feb 2001 | 613.4 | 125.5 |
Mar 2001 | 618.2 | 125.5 |
Apr 2001 | 611.2 | 125.3 |
May 2001 | 610.3 | 124.2 |
Jun 2001 | 611.9 | 123.0 |
Jul 2001 | 611.9 | 122.0 |
Aug 2001 | 606.7 | 120.6 |
Sep 2001 | 612.8 | 119.8 |
Oct 2001 | 615.8 | 118.9 |
Nov 2001 | 615.5 | 117.9 |
Dec 2001 | 610.0 | 117.0 |
Jan 2002 | 607.0 | 115.1 |
Feb 2002 | 607.0 | 113.9 |
Mar 2002 | 604.9 | 112.8 |
Apr 2002 | 605.2 | 111.6 |
May 2002 | 601.8 | 110.8 |
Jun 2002 | 602.4 | 109.8 |
Jul 2002 | 600.9 | 108.7 |
Aug 2002 | 600.3 | 107.8 |
Sep 2002 | 595.1 | 106.8 |
Oct 2002 | 593.6 | 106.3 |
Nov 2002 | 593.0 | 105.7 |
Dec 2002 | 590.3 | 103.8 |
Jan 2003 | 584.5 | 102.9 |
Feb 2003 | 580.2 | 102.2 |
Mar 2003 | 581.2 | 101.2 |
Apr 2003 | 583.9 | 100.6 |
May 2003 | 583.0 | 99.9 |
Jun 2003 | 580.2 | 99.4 |
Jul 2003 | 576.3 | 98.8 |
Aug 2003 | 575.1 | 98.7 |
Sep 2003 | 574.2 | 98.4 |
Oct 2003 | 572.3 | 98.0 |
Nov 2003 | 570.8 | 97.4 |
Dec 2003 | 568.1 | 96.9 |
Jan 2004 | 572.6 | 96.9 |
Feb 2004 | 573.9 | 96.7 |
Mar 2004 | 574.2 | 96.2 |
Apr 2004 | 572.6 | 95.6 |
May 2004 | 575.7 | 94.9 |
Jun 2004 | 575.7 | 94.5 |
Jul 2004 | 577.8 | 94.1 |
Aug 2004 | 577.2 | 93.6 |
Sep 2004 | 573.6 | 92.6 |
Oct 2004 | 576.9 | 91.8 |
Nov 2004 | 577.5 | 91.6 |
Dec 2004 | 586.3 | 91.4 |
Jan 2005 | 582.4 | 91.3 |
Feb 2005 | 579.3 | 91.2 |
Mar 2005 | 579.3 | 91.1 |
Apr 2005 | 580.2 | 91.0 |
May 2005 | 577.5 | 90.9 |
Jun 2005 | 579.9 | 90.5 |
Jul 2005 | 580.9 | 90.1 |
Aug 2005 | 579.3 | 89.6 |
Sep 2005 | 579.6 | 89.5 |
Oct 2005 | 579.6 | 89.3 |
Nov 2005 | 586.9 | 89.1 |
Dec 2005 | 587.5 | 88.6 |
Jan 2006 | 595.7 | 88.1 |
Feb 2006 | 595.4 | 87.9 |
Mar 2006 | 598.2 | 87.9 |
Apr 2006 | 599.7 | 88.0 |
May 2006 | 601.2 | 88.3 |
Jun 2006 | 605.8 | 87.5 |
Jul 2006 | 608.8 | 87.0 |
Aug 2006 | 610.6 | 87.2 |
Sep 2006 | 619.5 | 87.2 |
Oct 2006 | 621.0 | 87.0 |
Nov 2006 | 621.9 | 87.0 |
Dec 2006 | 623.4 | 87.1 |
Jan 2007 | 622.8 | 86.8 |
Feb 2007 | 622.8 | 86.7 |
Mar 2007 | 625.2 | 86.2 |
Apr 2007 | 623.4 | 86.4 |
May 2007 | 622.5 | 86.6 |
Jun 2007 | 617.9 | 86.8 |
Jul 2007 | 617.3 | 86.9 |
Aug 2007 | 613.4 | 86.9 |
Sep 2007 | 612.2 | 87.0 |
Oct 2007 | 611.6 | 87.3 |
Nov 2007 | 612.2 | 87.6 |
Dec 2007 | 615.5 | 87.7 |
Jan 2008 | 609.1 | 87.9 |
Feb 2008 | 607.3 | 87.8 |
Mar 2008 | 608.2 | 87.8 |
Apr 2008 | 608.8 | 87.7 |
May 2008 | 614.0 | 87.7 |
Jun 2008 | 617.3 | 87.5 |
Jul 2008 | 614.6 | 87.5 |
Aug 2008 | 615.2 | 87.2 |
Sep 2008 | 613.4 | 86.8 |
Oct 2008 | 606.1 | 86.2 |
Nov 2008 | 603.3 | 85.6 |
Dec 2008 | 597.9 | 85.3 |
Jan 2009 | 599.1 | 85.1 |
Feb 2009 | 594.2 | 85.2 |
Mar 2009 | 590.3 | 84.6 |
Apr 2009 | 583.6 | 84.0 |
May 2009 | 583.9 | 83.5 |
Jun 2009 | 567.2 | 83.0 |
Jul 2009 | 561.7 | 82.7 |
Aug 2009 | 557.4 | 82.3 |
Sep 2009 | 552.0 | 82.1 |
Oct 2009 | 548.6 | 81.7 |
Nov 2009 | 544.1 | 81.3 |
Dec 2009 | 538.3 | 80.8 |
Jan 2010 | 531.0 | 80.4 |
Feb 2010 | 524.9 | 79.8 |
Mar 2010 | 521.6 | 79.3 |
Apr 2010 | 516.1 | 79.0 |
May 2010 | 515.5 | 78.7 |
Jun 2010 | 514.0 | 78.7 |
Jul 2010 | 515.8 | 78.4 |
Aug 2010 | 514.9 | 78.5 |
Sep 2010 | 515.5 | 78.4 |
Oct 2010 | 517.0 | 78.2 |
Nov 2010 | 513.7 | 78.2 |
Dec 2010 | 515.5 | 78.1 |
Jan 2011 | 516.1 | 76.8 |
Feb 2011 | 516.7 | 77.4 |
Mar 2011 | 513.4 | 77.0 |
Apr 2011 | 513.4 | 77.4 |
May 2011 | 509.4 | 77.6 |
Jun 2011 | 507.9 | 77.6 |
Jul 2011 | 504.0 | 76.9 |
Aug 2011 | 500.9 | 70.8 |
Sep 2011 | 493.0 | 76.7 |
Oct 2011 | 489.7 | 76.6 |
Nov 2011 | 484.8 | 76.5 |
Dec 2011 | 489.4 | 76.6 |
Jan 2012 | 485.7 | 76.7 |
Feb 2012 | 483.9 | 76.8 |
Mar 2012 | 481.2 | 76.8 |
Apr 2012 | 481.8 | 76.8 |
May 2012 | 480.2 | 76.6 |
Jun 2012 | 482.1 | 76.6 |
Jul 2012 | 479.0 | 77.1 |
Aug 2012 | 471.1 | 77.2 |
Sep 2012 | 470.8 | 77.2 |
Oct 2012 | 469.3 | 77.6 |
Nov 2012 | 469.9 | 77.6 |
Dec 2012 | 463.5 | 77.8 |
Jan 2013 | 469.9 | 78.2 |
Feb 2013 | 471.4 | 78.6 |
Mar 2013 | 471.4 | 78.8 |
Apr 2013 | 471.4 | 78.9 |
May 2013 | 469.0 | 79.0 |
Jun 2013 | 471.4 | 79.0 |
Jul 2013 | 469.3 | 79.3 |
Aug 2013 | 473.6 | 79.6 |
Sep 2013 | 468.7 | 79.4 |
Oct 2013 | 467.2 | 79.3 |
Nov 2013 | 462.0 | 79.5 |
Dec 2013 | 469.3 | 79.5 |
Jan 2014 | 462.9 | 79.0 |
Feb 2014 | 460.8 | 79.1 |
Mar 2014 | 467.2 | 79.0 |
Apr 2014 | 453.2 | 79.0 |
May 2014 | 451.1 | 78.9 |
Jun 2014 | 445.0 | 78.9 |
Jul 2014 | 440.1 | 78.6 |
Aug 2014 | 437.7 | 78.5 |
Sep 2014 | 439.2 | 78.6 |
Oct 2014 | 427.4 | 77.9 |
Nov 2014 | 421.6 | 77.7 |
Dec 2014 | 412.2 | 77.3 |
Jan 2015 | 407.6 | 77.1 |
Feb 2015 | 400.0 | 76.9 |
Mar 2015 | 397.0 | 76.8 |
Apr 2015 | 390.9 | 77.9 |
May 2015 | 394.5 | 77.8 |
Jun 2015 | 391.8 | 76.9 |
Jul 2015 | 396.0 | 77.1 |
Aug 2015 | 392.1 | 77.2 |
Sep 2015 | 393.9 | 77.4 |
Oct 2015 | 391.8 | 77.9 |
Nov 2015 | 388.8 | 77.0 |
Dec 2015 | 384.5 | 77.0 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Employment in wired telecommunications carriers peaked in December 2000 and has drifted down since then. By December 2015, the industry had lost about 371,000 jobs, or 38.7 percent of its total employment. In contrast, employment in wireless telecommunications rose rapidly during the 1990s and remained relatively flat until early in the Great Recession, but has trended down since March 2007, with 79,000 jobs lost through December 2015. (See figure 9.) Despite these different trends, employment in wired telecommunications (589,000) was still substantially higher than in wireless telecommunications (127,000) in December 2015. Two factors help explain the higher employment in wired telecommunications: (1) many workplaces still prefer wired networks because they are more secure than their wireless counterparts, and (2) the maintenance and repair for these networks is far more labor intensive than required for wireless networks.20
An area that has been greatly affected by changing technology is publishing. Publishing industries have reduced employment by about 31 percent since January 2001, coinciding with a strong movement towards online, digital content and away from paper books, magazine, and newspapers. Newspapers, for instance, have significantly cut back on daily print editions.21 In 2014, sales of e-books grew to $3.37 billion, representing a share similar to that of hardback books.22
Like information, the retail sector has been greatly affected by the growth of the Internet. The transition of consumers to online shopping has affected employment in retail trade as well. Since the early 2000s, online retail sales have increased steadily and, as of the fourth quarter of 2015, made up 7.5 percent of total retail sales.23
Despite its small share of retail employment, recent employment trends in electronic shopping and electronic auctions illustrate the transition in consumer behavior from shopping in brick-and-mortar stores to shopping online. During the 1990s, job growth in electronic shopping and electronic auctions accelerated and, after falling during the 2001 recession, reaccelerated sharply. From December 1990 to December 2015, the industry’s employment grew by more than 420 percent, while job growth was much slower in all other retail industries. (See table 5.)
Industry | Employment | Employment change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
December 1990 | December 2015 | Level | Percent | |
Retail | 13,088.1 | 15,760.8 | 2,672.7 | 20.4 |
Motor vehicle and parts dealers | 1,468.5 | 1,973.9 | 505.4 | 34.4 |
Furniture and home furnishings stores | 420.9 | 467.4 | 46.5 | 11.0 |
Electronics and appliance stores | 448.7 | 524.5 | 75.8 | 16.9 |
Building material and garden supply stores | 877.0 | 1,258.4 | 381.4 | 43.5 |
Food and beverage stores | 2,791.1 | 3,067.5 | 276.4 | 9.9 |
Health and personal care stores | 791.9 | 1,033.2 | 241.3 | 30.5 |
Gasoline stations | 904.7 | 915.4 | 10.7 | 1.2 |
Clothing and clothing accessories stores | 1,291.6 | 1,359.1 | 67.5 | 5.2 |
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores | 465.8 | 628.4 | 162.6 | 34.9 |
Music and book stores (1) | 139.2 | 119.2 | -20.0 | -14.4 |
General merchandise stores | 2,478.9 | 3,164.4 | 685.5 | 27.7 |
Miscellaneous store retailers | 736.9 | 844.3 | 107.4 | 14.6 |
Nonstore retailers | 412.1 | 524.3 | 112.2 | 27.2 |
Electronic shopping and mail order houses | 156.3 | 351.8 | 195.5 | 125.1 |
Electronic shopping and electronic auctions | 41.3 | 215.3 | 174.0 | 421.3 |
Notes: (1) This is a combination of musical instruments and supplies stores, book stores, and news dealers. Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Online shopping also has had a major impact on traditional brick-and-mortar retail stores. Employment in music and book stores has declined by nearly 15 percent since 1990. With the increased popularity of digital music, employment in traditional music stores declined substantially. Another consequence of the prevalence of online shopping is that consumers are able to search out the best deals, weakening profit margins; this, in turn, negatively affects employment in traditional retail stores.24
Contrasting with the negative employment impacts on brick-and-mortar stores, online shopping has positively impacted employment for couriers and messengers. From January 1990 to December 2015, the industry grew by 255,000 jobs, or 68.9 percent. The industry tempered its employment growth trend, however, by improving productivity through technology. For example, UPS enhanced its shipping technology by improving sorting and tracking capabilities and, thus, labor productivity. These improvements likely helped the company expand its annual delivery volume to 4.7 billion packages and documents in 2015.25
While longrun employment trends are often the result of changes to the overall economy and business practices, outsized, short-term fluctuations may occur in response to unusual large-scale events or shocks.
WWII caused immense employment changes in several industries. Although the CES program excludes military employment, changes in civilian jobs within the Department of Defense and other industries can still be observed. During WWII, civilian employment in the Department of Defense jumped by 868,000 from December 1941 to November 1944. In the years following the war, employment fell to prewar levels, only to spike again in the early 1950s during the Korean War.
During WWII, ship and boat building employment spiked as the military built up its fleet of warships and cargo vessels. Ship and boat building added 1.3 million jobs from January 1940 to December 1943 but shed all of the jobs gained by October 1949. Similarly, the construction sector saw an increase in employment. From January 1940 to an employment peak in July 1942, construction added 1.4 million jobs, an increase of 122 percent. The sector subsequently shed those gains by June 1944. Employment in these industries has not experienced the same sort of shocks in more recent wars.
Severe weather events can have an impact on employment and hours. The reference period for the CES survey is the pay period that includes the 12th of the month; workers receiving pay for any part of the pay period are considered employed. For severe weather to affect national employment, it must meet the following criteria: transpire around the 12th of the month, have an extended duration, and occur in either densely populated or geographically large areas. When severe weather occurs, average weekly hours often drop in industries where work is concentrated outdoors, such as construction or leisure industries. When conditions affect transportation infrastructure, they can also affect total nonfarm employment. For example, the blizzard of January 1996 coincided with a drop of 19,000 in nonfarm employment, compared with an average gain of 180,000 per month over the prior 12-month period. Employment then rebounded the following month with an increase of 432,000.
Sudden changes in demand for specific goods or services can also affect employment. For example, after the September 11th attacks, travelers became more reluctant to fly, which caused a significant reduction in demand for air travel.26 Employment in air transportation dropped sharply in the 3 months following September 2001; job losses totaled 59,000, a 9.6-percent decline. Prior to the attacks, the industry had experienced steady job growth that started in the mid-1990s. After the attacks, employment in air transportation continued to fall and, despite an upward trend in 2015, remains about 25 percent below its September 2001 level. (See figure 10.)
Date | Employment level (in thousands) |
---|---|
Jan 1990 | 508.8 |
Feb 1990 | 513.7 |
Mar 1990 | 518.5 |
Apr 1990 | 523.8 |
May 1990 | 527.4 |
Jun 1990 | 531.3 |
Jul 1990 | 532.2 |
Aug 1990 | 536.0 |
Sep 1990 | 538.4 |
Oct 1990 | 541.1 |
Nov 1990 | 540.6 |
Dec 1990 | 540.5 |
Jan 1991 | 533.3 |
Feb 1991 | 532.8 |
Mar 1991 | 529.2 |
Apr 1991 | 528.5 |
May 1991 | 528.4 |
Jun 1991 | 525.8 |
Jul 1991 | 525.9 |
Aug 1991 | 524.9 |
Sep 1991 | 523.7 |
Oct 1991 | 523.0 |
Nov 1991 | 521.7 |
Dec 1991 | 513.9 |
Jan 1992 | 519.3 |
Feb 1992 | 519.8 |
Mar 1992 | 521.2 |
Apr 1992 | 521.4 |
May 1992 | 520.6 |
Jun 1992 | 520.8 |
Jul 1992 | 520.7 |
Aug 1992 | 521.6 |
Sep 1992 | 518.2 |
Oct 1992 | 518.0 |
Nov 1992 | 518.3 |
Dec 1992 | 515.9 |
Jan 1993 | 518.8 |
Feb 1993 | 518.6 |
Mar 1993 | 517.1 |
Apr 1993 | 515.3 |
May 1993 | 517.3 |
Jun 1993 | 517.1 |
Jul 1993 | 516.0 |
Aug 1993 | 515.9 |
Sep 1993 | 516.6 |
Oct 1993 | 515.8 |
Nov 1993 | 515.6 |
Dec 1993 | 515.8 |
Jan 1994 | 515.7 |
Feb 1994 | 514.7 |
Mar 1994 | 514.5 |
Apr 1994 | 513.4 |
May 1994 | 512.3 |
Jun 1994 | 511.1 |
Jul 1994 | 511.0 |
Aug 1994 | 510.7 |
Sep 1994 | 509.1 |
Oct 1994 | 506.4 |
Nov 1994 | 507.4 |
Dec 1994 | 507.2 |
Jan 1995 | 507.8 |
Feb 1995 | 509.5 |
Mar 1995 | 511.4 |
Apr 1995 | 509.8 |
May 1995 | 508.1 |
Jun 1995 | 509.3 |
Jul 1995 | 509.5 |
Aug 1995 | 510.1 |
Sep 1995 | 511.7 |
Oct 1995 | 513.5 |
Nov 1995 | 515.2 |
Dec 1995 | 515.7 |
Jan 1996 | 518.4 |
Feb 1996 | 521.1 |
Mar 1996 | 523.3 |
Apr 1996 | 522.0 |
May 1996 | 524.2 |
Jun 1996 | 524.8 |
Jul 1996 | 526.5 |
Aug 1996 | 527.4 |
Sep 1996 | 527.8 |
Oct 1996 | 529.6 |
Nov 1996 | 531.9 |
Dec 1996 | 534.6 |
Jan 1997 | 535.2 |
Feb 1997 | 536.0 |
Mar 1997 | 539.1 |
Apr 1997 | 539.0 |
May 1997 | 539.5 |
Jun 1997 | 541.1 |
Jul 1997 | 541.2 |
Aug 1997 | 543.4 |
Sep 1997 | 544.9 |
Oct 1997 | 547.2 |
Nov 1997 | 548.6 |
Dec 1997 | 550.1 |
Jan 1998 | 551.2 |
Feb 1998 | 553.1 |
Mar 1998 | 554.4 |
Apr 1998 | 558.0 |
May 1998 | 560.8 |
Jun 1998 | 562.3 |
Jul 1998 | 564.9 |
Aug 1998 | 566.3 |
Sep 1998 | 568.2 |
Oct 1998 | 568.2 |
Nov 1998 | 569.8 |
Dec 1998 | 571.7 |
Jan 1999 | 574.3 |
Feb 1999 | 575.0 |
Mar 1999 | 576.5 |
Apr 1999 | 577.6 |
May 1999 | 580.6 |
Jun 1999 | 584.0 |
Jul 1999 | 586.6 |
Aug 1999 | 589.2 |
Sep 1999 | 592.2 |
Oct 1999 | 595.2 |
Nov 1999 | 597.8 |
Dec 1999 | 600.6 |
Jan 2000 | 604.5 |
Feb 2000 | 608.5 |
Mar 2000 | 610.3 |
Apr 2000 | 609.0 |
May 2000 | 611.5 |
Jun 2000 | 612.6 |
Jul 2000 | 612.1 |
Aug 2000 | 614.1 |
Sep 2000 | 616.9 |
Oct 2000 | 620.8 |
Nov 2000 | 624.6 |
Dec 2000 | 628.3 |
Jan 2001 | 631.8 |
Feb 2001 | 633.4 |
Mar 2001 | 633.6 |
Apr 2001 | 632.4 |
May 2001 | 628.9 |
Jun 2001 | 625.1 |
Jul 2001 | 625.5 |
Aug 2001 | 622.6 |
Sep 2001 | 619.2 |
Oct 2001 | 601.2 |
Nov 2001 | 570.3 |
Dec 2001 | 560.0 |
Jan 2002 | 556.9 |
Feb 2002 | 558.2 |
Mar 2002 | 557.3 |
Apr 2002 | 558.0 |
May 2002 | 562.8 |
Jun 2002 | 567.3 |
Jul 2002 | 570.4 |
Aug 2002 | 568.8 |
Sep 2002 | 567.3 |
Oct 2002 | 565.8 |
Nov 2002 | 565.9 |
Dec 2002 | 565.4 |
Jan 2003 | 563.9 |
Feb 2003 | 556.0 |
Mar 2003 | 548.7 |
Apr 2003 | 536.9 |
May 2003 | 528.6 |
Jun 2003 | 520.4 |
Jul 2003 | 515.1 |
Aug 2003 | 514.5 |
Sep 2003 | 514.3 |
Oct 2003 | 512.5 |
Nov 2003 | 515.1 |
Dec 2003 | 517.3 |
Jan 2004 | 514.6 |
Feb 2004 | 515.4 |
Mar 2004 | 516.5 |
Apr 2004 | 516.5 |
May 2004 | 516.5 |
Jun 2004 | 515.1 |
Jul 2004 | 514.5 |
Aug 2004 | 512.6 |
Sep 2004 | 512.8 |
Oct 2004 | 512.9 |
Nov 2004 | 513.7 |
Dec 2004 | 511.9 |
Jan 2005 | 509.1 |
Feb 2005 | 508.3 |
Mar 2005 | 506.8 |
Apr 2005 | 507.2 |
May 2005 | 506.8 |
Jun 2005 | 506.2 |
Jul 2005 | 503.9 |
Aug 2005 | 500.3 |
Sep 2005 | 494.1 |
Oct 2005 | 492.8 |
Nov 2005 | 487.9 |
Dec 2005 | 484.9 |
Jan 2006 | 487.2 |
Feb 2006 | 485.8 |
Mar 2006 | 485.4 |
Apr 2006 | 486.4 |
May 2006 | 484.7 |
Jun 2006 | 485.3 |
Jul 2006 | 486.5 |
Aug 2006 | 486.8 |
Sep 2006 | 489.8 |
Oct 2006 | 490.4 |
Nov 2006 | 485.1 |
Dec 2006 | 491.8 |
Jan 2007 | 489.9 |
Feb 2007 | 482.4 |
Mar 2007 | 485.5 |
Apr 2007 | 492.0 |
May 2007 | 483.9 |
Jun 2007 | 491.9 |
Jul 2007 | 492.3 |
Aug 2007 | 493.7 |
Sep 2007 | 495.2 |
Oct 2007 | 495.6 |
Nov 2007 | 497.2 |
Dec 2007 | 499.5 |
Jan 2008 | 501.2 |
Feb 2008 | 504.8 |
Mar 2008 | 503.3 |
Apr 2008 | 500.2 |
May 2008 | 497.2 |
Jun 2008 | 493.8 |
Jul 2008 | 490.7 |
Aug 2008 | 485.4 |
Sep 2008 | 481.8 |
Oct 2008 | 478.9 |
Nov 2008 | 477.0 |
Dec 2008 | 473.1 |
Jan 2009 | 469.6 |
Feb 2009 | 468.4 |
Mar 2009 | 466.7 |
Apr 2009 | 460.0 |
May 2009 | 461.3 |
Jun 2009 | 459.7 |
Jul 2009 | 460.4 |
Aug 2009 | 461.5 |
Sep 2009 | 461.8 |
Oct 2009 | 462.8 |
Nov 2009 | 461.1 |
Dec 2009 | 460.6 |
Jan 2010 | 462.1 |
Feb 2010 | 463.8 |
Mar 2010 | 462.2 |
Apr 2010 | 461.2 |
May 2010 | 459.8 |
Jun 2010 | 458.0 |
Jul 2010 | 456.7 |
Aug 2010 | 456.2 |
Sep 2010 | 455.3 |
Oct 2010 | 455.1 |
Nov 2010 | 455.0 |
Dec 2010 | 455.0 |
Jan 2011 | 453.6 |
Feb 2011 | 454.0 |
Mar 2011 | 454.3 |
Apr 2011 | 455.0 |
May 2011 | 456.1 |
Jun 2011 | 457.4 |
Jul 2011 | 459.3 |
Aug 2011 | 458.2 |
Sep 2011 | 458.7 |
Oct 2011 | 458.8 |
Nov 2011 | 458.1 |
Dec 2011 | 458.8 |
Jan 2012 | 460.7 |
Feb 2012 | 460.8 |
Mar 2012 | 460.2 |
Apr 2012 | 460.2 |
May 2012 | 460.6 |
Jun 2012 | 461.5 |
Jul 2012 | 461.2 |
Aug 2012 | 461.3 |
Sep 2012 | 458.8 |
Oct 2012 | 457.2 |
Nov 2012 | 455.2 |
Dec 2012 | 453.1 |
Jan 2013 | 448.7 |
Feb 2013 | 448.7 |
Mar 2013 | 448.3 |
Apr 2013 | 447.9 |
May 2013 | 446.2 |
Jun 2013 | 444.9 |
Jul 2013 | 442.9 |
Aug 2013 | 441.3 |
Sep 2013 | 440.9 |
Oct 2013 | 439.7 |
Nov 2013 | 440.5 |
Dec 2013 | 442.4 |
Jan 2014 | 441.0 |
Feb 2014 | 439.9 |
Mar 2014 | 441.6 |
Apr 2014 | 440.0 |
May 2014 | 442.8 |
Jun 2014 | 443.9 |
Jul 2014 | 444.9 |
Aug 2014 | 444.3 |
Sep 2014 | 444.8 |
Oct 2014 | 448.5 |
Nov 2014 | 449.4 |
Dec 2014 | 448.4 |
Jan 2015 | 449.5 |
Feb 2015 | 450.5 |
Mar 2015 | 450.6 |
Apr 2015 | 454.3 |
May 2015 | 454.1 |
Jun 2015 | 454.9 |
Jul 2015 | 457.2 |
Aug 2015 | 458.7 |
Sep 2015 | 460.5 |
Oct 2015 | 462.2 |
Nov 2015 | 461.2 |
Dec 2015 | 462.0 |
Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Strikes typically have a negative impact on employment. The CES survey measures the number of people on payrolls—that is, those actually getting paid for work or for leave that occurred during the reference pay period. Thus, people on strike for the entire period are not counted as employed, because they are not on the payroll. When workers strike, employment falls in the strikers’ industry. After the strike is resolved and employees return to work, employment rebounds. For example, 640,000 workers went on strike against AT&T from August 7, 1983 to August 28, 1983.27 During the strike, employment in the communications industry fell by 648,000 in August; it rebounded by the same amount in September. Table 6 shows strikes that affected employment by 100,000 or more.28
Date | Industry (Standard Industrial Classification) | Effect on CES employment |
---|---|---|
December 1977 | Coal mining (12) | 160,000 |
January 1978 | Coal mining (12) | 160,000 |
July 1980 | General building contractors: residential buildings (15) | 105,000 |
April 1981 | Coal mining (12) | 160,000 |
May 1981 | Coal mining (12) | 162,000 |
August 1983 | Telephone communications—AT&T (481) | 640,000 |
August 1989 | Telephone communications (481); electrical apparatus and equipment, wiring supplies, and construction materials (5063); computer processing and data preparation and processing services (7374) | 125,000 |
August 1997 | Trucking and courier services, except air—United Parcel Service (421) | 185,000 |
Notes: These strikes are based on Standard Industrial Classification system (SIC) data. When CES converted from SIC to the North American Industry Classification System, telecommunications was reconstructed back to 1990. Source: Current Employment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
BLS publishes its monthly Employment Situation news release typically on the first Friday following the reference month. The news release contains detailed national employment, hours, and earnings data from the CES survey, along with the unemployment rate and labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey. Data from the CES survey serve as indicators of current economic trends in the United States and, therefore, rank high among the most widely watched economic statistical series in the county and around the globe.
Over the 100 years since CES began collecting data from a handful of manufacturing industries, the U.S. economy has experienced substantial transformations. Some of these transformations have caused significant trend changes for certain sectors of the economy. From January 1939 to December 2015, one sector lost jobs, others experienced substantial growth, and still others simply kept pace with total nonfarm employment growth over the period.
Lyda Ghanbari, and Michael D. McCall, "Current Employment Statistics survey: 100 years of employment, hours, and earnings," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2016, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2016.38
1 U.S. Department of Labor, Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Volume II—January to June, 1916 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1916). Average weekly earnings data for four manufacturing industries computed as aggregate monthly payroll of those industries divided by aggregate monthly employment. Annual figure is computed as the average of those monthly computations.
2 For more information on the transition from the SIC to NAICS, see Teresa L. Morisi, "Recent changes in the national Current Employment Statistics survey," Monthly Labor Review, June 2003, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2003/06/art1full.pdf.
3 Labor productivity annual data is only available back to 1948. See www.bls.gov/lpc/ for more information.
4 For a comprehensive list of the U.S. business cycle expansions and contractions, see http://www.nber.org/cycles.html.
5 For a comprehensive list of inputs for the Conference Board Coincident Economic Index, see https://www.conference-board.org/pdf_free/press/US%20LEI%20-%20Tech%20Notes%2082015.pdf.
6 Monthly employment data are not available for the period of the Great Depression, which persisted for 43 months from August 1929 to March 1933.
7 Temporary help service establishments provide workers to all industries, but the CES survey does not track where employees are ultimately placed. As a result, CES data do not show how employment in individual industries is affected by labor contracted from temporary help firms.
8 For a comprehensive list of inputs for The Conference Board Leading Economic Index, see https://www.conference-board.org/data/bcicountry.cfm?cid=1.
9 "Price indexes of new single-family houses sold including lot value," United States Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/construction/nrs/xls/price_sold_cust.xls.
10 The residential construction series reflects employment in residential building and residential specialty trade contractors. The nonresidential construction series reflects employment in nonresidential building and nonresidential specialty trade contractors.
11 Cyclical turning points in the government employment series exclude decennial census workers.
12 “Oil embargo, 1973–1974,” Office of the Historian, (U.S. Department of State, 2013), http://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo.
13 Steven D. Sawyer and Sterling Kelley, “Oil extraction surges with the help of sand,” Beyond the Numbers (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2014), https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/oil-extraction-surges-with-the-help-of-sand.htm.
14 Data for the January 1958–April 2003 period are available under SIC code 80. Data for the January 1990–present period are available under NAICS code 621, 2, 3. The eight cited instances of monthly decline represent the only declines for both periods, including spans where both coverage periods overlap.
15 William C. Goodman, “Employment in hospitals: unconventional patterns over time,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2006, p. 3, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/06/art1full.pdf.
16 Emily Richards, “The 2010 Census: the employment impact of counting the Nation,” Monthly Labor Review, March 2011, p. 33, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2011/03/art3full.pdf.
17 For detailed GDP-by-industry data covering the 1947–2015 period, see Gross-domestic-product-(GDP)-by-industry data, Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2015), https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/index_industry_gdpIndy.cfm.
18 U.S. trade in goods and services–balance of payments (BOP) basis, U.S. Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/historical/gands.pdf.
19 Office of Management and Budget, 1997 North American Industry Classification System—Completion Activities for 2002.
20 Steve Evans, “Wired vs wireless in the enterprise,” Computer Weekly, (March 2013), http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/Wired-vs-wireless-in-the-enterprise.
21 Christine Haughney, “Newspapers cut days from publishing week,” New York Times, June 3, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/04/business/media/as-newspapers-cut-analysts-ask-if-readers-will-remain.html?_r=0.
22 Marisa Bluestone, “U.S. publishing industry’s annual survey reveals $28 billion in revenue in 2014,” Association of American Publishers, June 10, 2015.
23 Quarterly retail e-commerce sales—1st quarter 2016, U.S. Census Bureau News (U.S. Department of Commerce, February 2016), https://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf.
24 Ashley Lutz, “American retail as we know it is dying a slow and painful death,” Business Insider, June 15, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/gap-closing-stores-as-abercrombie-and-j-crew-struggle-2015-6.
25 UPS Fact Sheet, United Parcel Service (2014), https://stories.ups.com/upsstories/us/en/about-us/global-presence.html.
26 Gabi Logan, “The effects of 9/11 on the airline industry,” USA Today, April 24, 2018.
27 Karthik A. Rao, “The impact of strikes on current employment statistics,” Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2000, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2000/08/technote.pdf.
28 John P. Mullins, “Understanding strikes in CES estimates,” Monthly Labor Review, November 2015, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/understanding-strikes-in-ces-estimates.htm.