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Carson Wilson is an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Article

September 2025

Total nonfarm employment growth continues to slow in 2024

Total nonfarm employment in the United States expanded in 2024—although by less than in any year since 2020. The slower employment growth was widespread across industries as most sectors added fewer jobs than in 2023.

According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, nonfarm payroll employment in the United States expanded by just over 2 million in 2024.^¹ (See chart 1.) Average monthly job gains slowed to an average of 168,000 in 2024, down from 216,000 in 2023. (See chart 2.)

⁠

Chart 1. Total nonfarm employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Employment
Jan 2014	137,561,000
Feb 2014	137,712,000
Mar 2014	137,985,000
Apr 2014	138,297,000
May 2014	138,512,000
Jun 2014	138,849,000
Jul 2014	139,073,000
Aug 2014	139,269,000
Sep 2014	139,563,000
Oct 2014	139,797,000
Nov 2014	140,090,000
Dec 2014	140,364,000
Jan 2015	140,568,000
Feb 2015	140,827,000
Mar 2015	140,923,000
Apr 2015	141,196,000
May 2015	141,538,000
Jun 2015	141,709,000
Jul 2015	141,991,000
Aug 2015	142,125,000
Sep 2015	142,275,000
Oct 2015	142,579,000
Nov 2015	142,808,000
Dec 2015	143,077,000
Jan 2016	143,210,000
Feb 2016	143,407,000
Mar 2016	143,662,000
Apr 2016	143,855,000
May 2016	143,900,000
Jun 2016	144,146,000
Jul 2016	144,520,000
Aug 2016	144,662,000
Sep 2016	144,967,000
Oct 2016	145,066,000
Nov 2016	145,183,000
Dec 2016	145,408,000
Jan 2017	145,628,000
Feb 2017	145,848,000
Mar 2017	145,969,000
Apr 2017	146,174,000
May 2017	146,380,000
Jun 2017	146,583,000
Jul 2017	146,772,000
Aug 2017	146,919,000
Sep 2017	147,007,000
Oct 2017	147,150,000
Nov 2017	147,373,000
Dec 2017	147,523,000
Jan 2018	147,660,000
Feb 2018	148,054,000
Mar 2018	148,280,000
Apr 2018	148,422,000
May 2018	148,740,000
Jun 2018	148,959,000
Jul 2018	149,020,000
Aug 2018	149,279,000
Sep 2018	149,358,000
Oct 2018	149,526,000
Nov 2018	149,617,000
Dec 2018	149,809,000
Jan 2019	150,059,000
Feb 2019	150,065,000
Mar 2019	150,295,000
Apr 2019	150,593,000
May 2019	150,621,000
Jun 2019	150,839,000
Jul 2019	150,936,000
Aug 2019	151,171,000
Sep 2019	151,365,000
Oct 2019	151,460,000
Nov 2019	151,668,000
Dec 2019	151,795,000
Jan 2020	152,031,000
Feb 2020	152,292,000
Mar 2020	150,895,000
Apr 2020	130,424,000
May 2020	133,040,000
Jun 2020	137,671,000
Jul 2020	139,255,000
Aug 2020	140,819,000
Sep 2020	141,770,000
Oct 2020	142,461,000
Nov 2020	142,731,000
Dec 2020	142,548,000
Jan 2021	142,913,000
Feb 2021	143,422,000
Mar 2021	144,246,000
Apr 2021	144,611,000
May 2021	145,032,000
Jun 2021	145,828,000
Jul 2021	146,759,000
Aug 2021	147,246,000
Sep 2021	147,712,000
Oct 2021	148,569,000
Nov 2021	149,206,000
Dec 2021	149,781,000
Jan 2022	150,006,000
Feb 2022	150,875,000
Mar 2022	151,346,000
Apr 2022	151,651,000
May 2022	151,892,000
Jun 2022	152,353,000
Jul 2022	153,049,000
Aug 2022	153,286,000
Sep 2022	153,513,000
Oct 2022	153,913,000
Nov 2022	154,210,000
Dec 2022	154,336,000
Jan 2023	154,780,000
Feb 2023	155,086,000
Mar 2023	155,171,000
Apr 2023	155,387,000
May 2023	155,614,000
Jun 2023	155,871,000
Jul 2023	156,019,000
Aug 2023	156,176,000
Sep 2023	156,334,000
Oct 2023	156,520,000
Nov 2023	156,661,000
Dec 2023	156,930,000
Jan 2024	157,049,000
Feb 2024	157,271,000
Mar 2024	157,517,000
Apr 2024	157,635,000
May 2024	157,828,000
Jun 2024	157,915,000
Jul 2024	158,003,000
Aug 2024	158,074,000
Sep 2024	158,314,000
Oct 2024	158,358,000
Nov 2024	158,619,000
Dec 2024	158,942,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Chart 2. Over-the-month change in total nonfarm employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	225,000	380,000
Feb 2022	869,000	380,000
Mar 2022	471,000	380,000
Apr 2022	305,000	380,000
May 2022	241,000	380,000
Jun 2022	461,000	380,000
Jul 2022	696,000	380,000
Aug 2022	237,000	380,000
Sep 2022	227,000	380,000
Oct 2022	400,000	380,000
Nov 2022	297,000	380,000
Dec 2022	126,000	380,000
Jan 2023	444,000	216,000
Feb 2023	306,000	216,000
Mar 2023	85,000	216,000
Apr 2023	216,000	216,000
May 2023	227,000	216,000
Jun 2023	257,000	216,000
Jul 2023	148,000	216,000
Aug 2023	157,000	216,000
Sep 2023	158,000	216,000
Oct 2023	186,000	216,000
Nov 2023	141,000	216,000
Dec 2023	269,000	216,000
Jan 2024	119,000	168,000
Feb 2024	222,000	168,000
Mar 2024	246,000	168,000
Apr 2024	118,000	168,000
May 2024	193,000	168,000
Jun 2024	87,000	168,000
Jul 2024	88,000	168,000
Aug 2024	71,000	168,000
Sep 2024	240,000	168,000
Oct 2024	44,000	168,000
Nov 2024	261,000	168,000
Dec 2024	323,000	168,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Most major industry sectors added jobs in 2024. Employment rose in private education and health services (+999,000), government (+453,000), leisure and hospitality (+251,000), construction (+190,000), other services (+96,000), and with transportation and warehousing (+136,000) growing faster than it did in 2023. Despite the strong employment growth in 2024, growth across most major industry sectors was weaker than in 2023, except in transportation and warehousing, in information, and in professional and business services. (See chart 3.) Manufacturing employment fell (-105,000), while employment in the other major sectors—mining and logging, retail trade, information, and financial activities—changed little over the year.

Chart 3. Over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment, by industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Mining and logging	11,000	-13,000
Construction	207,000	190,000
Manufacturing	-24,000	-105,000
Wholesale trade	75,900	40,700
Retail trade	28,100	-6,200
Transportation and warehousing	-13,600	135,600
Utilities	16,300	8,400
Information	-125,000	-18,000
Financial activities	35,000	30,000
Professional and business services	-127,000	-50,000
Private education and health services	1,155,000	999,000
Leisure and hospitality	487,000	251,000
Other services	134,000	96,000
Government	734,000	453,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Hours and earnings

Average weekly hours for all private-sector employees fell by 0.2 hour, to 34.2 in 2024, below prepandemic levels. (See chart 4.) Average weekly hours for the 81 percent of private-sector workers in production and nonsupervisory roles changed little, down 0.1 hour to 33.7, and returned to near prepandemic levels.

Chart 4. Average weekly hours, all private sector employees and production employees, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	All employees	Production employees	2016–19 monthly average for all employees	2016–19 monthly average for production employees
Jan 2014	34.4	33.5	34.4	33.6
Feb 2014	34.3	33.4	34.4	33.6
Mar 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Apr 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
May 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jun 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jul 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Aug 2014	34.6	33.7	34.4	33.6
Sep 2014	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Oct 2014	34.6	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2014	34.6	33.8	34.4	33.6
Dec 2014	34.6	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jan 2015	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Feb 2015	34.6	33.8	34.4	33.6
Mar 2015	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Apr 2015	34.5	33.6	34.4	33.6
May 2015	34.5	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jun 2015	34.5	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jul 2015	34.6	33.7	34.4	33.6
Aug 2015	34.6	33.8	34.4	33.6
Sep 2015	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Oct 2015	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2015	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Dec 2015	34.5	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jan 2016	34.6	33.7	34.4	33.6
Feb 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Mar 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Apr 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
May 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jun 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jul 2016	34.5	33.6	34.4	33.6
Aug 2016	34.3	33.5	34.4	33.6
Sep 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Oct 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Nov 2016	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Dec 2016	34.4	33.5	34.4	33.6
Jan 2017	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Feb 2017	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Mar 2017	34.3	33.5	34.4	33.6
Apr 2017	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
May 2017	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jun 2017	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jul 2017	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Aug 2017	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Sep 2017	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Oct 2017	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2017	34.5	33.8	34.4	33.6
Dec 2017	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jan 2018	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Feb 2018	34.5	33.8	34.4	33.6
Mar 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Apr 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
May 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jun 2018	34.6	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jul 2018	34.5	33.8	34.4	33.6
Aug 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Sep 2018	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Oct 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2018	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Dec 2018	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jan 2019	34.5	33.8	34.4	33.6
Feb 2019	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Mar 2019	34.5	33.7	34.4	33.6
Apr 2019	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
May 2019	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jun 2019	34.4	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jul 2019	34.4	33.5	34.4	33.6
Aug 2019	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Sep 2019	34.4	33.6	34.4	33.6
Oct 2019	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Nov 2019	34.3	33.5	34.4	33.6
Dec 2019	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Jan 2020	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Feb 2020	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Mar 2020	34.1	33.5	34.4	33.6
Apr 2020	34.2	33.5	34.4	33.6
May 2020	34.7	34.1	34.4	33.6
Jun 2020	34.6	34.0	34.4	33.6
Jul 2020	34.6	34.0	34.4	33.6
Aug 2020	34.7	34.1	34.4	33.6
Sep 2020	34.7	34.1	34.4	33.6
Oct 2020	34.8	34.2	34.4	33.6
Nov 2020	34.8	34.3	34.4	33.6
Dec 2020	34.8	34.2	34.4	33.6
Jan 2021	35.0	34.4	34.4	33.6
Feb 2021	34.6	34.0	34.4	33.6
Mar 2021	34.9	34.4	34.4	33.6
Apr 2021	35.0	34.4	34.4	33.6
May 2021	34.9	34.3	34.4	33.6
Jun 2021	34.8	34.3	34.4	33.6
Jul 2021	34.8	34.3	34.4	33.6
Aug 2021	34.7	34.2	34.4	33.6
Sep 2021	34.8	34.2	34.4	33.6
Oct 2021	34.7	34.2	34.4	33.6
Nov 2021	34.8	34.2	34.4	33.6
Dec 2021	34.8	34.2	34.4	33.6
Jan 2022	34.5	33.9	34.4	33.6
Feb 2022	34.7	34.2	34.4	33.6
Mar 2022	34.6	34.1	34.4	33.6
Apr 2022	34.7	34.1	34.4	33.6
May 2022	34.6	34.1	34.4	33.6
Jun 2022	34.6	34.0	34.4	33.6
Jul 2022	34.6	34.1	34.4	33.6
Aug 2022	34.5	34.0	34.4	33.6
Sep 2022	34.5	34.0	34.4	33.6
Oct 2022	34.6	34.0	34.4	33.6
Nov 2022	34.5	33.9	34.4	33.6
Dec 2022	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jan 2023	34.6	34.1	34.4	33.6
Feb 2023	34.4	34.0	34.4	33.6
Mar 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Apr 2023	34.4	33.9	34.4	33.6
May 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jun 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jul 2023	34.3	33.8	34.4	33.6
Aug 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Sep 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Oct 2023	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Dec 2023	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Jan 2024	34.2	33.5	34.4	33.6
Feb 2024	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Mar 2024	34.4	33.8	34.4	33.6
Apr 2024	34.2	33.7	34.4	33.6
May 2024	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jun 2024	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Jul 2024	34.2	33.7	34.4	33.6
Aug 2024	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Sep 2024	34.2	33.7	34.4	33.6
Oct 2024	34.3	33.7	34.4	33.6
Nov 2024	34.3	33.6	34.4	33.6
Dec 2024	34.2	33.7	34.4	33.6
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Average hourly earnings of all employees on private-sector payrolls rose by 4.0 percent in 2024, to $35.68, and continued to outpace growth in the Consumer Price Index. Average hourly earnings of production and nonsupervisory workers on private-sector payrolls increased by 4.0 percent over the year, to $30.67. Average hourly earnings adjusted for inflation (real earnings) grew by 1.1 percent for all employees and 1.3 percent for production and nonsupervisory employees in 2024. (See chart 5.) Although real average hourly earnings rose 1.1 percent, the decline in average weekly hours caused real average weekly earnings to rise more slowly—by 0.5 percent in 2024.

Chart 5. Over-the-year percent change in average hourly earnings, nominal and real, for all employees and the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Total private earnings	CPI-U	Real earnings
Jan 2014	2.0	1.6	0.5
Feb 2014	2.4	1.1	1.3
Mar 2014	2.1	1.6	0.5
Apr 2014	2.0	2.0	-0.1
May 2014	2.1	2.2	0.0
Jun 2014	2.1	2.1	0.0
Jul 2014	2.1	2.0	0.1
Aug 2014	2.2	1.7	0.4
Sep 2014	2.0	1.7	0.4
Oct 2014	2.0	1.6	0.4
Nov 2014	2.1	1.2	0.9
Dec 2014	1.9	0.7	1.3
Jan 2015	2.1	-0.2	2.3
Feb 2015	1.9	-0.1	2.0
Mar 2015	2.2	0.0	2.2
Apr 2015	2.3	-0.1	2.4
May 2015	2.3	0.0	2.3
Jun 2015	2.1	0.2	1.9
Jul 2015	2.2	0.2	1.9
Aug 2015	2.2	0.2	2.0
Sep 2015	2.3	0.0	2.2
Oct 2015	2.5	0.1	2.4
Nov 2015	2.4	0.4	1.9
Dec 2015	2.5	0.6	1.8
Jan 2016	2.5	1.2	1.3
Feb 2016	2.3	0.8	1.4
Mar 2016	2.4	0.9	1.5
Apr 2016	2.6	1.2	1.3
May 2016	2.4	1.1	1.3
Jun 2016	2.6	1.1	1.5
Jul 2016	2.7	0.9	1.8
Aug 2016	2.5	1.1	1.4
Sep 2016	2.6	1.5	1.1
Oct 2016	2.8	1.7	1.0
Nov 2016	2.6	1.7	0.8
Dec 2016	2.7	2.1	0.7
Jan 2017	2.5	2.5	-0.1
Feb 2017	2.7	2.8	-0.1
Mar 2017	2.6	2.4	0.2
Apr 2017	2.5	2.2	0.4
May 2017	2.5	1.9	0.6
Jun 2017	2.5	1.6	0.8
Jul 2017	2.6	1.7	0.8
Aug 2017	2.6	1.9	0.7
Sep 2017	2.8	2.2	0.6
Oct 2017	2.3	2.0	0.4
Nov 2017	2.5	2.2	0.3
Dec 2017	2.7	2.1	0.6
Jan 2018	2.8	2.2	0.7
Feb 2018	2.6	2.3	0.4
Mar 2018	2.8	2.3	0.5
Apr 2018	2.8	2.5	0.3
May 2018	2.9	2.8	0.2
Jun 2018	2.9	2.8	0.1
Jul 2018	2.8	2.9	0.0
Aug 2018	3.2	2.6	0.5
Sep 2018	3.1	2.3	0.7
Oct 2018	3.3	2.5	0.7
Nov 2018	3.4	2.1	1.2
Dec 2018	3.5	2.0	1.4
Jan 2019	3.3	1.5	1.7
Feb 2019	3.6	1.5	2.0
Mar 2019	3.4	1.9	1.5
Apr 2019	3.3	2.0	1.3
May 2019	3.3	1.8	1.5
Jun 2019	3.4	1.7	1.8
Jul 2019	3.4	1.8	1.6
Aug 2019	3.4	1.7	1.7
Sep 2019	3.1	1.7	1.4
Oct 2019	3.1	1.7	1.4
Nov 2019	3.3	2.1	1.2
Dec 2019	3.0	2.3	0.6
Jan 2020	3.0	2.6	0.5
Feb 2020	3.1	2.3	0.7
Mar 2020	3.5	1.5	2.0
Apr 2020	8.1	0.3	7.7
May 2020	6.6	0.2	6.4
Jun 2020	5.1	0.7	4.3
Jul 2020	4.9	1.0	3.8
Aug 2020	4.8	1.3	3.5
Sep 2020	4.8	1.4	3.4
Oct 2020	4.7	1.2	3.4
Nov 2020	4.6	1.2	3.4
Dec 2020	5.4	1.3	4.0
Jan 2021	5.2	1.4	3.8
Feb 2021	5.4	1.7	3.6
Mar 2021	4.5	2.6	1.8
Apr 2021	0.6	4.1	-3.3
May 2021	2.3	4.9	-2.5
Jun 2021	4.0	5.3	-1.2
Jul 2021	4.3	5.3	-1.0
Aug 2021	4.4	5.2	-0.8
Sep 2021	4.9	5.4	-0.4
Oct 2021	5.4	6.2	-0.8
Nov 2021	5.4	6.9	-1.3
Dec 2021	5.0	7.2	-1.9
Jan 2022	5.7	7.6	-1.8
Feb 2022	5.3	7.9	-2.5
Mar 2022	5.9	8.5	-2.4
Apr 2022	5.7	8.2	-2.4
May 2022	5.6	8.5	-2.7
Jun 2022	5.4	9.0	-3.4
Jul 2022	5.5	8.4	-2.7
Aug 2022	5.4	8.2	-2.7
Sep 2022	5.1	8.2	-2.8
Oct 2022	5.0	7.8	-2.6
Nov 2022	5.1	7.1	-2.0
Dec 2022	4.9	6.4	-1.4
Jan 2023	4.5	6.3	-1.7
Feb 2023	4.7	6.0	-1.2
Mar 2023	4.6	4.9	-0.4
Apr 2023	4.6	4.9	-0.4
May 2023	4.4	4.1	0.3
Jun 2023	4.6	3.1	1.6
Jul 2023	4.6	3.3	1.3
Aug 2023	4.5	3.7	0.7
Sep 2023	4.4	3.7	0.7
Oct 2023	4.2	3.2	0.9
Nov 2023	4.1	3.1	1.0
Dec 2023	4.1	3.3	0.7
Jan 2024	4.3	3.1	1.2
Feb 2024	4.2	3.2	1.0
Mar 2024	4.2	3.5	0.7
Apr 2024	4.0	3.4	0.6
May 2024	4.1	3.2	0.8
Jun 2024	3.9	3.0	0.9
Jul 2024	3.6	2.9	0.6
Aug 2024	4.0	2.6	1.4
Sep 2024	3.9	2.4	1.4
Oct 2024	4.1	2.6	1.5
Nov 2024	4.2	2.7	1.4
Dec 2024	4.0	2.9	1.1
Note: CPI-U = Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Major industry sectors that continued to expand in 2024 but by less than in 2023

This section describes five sectors—private education and health services, government, leisure and hospitality, construction, and other services—in which employment growth in 2024 was weaker than in 2023.

Private education and health services

Employment in private education and health services grew by 999,000 in 2024, similar to—but weaker than—growth of 1.2 million in 2023.

Employment in private educational services expanded by 80,000 in 2024, over half of the 2023 growth of 151,000. (See chart 6.) Most of the employment growth came from private elementary and secondary schools, which added 38,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 34,000 jobs in 2023. The slower growth in private educational employment corresponded with a 27.3-percent rise in unemployment insurance (UI) claims among educational services workers in 2024.^²

Chart 6. Over-the-month change in private educational services employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	-3,200	4,500
Feb 2022	25,700	4,500
Mar 2022	7,600	4,500
Apr 2022	200	4,500
May 2022	7,100	4,500
Jun 2022	11,700	4,500
Jul 2022	29,900	3,700
Aug 2022	3,700	4,500
Sep 2022	-7,800	4,500
Oct 2022	3,500	4,500
Nov 2022	13,800	4,500
Dec 2022	-38,300	4,500
Jan 2023	12,500	12,600
Feb 2023	9,700	12,600
Mar 2023	3,500	12,600
Apr 2023	18,100	12,600
May 2023	37,700	12,600
Jun 2023	7,500	12,600
Jul 2023	15,100	12,600
Aug 2023	9,000	12,600
Sep 2023	2,400	12,600
Oct 2023	17,200	12,600
Nov 2023	10,700	12,600
Dec 2023	7,500	12,600
Jan 2024	18,900	6,700
Feb 2024	6,600	6,700
Mar 2024	5,300	6,700
Apr 2024	10,500	6,700
May 2024	-600	6,700
Jun 2024	4,900	6,700
Jul 2024	-400	6,700
Aug 2024	10,600	6,700
Sep 2024	19,700	6,700
Oct 2024	3,500	6,700
Nov 2024	-5,900	6,700
Dec 2024	7,300	6,700
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Health care added 674,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 675,000 jobs in 2023. (See chart 7.) All three major health care components—ambulatory health care services (+330,000), hospitals (+209,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+135,000)—continued to add jobs in 2024.

Chart 7. Over-the-month change in health care employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	8,100	47,600
Feb 2022	52,900	47,600
Mar 2022	28,500	47,600
Apr 2022	44,700	47,600
May 2022	40,700	47,600
Jun 2022	54,900	47,600
Jul 2022	71,400	47,600
Aug 2022	53,400	47,600
Sep 2022	49,900	47,600
Oct 2022	65,000	47,600
Nov 2022	47,400	47,600
Dec 2022	54,500	47,600
Jan 2023	61,600	56,000
Feb 2023	41,000	56,200
Mar 2023	39,900	56,200
Apr 2023	37,000	56,200
May 2023	54,400	56,200
Jun 2023	61,900	56,200
Jul 2023	76,300	56,200
Aug 2023	72,900	56,200
Sep 2023	50,900	56,200
Oct 2023	52,200	56,200
Nov 2023	77,400	56,200
Dec 2023	49,300	56,200
Jan 2024	62,400	56,200
Feb 2024	63,900	56,200
Mar 2024	70,000	56,200
Apr 2024	59,600	56,200
May 2024	58,800	56,200
Jun 2024	46,900	56,200
Jul 2024	46,100	56,200
Aug 2024	37,900	56,200
Sep 2024	53,600	56,200
Oct 2024	62,000	56,200
Nov 2024	64,000	56,200
Dec 2024	48,800	56,200
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment growth was widespread within ambulatory health care services, as employment rose in home health care services (+162,000), offices of physicians (+77,000), and offices of other health practitioners (+65,000).^³ (See chart 8.)

Chart 8. Over-the-year change in ambulatory health care employment, by component industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Offices of physicians	75,700	77,200
Offices of dentists	11,800	11,900
Offices of other health practitioners	75,900	65,400
Outpatient care centers	51,000	19,200
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	-1,700	-11,000
Home health care services	92,100	162,100
Other ambulatory health care services	12,000	4,900
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Hospitals added 209,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 185,000 jobs in 2023.

Nursing and residential care facilities ended 2024 just shy of recovering from its pandemic-related job losses. The industry lost 422,000 jobs from its most recent employment peak in October 2019 to its most recent employment trough in January 2022. (See chart 9.)

Chart 9. Employment in nursing and residential care facilities, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Employment
Jan 2014	3,246,000
Feb 2014	3,249,000
Mar 2014	3,252,000
Apr 2014	3,255,000
May 2014	3,258,000
Jun 2014	3,256,000
Jul 2014	3,256,000
Aug 2014	3,259,000
Sep 2014	3,261,000
Oct 2014	3,266,000
Nov 2014	3,268,000
Dec 2014	3,272,000
Jan 2015	3,282,000
Feb 2015	3,279,000
Mar 2015	3,278,000
Apr 2015	3,284,000
May 2015	3,285,000
Jun 2015	3,287,000
Jul 2015	3,293,000
Aug 2015	3,297,000
Sep 2015	3,302,000
Oct 2015	3,301,000
Nov 2015	3,305,000
Dec 2015	3,300,000
Jan 2016	3,303,000
Feb 2016	3,304,000
Mar 2016	3,309,000
Apr 2016	3,309,000
May 2016	3,313,000
Jun 2016	3,320,000
Jul 2016	3,328,000
Aug 2016	3,322,000
Sep 2016	3,326,000
Oct 2016	3,327,000
Nov 2016	3,329,000
Dec 2016	3,338,000
Jan 2017	3,338,000
Feb 2017	3,342,000
Mar 2017	3,342,000
Apr 2017	3,347,000
May 2017	3,349,000
Jun 2017	3,350,000
Jul 2017	3,351,000
Aug 2017	3,356,000
Sep 2017	3,346,000
Oct 2017	3,345,000
Nov 2017	3,352,000
Dec 2017	3,351,000
Jan 2018	3,357,000
Feb 2018	3,357,000
Mar 2018	3,353,000
Apr 2018	3,353,000
May 2018	3,357,000
Jun 2018	3,354,000
Jul 2018	3,351,000
Aug 2018	3,354,000
Sep 2018	3,356,000
Oct 2018	3,360,000
Nov 2018	3,357,000
Dec 2018	3,365,000
Jan 2019	3,362,000
Feb 2019	3,364,000
Mar 2019	3,372,000
Apr 2019	3,373,000
May 2019	3,375,000
Jun 2019	3,374,000
Jul 2019	3,379,000
Aug 2019	3,378,000
Sep 2019	3,379,000
Oct 2019	3,382,000
Nov 2019	3,381,000
Dec 2019	3,375,000
Jan 2020	3,380,000
Feb 2020	3,378,000
Mar 2020	3,369,000
Apr 2020	3,242,000
May 2020	3,199,000
Jun 2020	3,181,000
Jul 2020	3,162,000
Aug 2020	3,144,000
Sep 2020	3,143,000
Oct 2020	3,138,000
Nov 2020	3,127,000
Dec 2020	3,114,000
Jan 2021	3,089,000
Feb 2021	3,079,000
Mar 2021	3,072,000
Apr 2021	3,054,000
May 2021	3,043,000
Jun 2021	3,031,000
Jul 2021	3,021,000
Aug 2021	3,010,000
Sep 2021	2,973,000
Oct 2021	2,970,000
Nov 2021	2,968,000
Dec 2021	2,970,000
Jan 2022	2,960,000
Feb 2022	2,970,000
Mar 2022	2,969,000
Apr 2022	2,976,000
May 2022	2,989,000
Jun 2022	2,999,000
Jul 2022	3,013,000
Aug 2022	3,026,000
Sep 2022	3,039,000
Oct 2022	3,052,000
Nov 2022	3,059,000
Dec 2022	3,067,000
Jan 2023	3,085,000
Feb 2023	3,100,000
Mar 2023	3,107,000
Apr 2023	3,120,000
May 2023	3,133,000
Jun 2023	3,149,000
Jul 2023	3,175,000
Aug 2023	3,194,000
Sep 2023	3,202,000
Oct 2023	3,216,000
Nov 2023	3,235,000
Dec 2023	3,240,000
Jan 2024	3,257,000
Feb 2024	3,268,000
Mar 2024	3,288,000
Apr 2024	3,298,000
May 2024	3,306,000
Jun 2024	3,315,000
Jul 2024	3,322,000
Aug 2024	3,324,000
Sep 2024	3,332,000
Oct 2024	3,342,000
Nov 2024	3,360,000
Dec 2024	3,375,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Social assistance added 244,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 329,000 jobs in 2023. Within the industry, job gains in 2024 were led by individual and family services (+220,000). (See chart 10.)

Chart 10. Over-the-month change in social assistance employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	-23,600	22,000
Feb 2022	34,900	22,000
Mar 2022	30,600	22,000
Apr 2022	13,300	22,000
May 2022	22,100	22,000
Jun 2022	24,400	22,000
Jul 2022	36,300	22,000
Aug 2022	24,200	22,000
Sep 2022	17,400	22,000
Oct 2022	25,900	22,000
Nov 2022	28,500	22,000
Dec 2022	29,600	22,000
Jan 2023	30,500	27,500
Feb 2023	20,700	27,500
Mar 2023	27,000	27,500
Apr 2023	26,100	27,500
May 2023	26,300	27,500
Jun 2023	20,200	27,500
Jul 2023	43,400	27,500
Aug 2023	38,100	27,500
Sep 2023	17,000	27,500
Oct 2023	24,500	27,500
Nov 2023	26,500	27,500
Dec 2023	29,100	27,500
Jan 2024	17,500	20,400
Feb 2024	25,000	20,400
Mar 2024	12,400	20,400
Apr 2024	23,900	20,400
May 2024	20,500	20,400
Jun 2024	25,400	20,400
Jul 2024	15,400	20,400
Aug 2024	15,700	20,400
Sep 2024	25,100	20,400
Oct 2024	21,900	20,400
Nov 2024	14,900	20,400
Dec 2024	26,700	20,400
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Government

Among major industry sectors, government employment growth saw the most substantial deceleration in 2024, expanding by 453,000 in 2024 after increasing by 734,000 in 2023. (See chart 11.) Job growth slowed in local government (+273,000), state government (+134,000), and federal government (+46,000) in 2024, following gains of 399,000, 242,000, and 93,000 jobs, respectively, in 2023.

Chart 11. Government employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Employment
Jan 2014	21,814,000
Feb 2014	21,825,000
Mar 2014	21,833,000
Apr 2014	21,853,000
May 2014	21,832,000
Jun 2014	21,895,000
Jul 2014	21,901,000
Aug 2014	21,855,000
Sep 2014	21,897,000
Oct 2014	21,917,000
Nov 2014	21,932,000
Dec 2014	21,947,000
Jan 2015	21,960,000
Feb 2015	21,978,000
Mar 2015	21,970,000
Apr 2015	22,005,000
May 2015	22,012,000
Jun 2015	22,015,000
Jul 2015	22,050,000
Aug 2015	22,060,000
Sep 2015	22,040,000
Oct 2015	22,056,000
Nov 2015	22,081,000
Dec 2015	22,097,000
Jan 2016	22,114,000
Feb 2016	22,138,000
Mar 2016	22,178,000
Apr 2016	22,184,000
May 2016	22,199,000
Jun 2016	22,180,000
Jul 2016	22,289,000
Aug 2016	22,284,000
Sep 2016	22,323,000
Oct 2016	22,295,000
Nov 2016	22,277,000
Dec 2016	22,304,000
Jan 2017	22,316,000
Feb 2017	22,326,000
Mar 2017	22,329,000
Apr 2017	22,335,000
May 2017	22,347,000
Jun 2017	22,360,000
Jul 2017	22,374,000
Aug 2017	22,310,000
Sep 2017	22,333,000
Oct 2017	22,361,000
Nov 2017	22,379,000
Dec 2017	22,384,000
Jan 2018	22,374,000
Feb 2018	22,419,000
Mar 2018	22,427,000
Apr 2018	22,444,000
May 2018	22,449,000
Jun 2018	22,482,000
Jul 2018	22,436,000
Aug 2018	22,468,000
Sep 2018	22,474,000
Oct 2018	22,479,000
Nov 2018	22,473,000
Dec 2018	22,511,000
Jan 2019	22,508,000
Feb 2019	22,525,000
Mar 2019	22,569,000
Apr 2019	22,619,000
May 2019	22,562,000
Jun 2019	22,604,000
Jul 2019	22,572,000
Aug 2019	22,625,000
Sep 2019	22,653,000
Oct 2019	22,670,000
Nov 2019	22,709,000
Dec 2019	22,726,000
Jan 2020	22,781,000
Feb 2020	22,857,000
Mar 2020	22,827,000
Apr 2020	21,909,000
May 2020	21,393,000
Jun 2020	21,412,000
Jul 2020	21,514,000
Aug 2020	22,000,000
Sep 2020	21,929,000
Oct 2020	21,805,000
Nov 2020	21,683,000
Dec 2020	21,678,000
Jan 2021	21,779,000
Feb 2021	21,764,000
Mar 2021	21,856,000
Apr 2021	21,909,000
May 2021	21,910,000
Jun 2021	22,004,000
Jul 2021	22,055,000
Aug 2021	22,099,000
Sep 2021	22,080,000
Oct 2021	22,043,000
Nov 2021	22,044,000
Dec 2021	22,074,000
Jan 2022	22,056,000
Feb 2022	22,041,000
Mar 2022	22,042,000
Apr 2022	22,079,000
May 2022	22,103,000
Jun 2022	22,124,000
Jul 2022	22,282,000
Aug 2022	22,269,000
Sep 2022	22,280,000
Oct 2022	22,309,000
Nov 2022	22,374,000
Dec 2022	22,373,000
Jan 2023	22,492,000
Feb 2023	22,548,000
Mar 2023	22,585,000
Apr 2023	22,634,000
May 2023	22,695,000
Jun 2023	22,782,000
Jul 2023	22,820,000
Aug 2023	22,869,000
Sep 2023	22,938,000
Oct 2023	23,007,000
Nov 2023	23,051,000
Dec 2023	23,107,000
Jan 2024	23,153,000
Feb 2024	23,224,000
Mar 2024	23,301,000
Apr 2024	23,290,000
May 2024	23,323,000
Jun 2024	23,344,000
Jul 2024	23,392,000
Aug 2024	23,430,000
Sep 2024	23,462,000
Oct 2024	23,507,000
Nov 2024	23,524,000
Dec 2024	23,560,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment in local government education continued to expand in 2024 (+109,000), adding just over half the number of jobs from the year prior (+202,000). Employment in state government education continued to trend up in 2024 (+37,000), but at a slower rate than in 2023 (+135,000).

Federal government employment rose by 46,000 in 2024, about half the pace of the 93,000 jobs added in 2023. Most of the slowdown in employment growth came from federal, except the U.S. Postal Service, which added 48,000 jobs in 2024 compared with 88,000 jobs in 2023. From its most recent trough in June 2022 to December 2024, federal government employment rose by 160,000. (See chart 12.)

Chart 12. Over-the-year change in government employment, by component, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Federal	93,000	46,000
State government education	134,900	36,600
State government, excluding education	107,000	97,300
Local government education	202,100	108,600
Local government, excluding education	197,000	164,600
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Federal government employment as a percent of total nonfarm employment reached an all-time low in December 2022, at 1.86 percent. Over the following 2 years, it rose to 1.90 percent. For comparison, this measure reached a post-World War II high in July 1952 at 5.31 percent. (See chart 13.) Note that federal government employment spikes every 10 years because of temporary hiring associated with the constitutionally mandated decennial census.

Chart 13. Federal government employment as a percent of total nonfarm employment, seasonally adjusted, January 1939–December 2024
Period	Federal government as a percent of total nonfarm employment
Jan 1939	3.05
Feb 1939	3.07
Mar 1939	3.07
Apr 1939	3.10
May 1939	3.11
Jun 1939	3.11
Jul 1939	3.14
Aug 1939	3.14
Sep 1939	3.13
Oct 1939	3.08
Nov 1939	3.10
Dec 1939	3.10
Jan 1940	3.10
Feb 1940	3.10
Mar 1940	3.12
Apr 1940	3.15
May 1940	3.16
Jun 1940	3.19
Jul 1940	3.25
Aug 1940	3.25
Sep 1940	3.27
Oct 1940	3.32
Nov 1940	3.38
Dec 1940	3.36
Jan 1941	3.48
Feb 1941	3.52
Mar 1941	3.55
Apr 1941	3.64
May 1941	3.69
Jun 1941	3.77
Jul 1941	3.82
Aug 1941	3.92
Sep 1941	4.04
Oct 1941	4.10
Nov 1941	4.21
Dec 1941	4.21
Jan 1942	4.58
Feb 1942	4.76
Mar 1942	5.01
Apr 1942	5.22
May 1942	5.37
Jun 1942	5.51
Jul 1942	5.76
Aug 1942	6.30
Sep 1942	6.37
Oct 1942	6.59
Nov 1942	6.78
Dec 1942	6.68
Jan 1943	7.01
Feb 1943	7.14
Mar 1943	7.18
Apr 1943	7.18
May 1943	7.24
Jun 1943	7.31
Jul 1943	7.27
Aug 1943	7.11
Sep 1943	7.10
Oct 1943	7.09
Nov 1943	7.12
Dec 1943	7.12
Jan 1944	7.13
Feb 1944	7.12
Mar 1944	7.14
Apr 1944	7.18
May 1944	7.21
Jun 1944	7.25
Jul 1944	7.33
Aug 1944	7.40
Sep 1944	7.45
Oct 1944	7.49
Nov 1944	7.54
Dec 1944	7.50
Jan 1945	7.48
Feb 1945	7.48
Mar 1945	7.46
Apr 1945	7.46
May 1945	7.42
Jun 1945	7.45
Jul 1945	7.47
Aug 1945	7.39
Sep 1945	7.24
Oct 1945	6.97
Nov 1945	6.80
Dec 1945	6.56
Jan 1946	6.44
Feb 1946	6.44
Mar 1946	6.19
Apr 1946	6.05
May 1946	5.88
Jun 1946	5.68
Jul 1946	5.58
Aug 1946	5.44
Sep 1946	5.28
Oct 1946	5.18
Nov 1946	5.02
Dec 1946	4.99
Jan 1947	4.92
Feb 1947	4.84
Mar 1947	4.76
Apr 1947	4.68
May 1947	4.59
Jun 1947	4.44
Jul 1947	4.36
Aug 1947	4.31
Sep 1947	4.30
Oct 1947	4.31
Nov 1947	4.31
Dec 1947	4.37
Jan 1948	4.23
Feb 1948	4.23
Mar 1948	4.22
Apr 1948	4.26
May 1948	4.24
Jun 1948	4.31
Jul 1948	4.35
Aug 1948	4.38
Sep 1948	4.41
Oct 1948	4.44
Nov 1948	4.49
Dec 1948	4.55
Jan 1949	4.53
Feb 1949	4.51
Mar 1949	4.53
Apr 1949	4.55
May 1949	4.61
Jun 1949	4.63
Jul 1949	4.66
Aug 1949	4.61
Sep 1949	4.55
Oct 1949	4.56
Nov 1949	4.49
Dec 1949	4.54
Jan 1950	4.41
Feb 1950	4.40
Mar 1950	4.64
Apr 1950	4.58
May 1950	4.36
Jun 1950	4.25
Jul 1950	4.28
Aug 1950	4.37
Sep 1950	4.45
Oct 1950	4.52
Nov 1950	4.59
Dec 1950	4.67
Jan 1951	4.71
Feb 1951	4.78
Mar 1951	4.84
Apr 1951	4.92
May 1951	5.01
Jun 1951	5.07
Jul 1951	5.13
Aug 1951	5.15
Sep 1951	5.17
Oct 1951	5.19
Nov 1951	5.20
Dec 1951	5.24
Jan 1952	5.21
Feb 1952	5.18
Mar 1952	5.19
Apr 1952	5.19
May 1952	5.21
Jun 1952	5.28
Jul 1952	5.31
Aug 1952	5.21
Sep 1952	5.16
Oct 1952	5.13
Nov 1952	5.09
Dec 1952	5.15
Jan 1953	5.04
Feb 1953	4.98
Mar 1953	4.93
Apr 1953	4.89
May 1953	4.84
Jun 1953	4.81
Jul 1953	4.76
Aug 1953	4.73
Sep 1953	4.71
Oct 1953	4.68
Nov 1953	4.69
Dec 1953	4.65
Jan 1954	4.71
Feb 1954	4.68
Mar 1954	4.70
Apr 1954	4.68
May 1954	4.69
Jun 1954	4.67
Jul 1954	4.66
Aug 1954	4.66
Sep 1954	4.66
Oct 1954	4.66
Nov 1954	4.67
Dec 1954	4.65
Jan 1955	4.61
Feb 1955	4.59
Mar 1955	4.57
Apr 1955	4.56
May 1955	4.54
Jun 1955	4.53
Jul 1955	4.51
Aug 1955	4.51
Sep 1955	4.50
Oct 1955	4.49
Nov 1955	4.45
Dec 1955	4.41
Jan 1956	4.43
Feb 1956	4.41
Mar 1956	4.40
Apr 1956	4.40
May 1956	4.40
Jun 1956	4.40
Jul 1956	4.46
Aug 1956	4.41
Sep 1956	4.43
Oct 1956	4.43
Nov 1956	4.42
Dec 1956	4.41
Jan 1957	4.43
Feb 1957	4.42
Mar 1957	4.42
Apr 1957	4.40
May 1957	4.40
Jun 1957	4.39
Jul 1957	4.38
Aug 1957	4.37
Sep 1957	4.37
Oct 1957	4.35
Nov 1957	4.33
Dec 1957	4.45
Jan 1958	4.38
Feb 1958	4.42
Mar 1958	4.45
Apr 1958	4.47
May 1958	4.49
Jun 1958	4.51
Jul 1958	4.50
Aug 1958	4.49
Sep 1958	4.48
Oct 1958	4.49
Nov 1958	4.42
Dec 1958	4.52
Jan 1959	4.46
Feb 1959	4.43
Mar 1959	4.41
Apr 1959	4.37
May 1959	4.35
Jun 1959	4.35
Jul 1959	4.34
Aug 1959	4.37
Sep 1959	4.37
Oct 1959	4.39
Nov 1959	4.39
Dec 1959	4.44
Jan 1960	4.30
Feb 1960	4.28
Mar 1960	4.63
Apr 1960	4.58
May 1960	4.38
Jun 1960	4.33
Jul 1960	4.32
Aug 1960	4.33
Sep 1960	4.34
Oct 1960	4.34
Nov 1960	4.34
Dec 1960	4.47
Jan 1961	4.39
Feb 1961	4.41
Mar 1961	4.41
Apr 1961	4.41
May 1961	4.42
Jun 1961	4.42
Jul 1961	4.43
Aug 1961	4.43
Sep 1961	4.44
Oct 1961	4.44
Nov 1961	4.42
Dec 1961	4.42
Jan 1962	4.43
Feb 1962	4.42
Mar 1962	4.42
Apr 1962	4.40
May 1962	4.41
Jun 1962	4.43
Jul 1962	4.43
Aug 1962	4.42
Sep 1962	4.41
Oct 1962	4.41
Nov 1962	4.42
Dec 1962	4.34
Jan 1963	4.42
Feb 1963	4.42
Mar 1963	4.41
Apr 1963	4.39
May 1963	4.38
Jun 1963	4.36
Jul 1963	4.35
Aug 1963	4.34
Sep 1963	4.34
Oct 1963	4.32
Nov 1963	4.31
Dec 1963	4.26
Jan 1964	4.30
Feb 1964	4.28
Mar 1964	4.27
Apr 1964	4.27
May 1964	4.26
Jun 1964	4.20
Jul 1964	4.18
Aug 1964	4.18
Sep 1964	4.17
Oct 1964	4.19
Nov 1964	4.18
Dec 1964	4.15
Jan 1965	4.15
Feb 1965	4.13
Mar 1965	4.12
Apr 1965	4.11
May 1965	4.10
Jun 1965	4.07
Jul 1965	4.08
Aug 1965	4.08
Sep 1965	4.08
Oct 1965	4.08
Nov 1965	4.09
Dec 1965	4.09
Jan 1966	4.10
Feb 1966	4.12
Mar 1966	4.14
Apr 1966	4.16
May 1966	4.18
Jun 1966	4.19
Jul 1966	4.21
Aug 1966	4.22
Sep 1966	4.24
Oct 1966	4.27
Nov 1966	4.29
Dec 1966	4.29
Jan 1967	4.30
Feb 1967	4.31
Mar 1967	4.33
Apr 1967	4.34
May 1967	4.34
Jun 1967	4.35
Jul 1967	4.35
Aug 1967	4.34
Sep 1967	4.34
Oct 1967	4.34
Nov 1967	4.31
Dec 1967	4.30
Jan 1968	4.30
Feb 1968	4.26
Mar 1968	4.25
Apr 1968	4.24
May 1968	4.23
Jun 1968	4.28
Jul 1968	4.27
Aug 1968	4.22
Sep 1968	4.19
Oct 1968	4.17
Nov 1968	4.16
Dec 1968	4.11
Jan 1969	4.19
Feb 1969	4.17
Mar 1969	4.13
Apr 1969	4.12
May 1969	4.10
Jun 1969	4.15
Jul 1969	4.11
Aug 1969	4.08
Sep 1969	4.08
Oct 1969	4.06
Nov 1969	4.05
Dec 1969	4.02
Jan 1970	4.02
Feb 1970	4.00
Mar 1970	4.09
Apr 1970	4.20
May 1970	4.10
Jun 1970	4.04
Jul 1970	3.99
Aug 1970	3.98
Sep 1970	3.99
Oct 1970	4.01
Nov 1970	4.02
Dec 1970	3.99
Jan 1971	3.98
Feb 1971	3.98
Mar 1971	3.96
Apr 1971	3.96
May 1971	3.94
Jun 1971	3.97
Jul 1971	3.98
Aug 1971	3.99
Sep 1971	3.98
Oct 1971	3.97
Nov 1971	3.95
Dec 1971	3.92
Jan 1972	3.92
Feb 1972	3.90
Mar 1972	3.87
Apr 1972	3.86
May 1972	3.83
Jun 1972	3.82
Jul 1972	3.78
Aug 1972	3.78
Sep 1972	3.78
Oct 1972	3.76
Nov 1972	3.75
Dec 1972	3.74
Jan 1973	3.71
Feb 1973	3.68
Mar 1973	3.67
Apr 1973	3.66
May 1973	3.65
Jun 1973	3.63
Jul 1973	3.59
Aug 1973	3.61
Sep 1973	3.61
Oct 1973	3.60
Nov 1973	3.59
Dec 1973	3.60
Jan 1974	3.61
Feb 1974	3.62
Mar 1974	3.62
Apr 1974	3.63
May 1974	3.63
Jun 1974	3.64
Jul 1974	3.65
Aug 1974	3.66
Sep 1974	3.66
Oct 1974	3.66
Nov 1974	3.67
Dec 1974	3.70
Jan 1975	3.72
Feb 1975	3.74
Mar 1975	3.75
Apr 1975	3.76
May 1975	3.75
Jun 1975	3.75
Jul 1975	3.76
Aug 1975	3.74
Sep 1975	3.74
Oct 1975	3.73
Nov 1975	3.72
Dec 1975	3.71
Jan 1976	3.68
Feb 1976	3.66
Mar 1976	3.64
Apr 1976	3.62
May 1976	3.61
Jun 1976	3.59
Jul 1976	3.59
Aug 1976	3.58
Sep 1976	3.57
Oct 1976	3.57
Nov 1976	3.57
Dec 1976	3.54
Jan 1977	3.53
Feb 1977	3.52
Mar 1977	3.51
Apr 1977	3.50
May 1977	3.48
Jun 1977	3.46
Jul 1977	3.44
Aug 1977	3.44
Sep 1977	3.43
Oct 1977	3.42
Nov 1977	3.41
Dec 1977	3.40
Jan 1978	3.41
Feb 1978	3.39
Mar 1978	3.37
Apr 1978	3.34
May 1978	3.33
Jun 1978	3.32
Jul 1978	3.32
Aug 1978	3.32
Sep 1978	3.32
Oct 1978	3.31
Nov 1978	3.30
Dec 1978	3.27
Jan 1979	3.28
Feb 1979	3.27
Mar 1979	3.25
Apr 1979	3.22
May 1979	3.21
Jun 1979	3.20
Jul 1979	3.20
Aug 1979	3.24
Sep 1979	3.19
Oct 1979	3.19
Nov 1979	3.19
Dec 1979	3.18
Jan 1980	3.18
Feb 1980	3.20
Mar 1980	3.25
Apr 1980	3.59
May 1980	3.42
Jun 1980	3.41
Jul 1980	3.36
Aug 1980	3.31
Sep 1980	3.25
Oct 1980	3.27
Nov 1980	3.26
Dec 1980	3.26
Jan 1981	3.25
Feb 1981	3.23
Mar 1981	3.21
Apr 1981	3.19
May 1981	3.18
Jun 1981	3.18
Jul 1981	3.18
Aug 1981	3.19
Sep 1981	3.19
Oct 1981	3.20
Nov 1981	3.20
Dec 1981	3.20
Jan 1982	3.20
Feb 1982	3.20
Mar 1982	3.20
Apr 1982	3.19
May 1982	3.17
Jun 1982	3.20
Jul 1982	3.21
Aug 1982	3.23
Sep 1982	3.22
Oct 1982	3.25
Nov 1982	3.26
Dec 1982	3.26
Jan 1983	3.28
Feb 1983	3.27
Mar 1983	3.26
Apr 1983	3.25
May 1983	3.24
Jun 1983	3.23
Jul 1983	3.22
Aug 1983	3.23
Sep 1983	3.22
Oct 1983	3.20
Nov 1983	3.18
Dec 1983	3.17
Jan 1984	3.15
Feb 1984	3.14
Mar 1984	3.13
Apr 1984	3.13
May 1984	3.12
Jun 1984	3.11
Jul 1984	3.11
Aug 1984	3.10
Sep 1984	3.10
Oct 1984	3.09
Nov 1984	3.09
Dec 1984	3.08
Jan 1985	3.08
Feb 1985	3.07
Mar 1985	3.07
Apr 1985	3.09
May 1985	3.09
Jun 1985	3.10
Jul 1985	3.10
Aug 1985	3.10
Sep 1985	3.10
Oct 1985	3.09
Nov 1985	3.09
Dec 1985	3.09
Jan 1986	3.09
Feb 1986	3.09
Mar 1986	3.09
Apr 1986	3.08
May 1986	3.07
Jun 1986	3.05
Jul 1986	3.04
Aug 1986	3.05
Sep 1986	3.05
Oct 1986	3.04
Nov 1986	3.04
Dec 1986	3.04
Jan 1987	3.04
Feb 1987	3.04
Mar 1987	3.04
Apr 1987	3.03
May 1987	3.03
Jun 1987	3.03
Jul 1987	3.02
Aug 1987	3.02
Sep 1987	3.02
Oct 1987	3.02
Nov 1987	3.02
Dec 1987	3.02
Jan 1988	3.01
Feb 1988	2.99
Mar 1988	2.98
Apr 1988	2.97
May 1988	2.95
Jun 1988	2.94
Jul 1988	2.94
Aug 1988	2.95
Sep 1988	2.96
Oct 1988	2.97
Nov 1988	2.96
Dec 1988	2.95
Jan 1989	2.95
Feb 1989	2.94
Mar 1989	2.93
Apr 1989	2.91
May 1989	2.91
Jun 1989	2.90
Jul 1989	2.90
Aug 1989	2.90
Sep 1989	2.89
Oct 1989	2.88
Nov 1989	2.87
Dec 1989	2.85
Jan 1990	2.84
Feb 1990	2.84
Mar 1990	2.91
Apr 1990	2.97
May 1990	3.13
Jun 1990	3.03
Jul 1990	2.98
Aug 1990	2.90
Sep 1990	2.86
Oct 1990	2.85
Nov 1990	2.85
Dec 1990	2.85
Jan 1991	2.84
Feb 1991	2.85
Mar 1991	2.85
Apr 1991	2.85
May 1991	2.86
Jun 1991	2.86
Jul 1991	2.89
Aug 1991	2.88
Sep 1991	2.88
Oct 1991	2.89
Nov 1991	2.89
Dec 1991	2.88
Jan 1992	2.89
Feb 1992	2.88
Mar 1992	2.88
Apr 1992	2.87
May 1992	2.87
Jun 1992	2.87
Jul 1992	2.87
Aug 1992	2.85
Sep 1992	2.85
Oct 1992	2.83
Nov 1992	2.82
Dec 1992	2.83
Jan 1993	2.82
Feb 1993	2.80
Mar 1993	2.79
Apr 1993	2.78
May 1993	2.77
Jun 1993	2.77
Jul 1993	2.77
Aug 1993	2.76
Sep 1993	2.74
Oct 1993	2.72
Nov 1993	2.71
Dec 1993	2.70
Jan 1994	2.71
Feb 1994	2.70
Mar 1994	2.69
Apr 1994	2.67
May 1994	2.66
Jun 1994	2.64
Jul 1994	2.63
Aug 1994	2.61
Sep 1994	2.60
Oct 1994	2.60
Nov 1994	2.58
Dec 1994	2.57
Jan 1995	2.55
Feb 1995	2.55
Mar 1995	2.54
Apr 1995	2.53
May 1995	2.53
Jun 1995	2.52
Jul 1995	2.51
Aug 1995	2.50
Sep 1995	2.48
Oct 1995	2.49
Nov 1995	2.47
Dec 1995	2.45
Jan 1996	2.45
Feb 1996	2.45
Mar 1996	2.44
Apr 1996	2.43
May 1996	2.42
Jun 1996	2.41
Jul 1996	2.40
Aug 1996	2.39
Sep 1996	2.38
Oct 1996	2.36
Nov 1996	2.35
Dec 1996	2.34
Jan 1997	2.34
Feb 1997	2.33
Mar 1997	2.32
Apr 1997	2.30
May 1997	2.30
Jun 1997	2.29
Jul 1997	2.26
Aug 1997	2.26
Sep 1997	2.24
Oct 1997	2.25
Nov 1997	2.25
Dec 1997	2.24
Jan 1998	2.22
Feb 1998	2.21
Mar 1998	2.21
Apr 1998	2.19
May 1998	2.19
Jun 1998	2.19
Jul 1998	2.20
Aug 1998	2.19
Sep 1998	2.19
Oct 1998	2.19
Nov 1998	2.19
Dec 1998	2.18
Jan 1999	2.17
Feb 1999	2.16
Mar 1999	2.16
Apr 1999	2.17
May 1999	2.15
Jun 1999	2.14
Jul 1999	2.14
Aug 1999	2.14
Sep 1999	2.13
Oct 1999	2.12
Nov 1999	2.12
Dec 1999	2.12
Jan 2000	2.11
Feb 2000	2.13
Mar 2000	2.19
Apr 2000	2.21
May 2000	2.46
Jun 2000	2.27
Jul 2000	2.22
Aug 2000	2.17
Sep 2000	2.07
Oct 2000	2.07
Nov 2000	2.06
Dec 2000	2.07
Jan 2001	2.07
Feb 2001	2.07
Mar 2001	2.08
Apr 2001	2.08
May 2001	2.08
Jun 2001	2.10
Jul 2001	2.11
Aug 2001	2.11
Sep 2001	2.10
Oct 2001	2.10
Nov 2001	2.10
Dec 2001	2.10
Jan 2002	2.11
Feb 2002	2.11
Mar 2002	2.11
Apr 2002	2.11
May 2002	2.12
Jun 2002	2.12
Jul 2002	2.11
Aug 2002	2.12
Sep 2002	2.12
Oct 2002	2.13
Nov 2002	2.13
Dec 2002	2.13
Jan 2003	2.14
Feb 2003	2.14
Mar 2003	2.14
Apr 2003	2.13
May 2003	2.11
Jun 2003	2.12
Jul 2003	2.12
Aug 2003	2.11
Sep 2003	2.11
Oct 2003	2.10
Nov 2003	2.09
Dec 2003	2.10
Jan 2004	2.09
Feb 2004	2.09
Mar 2004	2.08
Apr 2004	2.09
May 2004	2.07
Jun 2004	2.07
Jul 2004	2.07
Aug 2004	2.07
Sep 2004	2.07
Oct 2004	2.06
Nov 2004	2.06
Dec 2004	2.06
Jan 2005	2.05
Feb 2005	2.05
Mar 2005	2.05
Apr 2005	2.04
May 2005	2.05
Jun 2005	2.04
Jul 2005	2.03
Aug 2005	2.03
Sep 2005	2.03
Oct 2005	2.03
Nov 2005	2.03
Dec 2005	2.02
Jan 2006	2.01
Feb 2006	2.01
Mar 2006	2.01
Apr 2006	2.01
May 2006	2.01
Jun 2006	2.01
Jul 2006	2.01
Aug 2006	2.00
Sep 2006	2.00
Oct 2006	2.00
Nov 2006	1.99
Dec 2006	1.99
Jan 2007	1.99
Feb 2007	1.99
Mar 2007	1.98
Apr 2007	1.98
May 2007	1.98
Jun 2007	1.98
Jul 2007	1.98
Aug 2007	1.98
Sep 2007	1.98
Oct 2007	1.98
Nov 2007	1.98
Dec 2007	1.99
Jan 2008	1.98
Feb 2008	1.99
Mar 2008	1.99
Apr 2008	2.00
May 2008	2.00
Jun 2008	2.00
Jul 2008	2.01
Aug 2008	2.02
Sep 2008	2.02
Oct 2008	2.03
Nov 2008	2.05
Dec 2008	2.06
Jan 2009	2.08
Feb 2009	2.10
Mar 2009	2.11
Apr 2009	2.22
May 2009	2.18
Jun 2009	2.15
Jul 2009	2.16
Aug 2009	2.17
Sep 2009	2.17
Oct 2009	2.19
Nov 2009	2.19
Dec 2009	2.18
Jan 2010	2.20
Feb 2010	2.21
Mar 2010	2.25
Apr 2010	2.29
May 2010	2.61
Jun 2010	2.45
Jul 2010	2.34
Aug 2010	2.26
Sep 2010	2.20
Oct 2010	2.19
Nov 2010	2.19
Dec 2010	2.19
Jan 2011	2.20
Feb 2011	2.19
Mar 2011	2.19
Apr 2011	2.18
May 2011	2.18
Jun 2011	2.17
Jul 2011	2.17
Aug 2011	2.16
Sep 2011	2.15
Oct 2011	2.15
Nov 2011	2.14
Dec 2011	2.13
Jan 2012	2.13
Feb 2012	2.12
Mar 2012	2.11
Apr 2012	2.11
May 2012	2.11
Jun 2012	2.11
Jul 2012	2.10
Aug 2012	2.10
Sep 2012	2.10
Oct 2012	2.10
Nov 2012	2.08
Dec 2012	2.08
Jan 2013	2.07
Feb 2013	2.07
Mar 2013	2.06
Apr 2013	2.06
May 2013	2.04
Jun 2013	2.03
Jul 2013	2.02
Aug 2013	2.02
Sep 2013	2.01
Oct 2013	2.00
Nov 2013	2.00
Dec 2013	2.00
Jan 2014	1.99
Feb 2014	1.98
Mar 2014	1.98
Apr 2014	1.97
May 2014	1.97
Jun 2014	1.97
Jul 2014	1.96
Aug 2014	1.96
Sep 2014	1.96
Oct 2014	1.96
Nov 2014	1.96
Dec 2014	1.95
Jan 2015	1.95
Feb 2015	1.95
Mar 2015	1.95
Apr 2015	1.96
May 2015	1.95
Jun 2015	1.94
Jul 2015	1.94
Aug 2015	1.94
Sep 2015	1.94
Oct 2015	1.94
Nov 2015	1.94
Dec 2015	1.94
Jan 2016	1.93
Feb 2016	1.94
Mar 2016	1.94
Apr 2016	1.94
May 2016	1.94
Jun 2016	1.94
Jul 2016	1.94
Aug 2016	1.94
Sep 2016	1.94
Oct 2016	1.93
Nov 2016	1.93
Dec 2016	1.94
Jan 2017	1.93
Feb 2017	1.93
Mar 2017	1.93
Apr 2017	1.91
May 2017	1.92
Jun 2017	1.91
Jul 2017	1.91
Aug 2017	1.91
Sep 2017	1.90
Oct 2017	1.90
Nov 2017	1.89
Dec 2017	1.89
Jan 2018	1.89
Feb 2018	1.88
Mar 2018	1.88
Apr 2018	1.89
May 2018	1.88
Jun 2018	1.88
Jul 2018	1.88
Aug 2018	1.88
Sep 2018	1.88
Oct 2018	1.88
Nov 2018	1.88
Dec 2018	1.87
Jan 2019	1.87
Feb 2019	1.87
Mar 2019	1.87
Apr 2019	1.88
May 2019	1.88
Jun 2019	1.88
Jul 2019	1.87
Aug 2019	1.89
Sep 2019	1.88
Oct 2019	1.87
Nov 2019	1.87
Dec 2019	1.87
Jan 2020	1.88
Feb 2020	1.88
Mar 2020	1.91
Apr 2020	2.20
May 2020	2.16
Jun 2020	2.09
Jul 2020	2.09
Aug 2020	2.24
Sep 2020	2.20
Oct 2020	2.09
Nov 2020	2.03
Dec 2020	2.03
Jan 2021	2.02
Feb 2021	2.01
Mar 2021	2.00
Apr 2021	2.00
May 2021	1.99
Jun 2021	1.98
Jul 2021	1.97
Aug 2021	1.96
Sep 2021	1.95
Oct 2021	1.94
Nov 2021	1.94
Dec 2021	1.92
Jan 2022	1.92
Feb 2022	1.90
Mar 2022	1.90
Apr 2022	1.89
May 2022	1.88
Jun 2022	1.87
Jul 2022	1.87
Aug 2022	1.87
Sep 2022	1.86
Oct 2022	1.86
Nov 2022	1.86
Dec 2022	1.86
Jan 2023	1.86
Feb 2023	1.86
Mar 2023	1.87
Apr 2023	1.87
May 2023	1.87
Jun 2023	1.88
Jul 2023	1.88
Aug 2023	1.88
Sep 2023	1.89
Oct 2023	1.89
Nov 2023	1.89
Dec 2023	1.89
Jan 2024	1.90
Feb 2024	1.90
Mar 2024	1.90
Apr 2024	1.90
May 2024	1.90
Jun 2024	1.90
Jul 2024	1.90
Aug 2024	1.90
Sep 2024	1.90
Oct 2024	1.90
Nov 2024	1.90
Dec 2024	1.90

Leisure and hospitality

Employment in leisure and hospitality rose by 251,000 in 2024, weaker than its gain of 487,000 in 2023. Growth in all three major leisure and hospitality components slowed in 2024 as consumer confidence maintained the same level, albeit with greater volatility compared with 2023.^⁴ (See chart 14.) In addition, UI claims for accommodation and food services workers rose 7.2 percent over the year.^⁵

Chart 14. Leisure and hospitality employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Employment
Jan 2014	14,489,000
Feb 2014	14,509,000
Mar 2014	14,564,000
Apr 2014	14,614,000
May 2014	14,670,000
Jun 2014	14,693,000
Jul 2014	14,703,000
Aug 2014	14,725,000
Sep 2014	14,768,000
Oct 2014	14,811,000
Nov 2014	14,849,000
Dec 2014	14,892,000
Jan 2015	14,915,000
Feb 2015	14,972,000
Mar 2015	14,981,000
Apr 2015	15,023,000
May 2015	15,103,000
Jun 2015	15,108,000
Jul 2015	15,168,000
Aug 2015	15,201,000
Sep 2015	15,279,000
Oct 2015	15,316,000
Nov 2015	15,374,000
Dec 2015	15,406,000
Jan 2016	15,454,000
Feb 2016	15,494,000
Mar 2016	15,535,000
Apr 2016	15,562,000
May 2016	15,583,000
Jun 2016	15,639,000
Jul 2016	15,679,000
Aug 2016	15,725,000
Sep 2016	15,785,000
Oct 2016	15,780,000
Nov 2016	15,826,000
Dec 2016	15,845,000
Jan 2017	15,874,000
Feb 2017	15,917,000
Mar 2017	15,941,000
Apr 2017	16,006,000
May 2017	16,046,000
Jun 2017	16,087,000
Jul 2017	16,122,000
Aug 2017	16,150,000
Sep 2017	16,140,000
Oct 2017	16,133,000
Nov 2017	16,160,000
Dec 2017	16,183,000
Jan 2018	16,209,000
Feb 2018	16,231,000
Mar 2018	16,239,000
Apr 2018	16,226,000
May 2018	16,261,000
Jun 2018	16,310,000
Jul 2018	16,329,000
Aug 2018	16,343,000
Sep 2018	16,325,000
Oct 2018	16,356,000
Nov 2018	16,361,000
Dec 2018	16,412,000
Jan 2019	16,488,000
Feb 2019	16,494,000
Mar 2019	16,504,000
Apr 2019	16,527,000
May 2019	16,507,000
Jun 2019	16,512,000
Jul 2019	16,522,000
Aug 2019	16,602,000
Sep 2019	16,673,000
Oct 2019	16,722,000
Nov 2019	16,761,000
Dec 2019	16,805,000
Jan 2020	16,823,000
Feb 2020	16,889,000
Mar 2020	16,158,000
Apr 2020	8,719,000
May 2020	9,947,000
Jun 2020	11,777,000
Jul 2020	12,415,000
Aug 2020	12,573,000
Sep 2020	13,065,000
Oct 2020	13,303,000
Nov 2020	13,260,000
Dec 2020	12,798,000
Jan 2021	12,804,000
Feb 2021	13,134,000
Mar 2021	13,289,000
Apr 2021	13,556,000
May 2021	13,774,000
Jun 2021	14,081,000
Jul 2021	14,504,000
Aug 2021	14,610,000
Sep 2021	14,743,000
Oct 2021	14,955,000
Nov 2021	15,083,000
Dec 2021	15,239,000
Jan 2022	15,328,000
Feb 2022	15,454,000
Mar 2022	15,515,000
Apr 2022	15,611,000
May 2022	15,674,000
Jun 2022	15,778,000
Jul 2022	15,925,000
Aug 2022	15,977,000
Sep 2022	16,047,000
Oct 2022	16,144,000
Nov 2022	16,200,000
Dec 2022	16,241,000
Jan 2023	16,354,000
Feb 2023	16,424,000
Mar 2023	16,441,000
Apr 2023	16,478,000
May 2023	16,505,000
Jun 2023	16,581,000
Jul 2023	16,610,000
Aug 2023	16,635,000
Sep 2023	16,636,000
Oct 2023	16,685,000
Nov 2023	16,724,000
Dec 2023	16,728,000
Jan 2024	16,720,000
Feb 2024	16,735,000
Mar 2024	16,772,000
Apr 2024	16,768,000
May 2024	16,791,000
Jun 2024	16,783,000
Jul 2024	16,792,000
Aug 2024	16,818,000
Sep 2024	16,869,000
Oct 2024	16,878,000
Nov 2024	16,932,000
Dec 2024	16,979,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment in food services and drinking places rose by 130,000 in 2024, compared with 250,000 in 2023. Within food services and drinking places, restaurants and other eating places added 104,000 jobs in 2024, down from 168,000 in 2023. (See chart 15.) This slowdown aligned with the National Restaurant Association’s Current Situation Index, which stood below 100 for most of 2024.^⁶

Chart 15. Over-the-year change in leisure and hospitality employment, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	157,200	92,700
Accommodation	79,900	28,600
Food services and drinking places	250,400	129,500
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Accommodation is the only industry within leisure and hospitality that had not recovered its pandemic-related job losses by the end of 2024; employment in accommodation ended the year 159,000 below its February 2020 level. (See chart 16.) Traditional traveler accommodation firms continued to face headwinds from changing consumer preferences and competition from vacation rental companies.^⁷ Within accommodation, employment in traveler accommodation slowed to growth of 33,000 in 2024, compared with 78,000 in 2023, and employment in hotels (except casino hotels) and motels slowed to growth of 25,000 in 2024, compared with 69,000 in 2023.

Chart 16. Employment in accommodation, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Accommodation
Jan 2014	1,877,700
Feb 2014	1,879,600
Mar 2014	1,885,800
Apr 2014	1,889,500
May 2014	1,895,400
Jun 2014	1,898,300
Jul 2014	1,893,400
Aug 2014	1,896,300
Sep 2014	1,900,200
Oct 2014	1,900,700
Nov 2014	1,903,100
Dec 2014	1,908,300
Jan 2015	1,916,600
Feb 2015	1,918,800
Mar 2015	1,918,300
Apr 2015	1,914,900
May 2015	1,924,600
Jun 2015	1,909,900
Jul 2015	1,919,100
Aug 2015	1,921,100
Sep 2015	1,929,400
Oct 2015	1,932,100
Nov 2015	1,937,500
Dec 2015	1,939,400
Jan 2016	1,943,100
Feb 2016	1,950,700
Mar 2016	1,946,700
Apr 2016	1,948,600
May 2016	1,948,000
Jun 2016	1,956,700
Jul 2016	1,966,500
Aug 2016	1,969,600
Sep 2016	1,973,400
Oct 2016	1,967,700
Nov 2016	1,978,400
Dec 2016	1,982,900
Jan 2017	1,986,100
Feb 2017	1,991,800
Mar 2017	1,997,500
Apr 2017	2,005,900
May 2017	2,007,000
Jun 2017	2,007,300
Jul 2017	2,005,500
Aug 2017	2,003,900
Sep 2017	2,004,600
Oct 2017	2,006,500
Nov 2017	2,013,700
Dec 2017	2,013,500
Jan 2018	2,016,600
Feb 2018	2,019,700
Mar 2018	2,023,300
Apr 2018	2,023,500
May 2018	2,029,500
Jun 2018	2,034,700
Jul 2018	2,041,500
Aug 2018	2,045,200
Sep 2018	2,049,700
Oct 2018	2,043,100
Nov 2018	2,045,000
Dec 2018	2,049,500
Jan 2019	2,065,200
Feb 2019	2,074,100
Mar 2019	2,073,200
Apr 2019	2,072,200
May 2019	2,068,700
Jun 2019	2,071,700
Jul 2019	2,076,500
Aug 2019	2,081,100
Sep 2019	2,082,200
Oct 2019	2,092,800
Nov 2019	2,095,100
Dec 2019	2,118,200
Jan 2020	2,111,300
Feb 2020	2,107,800
Mar 2020	2,046,100
Apr 2020	1,199,100
May 2020	1,056,600
Jun 2020	1,240,000
Jul 2020	1,250,800
Aug 2020	1,264,500
Sep 2020	1,350,500
Oct 2020	1,358,500
Nov 2020	1,364,200
Dec 2020	1,318,500
Jan 2021	1,298,500
Feb 2021	1,319,400
Mar 2021	1,336,200
Apr 2021	1,392,900
May 2021	1,406,600
Jun 2021	1,463,100
Jul 2021	1,542,600
Aug 2021	1,574,600
Sep 2021	1,601,800
Oct 2021	1,627,000
Nov 2021	1,649,300
Dec 2021	1,671,200
Jan 2022	1,670,700
Feb 2022	1,701,800
Mar 2022	1,714,400
Apr 2022	1,758,200
May 2022	1,771,000
Jun 2022	1,785,600
Jul 2022	1,800,400
Aug 2022	1,803,200
Sep 2022	1,804,500
Oct 2022	1,824,400
Nov 2022	1,840,000
Dec 2022	1,840,000
Jan 2023	1,853,900
Feb 2023	1,866,800
Mar 2023	1,868,400
Apr 2023	1,871,000
May 2023	1,878,000
Jun 2023	1,908,200
Jul 2023	1,910,700
Aug 2023	1,912,900
Sep 2023	1,915,000
Oct 2023	1,917,500
Nov 2023	1,916,500
Dec 2023	1,919,900
Jan 2024	1,919,300
Feb 2024	1,919,900
Mar 2024	1,921,900
Apr 2024	1,929,600
May 2024	1,929,500
Jun 2024	1,927,200
Jul 2024	1,931,800
Aug 2024	1,935,000
Sep 2024	1,942,700
Oct 2024	1,943,000
Nov 2024	1,943,300
Dec 2024	1,948,500
Source: U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Within arts, entertainment, and recreation, employment growth in performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries was weaker in 2024 (+33,000) than in 2023 (+65,000); and amusement, gambling, and recreation industries added fewer jobs in 2024 (+53,000) than in 2023 (+82,000). (See chart 17.)

Chart 17. Over-the-year change in arts, entertainment, and recreation employment, by component industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	64,600	32,900
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	10,800	6,500
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	81,800	53,300
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Construction

Construction employment expanded by 190,000 in 2024, similar to the growth of 207,000 in 2023. (See chart 18.) All major component industries within construction added jobs. Growth in 2024 was concentrated in specialty trade contractors, which added 112,000 jobs, while construction of buildings added 44,000 jobs and heavy and civil engineering construction added 35,000 jobs.

Chart 18. Over-the-month change in construction employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	-15,000	24,000
Feb 2022	81,000	24,000
Mar 2022	28,000	24,000
Apr 2022	4,000	24,000
May 2022	38,000	24,000
Jun 2022	23,000	24,000
Jul 2022	29,000	24,000
Aug 2022	10,000	24,000
Sep 2022	28,000	24,000
Oct 2022	19,000	24,000
Nov 2022	18,000	24,000
Dec 2022	28,000	24,000
Jan 2023	30,000	17,000
Feb 2023	25,000	17,000
Mar 2023	-16,000	17,000
Apr 2023	24,000	17,000
May 2023	10,000	17,000
Jun 2023	41,000	17,000
Jul 2023	8,000	17,000
Aug 2023	25,000	17,000
Sep 2023	10,000	17,000
Oct 2023	27,000	17,000
Nov 2023	9,000	17,000
Dec 2023	14,000	17,000
Jan 2024	14,000	16,000
Feb 2024	23,000	16,000
Mar 2024	34,000	16,000
Apr 2024	3,000	16,000
May 2024	15,000	16,000
Jun 2024	15,000	16,000
Jul 2024	11,000	16,000
Aug 2024	23,000	16,000
Sep 2024	30,000	16,000
Oct 2024	1,000	16,000
Nov 2024	6,000	16,000
Dec 2024	15,000	16,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Most of the employment growth within specialty trade contractors came from the nonresidential component as employment growth in the residential component (+18,000) fell off its pace from 2023 (+46,000). Nonresidential specialty trade contractors added 93,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 73,000 jobs in 2023. (See chart 19.) This employment growth came as the total nonresidential value of construction put in place—a measure of the value of construction installed or erected at the site during a given period—rose 5.0 percent in 2024 and 23.2 percent in 2023.^⁸ Specifically, the value of construction put in place in the manufacturing sector rose 88.5 percent in those 2 years—from $125 billion in 2022 to $236 billion in 2024. (See table 1.) By comparison, the residential value of construction put in place rose by 6.7 percent in 2024, offsetting a 2023 decrease.

Chart 19. Over-the-year change in construction employment, by component industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Construction of buildings	34,500	44,200
Residential building construction	-1,500	24,500
Nonresidential building construction	36,000	19,700
Heavy and civil engineering construction	53,500	34,600
Specialty trade contractors	118,200	111,600
Residential specialty trade contractors	45,700	18,400
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	72,500	93,200
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 1. Over-the-year change in value of construction put in place, by industry, 2023 and 2024
Sector and industry	2023	2023	2024	2024
Sector and industry	Dollars (millions)	Year-over-year change (in percent)	Dollars (millions)	Year-over-year change (in percent)
Total construction	2,076,174	9.1	2,194,752	5.7
Residential	881,252	-5.5	940,671	6.7
Nonresidential	1,194,922	23.2	1,254,081	5.0
Lodging	25,897	28.0	24,353	-6.0
Office	103,158	8.2	104,374	1.2
Commercial	151,468	15.2	132,345	-12.6
Health care	66,634	14.7	69,036	3.6
Educational	123,067	18.3	138,223	12.3
Religious	3,912	22.7	4,219	7.8
Public safety	14,610	24.7	18,622	27.5
Amusement and recreation	37,195	18.0	40,963	10.1
Transportation	65,155	7.0	65,683	0.8
Communication	28,501	17.0	29,553	3.7
Power	151,105	24.3	155,898	3.2
Highway and street	139,746	20.8	144,406	3.3
Sewage and waste disposal	42,093	26.6	46,136	9.6
Water supply	28,084	16.7	32,887	17.1
Conservation and development	11,838	26.0	11,653	-1.6
Manufacturing	202,460	61.9	235,730	16.4
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Other services

Employment in other services rose by 96,000 in 2024 following an increase of 134,000 in 2023. (See chart 20.)

Chart 20. Over-the-year change in other services employment, by component industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Repair and maintenance	41,200	5,300
Personal and laundry services	45,200	47,800
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	47,500	43,700
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Personal and laundry services and religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations added a combined 92,000 jobs in 2024 after adding 93,000 jobs in 2023. The slowdown in employment growth in 2024 was concentrated in the third component of other services, repair and maintenance, which changed little in 2024 after expanding by 41,000 in 2023. The slowdown in repair and maintenance was concentrated in automotive repair and maintenance.

Sectors, and their component industries, that improved upon job growth in 2024 compared with 2023

This section describes three sectors—transportation and warehousing, information, and professional and business services—in which employment changes in 2024 were stronger than in 2023. Transportation and warehousing was the only sector to experience job growth acceleration from 2023 to 2024, while information and professional and business services both lost jobs in 2024, though at a slower rate than in 2023.

Transportation and warehousing

Employment in transportation and warehousing grew by 136,000 in 2024 after changing little in 2023. (See chart 21.) In 2024, business applications in the industry were down slightly from 2023 but still about 50 percent higher than the 2019 prepandemic average.^⁹

Chart 21. Over-the-month change in transportation and warehousing employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	50,300	12,700
Feb 2022	73,200	12,700
Mar 2022	28,700	12,700
Apr 2022	18,300	12,700
May 2022	15,100	12,700
Jun 2022	7,700	12,700
Jul 2022	3,700	12,700
Aug 2022	-19,400	12,700
Sep 2022	-19,800	12,700
Oct 2022	13,600	12,700
Nov 2022	-10,800	12,700
Dec 2022	-8,200	12,700
Jan 2023	28,800	-1,100
Feb 2023	-39,200	-1,100
Mar 2023	-3,900	-1,100
Apr 2023	-3,000	-1,100
May 2023	17,800	-1,100
Jun 2023	-10,800	-1,100
Jul 2023	-8,400	-1,100
Aug 2023	-25,500	-1,100
Sep 2023	10,800	-1,100
Oct 2023	19,400	-1,100
Nov 2023	-4,500	-1,100
Dec 2023	4,900	-1,100
Jan 2024	-3,800	11,300
Feb 2024	30,300	11,300
Mar 2024	12,000	11,300
Apr 2024	17,600	11,300
May 2024	9,600	11,300
Jun 2024	7,900	11,300
Jul 2024	100	11,300
Aug 2024	1,700	11,300
Sep 2024	7,100	11,300
Oct 2024	-9,000	11,300
Nov 2024	27,700	11,300
Dec 2024	34,400	11,300
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Transportation and warehousing employment growth in 2024 was concentrated in couriers and messengers (+79,000). Employment strength in couriers and messengers corresponded with the continued rise of online shopping. In 2024, e-commerce sales expanded by 8.5 percent (to $300 billion) and represented 16.2 percent of total retail sales by the end of the year.^¹⁰

Transit and ground passenger transportation added 30,000 jobs in 2024, continuing to recover its pandemic-related job losses. (See chart 22.)

Chart 22. Employment in transit and ground passenger transportation, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Transit and ground transportation
Jan 2014	465,400
Feb 2014	467,700
Mar 2014	471,100
Apr 2014	468,100
May 2014	468,300
Jun 2014	466,100
Jul 2014	475,000
Aug 2014	481,800
Sep 2014	477,800
Oct 2014	479,200
Nov 2014	481,700
Dec 2014	481,600
Jan 2015	484,900
Feb 2015	480,600
Mar 2015	482,400
Apr 2015	482,400
May 2015	484,800
Jun 2015	484,500
Jul 2015	488,800
Aug 2015	489,800
Sep 2015	485,100
Oct 2015	485,400
Nov 2015	484,800
Dec 2015	487,000
Jan 2016	485,500
Feb 2016	484,900
Mar 2016	489,800
Apr 2016	491,900
May 2016	492,800
Jun 2016	487,600
Jul 2016	495,000
Aug 2016	503,400
Sep 2016	486,000
Oct 2016	487,300
Nov 2016	490,400
Dec 2016	488,000
Jan 2017	491,700
Feb 2017	494,100
Mar 2017	495,000
Apr 2017	490,000
May 2017	501,300
Jun 2017	498,100
Jul 2017	495,200
Aug 2017	488,700
Sep 2017	498,700
Oct 2017	496,800
Nov 2017	493,800
Dec 2017	494,000
Jan 2018	493,300
Feb 2018	495,600
Mar 2018	494,900
Apr 2018	493,800
May 2018	495,200
Jun 2018	501,700
Jul 2018	493,200
Aug 2018	493,100
Sep 2018	491,600
Oct 2018	492,000
Nov 2018	494,200
Dec 2018	496,000
Jan 2019	494,400
Feb 2019	496,700
Mar 2019	499,400
Apr 2019	502,600
May 2019	501,500
Jun 2019	503,900
Jul 2019	484,100
Aug 2019	482,800
Sep 2019	488,700
Oct 2019	489,300
Nov 2019	491,700
Dec 2019	492,600
Jan 2020	494,900
Feb 2020	491,400
Mar 2020	485,300
Apr 2020	305,800
May 2020	302,500
Jun 2020	304,600
Jul 2020	321,500
Aug 2020	327,800
Sep 2020	333,100
Oct 2020	362,500
Nov 2020	362,700
Dec 2020	351,900
Jan 2021	347,400
Feb 2021	355,300
Mar 2021	368,800
Apr 2021	371,000
May 2021	376,300
Jun 2021	379,200
Jul 2021	390,100
Aug 2021	384,500
Sep 2021	378,700
Oct 2021	390,600
Nov 2021	392,700
Dec 2021	394,300
Jan 2022	396,300
Feb 2022	401,800
Mar 2022	403,200
Apr 2022	405,200
May 2022	408,300
Jun 2022	409,500
Jul 2022	419,000
Aug 2022	415,900
Sep 2022	415,000
Oct 2022	416,200
Nov 2022	418,200
Dec 2022	422,000
Jan 2023	430,900
Feb 2023	425,700
Mar 2023	429,300
Apr 2023	413,900
May 2023	433,300
Jun 2023	435,900
Jul 2023	441,200
Aug 2023	445,500
Sep 2023	444,100
Oct 2023	446,500
Nov 2023	450,200
Dec 2023	454,700
Jan 2024	457,200
Feb 2024	461,400
Mar 2024	465,600
Apr 2024	468,000
May 2024	471,600
Jun 2024	473,100
Jul 2024	466,800
Aug 2024	469,800
Sep 2024	481,700
Oct 2024	484,800
Nov 2024	486,300
Dec 2024	485,000
Source: U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Employment in warehousing and storage, the largest component of transportation and warehousing, stabilized in 2024. (See chart 23.) After shrinking by 39,000 in 2023, employment did not change markedly in 2024. This stagnation should be contextualized, however, because a total of 570,000 warehousing and storage jobs were added in 2020 and 2021. From 2020 to 2024, employment growth averaged 112,000 per year, similar to the 101,000 average annual growth from 2015 to 2019. In other words, despite the strong growth in the 2 years immediately after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, average growth over the past 5 years is in line with earlier trends. Labor productivity fell in 2023 and 2024, continuing a trend that started around 2013.^¹¹

Chart 23. Employment in warehousing and storage, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Warehousing and storage
Jan 2014	729,000
Feb 2014	731,800
Mar 2014	736,900
Apr 2014	740,800
May 2014	747,800
Jun 2014	753,700
Jul 2014	760,300
Aug 2014	764,800
Sep 2014	767,000
Oct 2014	769,000
Nov 2014	776,000
Dec 2014	777,600
Jan 2015	786,400
Feb 2015	797,700
Mar 2015	803,800
Apr 2015	809,600
May 2015	817,400
Jun 2015	829,100
Jul 2015	840,800
Aug 2015	847,100
Sep 2015	854,500
Oct 2015	864,600
Nov 2015	871,600
Dec 2015	882,100
Jan 2016	890,900
Feb 2016	897,400
Mar 2016	905,300
Apr 2016	914,400
May 2016	921,800
Jun 2016	927,500
Jul 2016	935,900
Aug 2016	941,900
Sep 2016	949,300
Oct 2016	956,400
Nov 2016	964,500
Dec 2016	975,200
Jan 2017	979,000
Feb 2017	983,100
Mar 2017	987,400
Apr 2017	998,900
May 2017	1,008,400
Jun 2017	1,020,800
Jul 2017	1,029,200
Aug 2017	1,039,700
Sep 2017	1,049,500
Oct 2017	1,062,400
Nov 2017	1,077,300
Dec 2017	1,088,200
Jan 2018	1,093,400
Feb 2018	1,106,300
Mar 2018	1,116,500
Apr 2018	1,125,300
May 2018	1,136,200
Jun 2018	1,138,500
Jul 2018	1,141,900
Aug 2018	1,149,100
Sep 2018	1,157,100
Oct 2018	1,166,900
Nov 2018	1,166,600
Dec 2018	1,168,000
Jan 2019	1,173,500
Feb 2019	1,178,600
Mar 2019	1,177,200
Apr 2019	1,197,700
May 2019	1,210,900
Jun 2019	1,224,900
Jul 2019	1,240,600
Aug 2019	1,250,000
Sep 2019	1,258,600
Oct 2019	1,262,600
Nov 2019	1,272,500
Dec 2019	1,283,800
Jan 2020	1,305,900
Feb 2020	1,323,800
Mar 2020	1,344,600
Apr 2020	1,263,500
May 2020	1,298,200
Jun 2020	1,377,800
Jul 2020	1,386,600
Aug 2020	1,442,800
Sep 2020	1,473,600
Oct 2020	1,504,000
Nov 2020	1,562,000
Dec 2020	1,573,300
Jan 2021	1,587,500
Feb 2021	1,602,600
Mar 2021	1,616,800
Apr 2021	1,629,800
May 2021	1,643,900
Jun 2021	1,669,800
Jul 2021	1,698,800
Aug 2021	1,726,700
Sep 2021	1,755,900
Oct 2021	1,797,600
Nov 2021	1,830,900
Dec 2021	1,854,000
Jan 2022	1,875,000
Feb 2022	1,924,600
Mar 2022	1,943,100
Apr 2022	1,942,100
May 2022	1,941,100
Jun 2022	1,936,200
Jul 2022	1,920,700
Aug 2022	1,902,900
Sep 2022	1,888,600
Oct 2022	1,888,500
Nov 2022	1,880,400
Dec 2022	1,868,500
Jan 2023	1,858,100
Feb 2023	1,850,200
Mar 2023	1,825,600
Apr 2023	1,836,600
May 2023	1,833,700
Jun 2023	1,827,300
Jul 2023	1,821,100
Aug 2023	1,819,800
Sep 2023	1,822,400
Oct 2023	1,822,100
Nov 2023	1,823,100
Dec 2023	1,829,300
Jan 2024	1,835,400
Feb 2024	1,839,000
Mar 2024	1,844,500
Apr 2024	1,849,200
May 2024	1,849,600
Jun 2024	1,851,900
Jul 2024	1,856,900
Aug 2024	1,856,600
Sep 2024	1,850,800
Oct 2024	1,843,800
Nov 2024	1,844,400
Dec 2024	1,844,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Air transportation employment increased by 7,000 in 2024 after rising by 32,000 in 2023. The number of U.S. passengers enplanements reached a new high in 2024, but enplanements growth also tapered over the year.^¹² Although employment growth slackened over the year, businesses continued to make capital investments. In 2024, the value of construction put in place for air transportation rose 6.5 percent and the value of construction put in place for transportation equipment rose 26.4 percent.^¹³

Information

Information employment changed little in 2024 (-18,000) after falling by 125,000 in 2023. (See chart 24.)

Chart 24. Over-the-month change in information employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	23,000	11,000
Feb 2022	10,000	11,000
Mar 2022	30,000	11,000
Apr 2022	12,000	11,000
May 2022	23,000	11,000
Jun 2022	22,000	11,000
Jul 2022	14,000	11,000
Aug 2022	-3,000	11,000
Sep 2022	2,000	11,000
Oct 2022	1,000	11,000
Nov 2022	10,000	11,000
Dec 2022	-18,000	11,000
Jan 2023	-25,000	-10,000
Feb 2023	-10,000	-10,000
Mar 2023	4,000	-10,000
Apr 2023	-6,000	-10,000
May 2023	-15,000	-10,000
Jun 2023	-11,000	-10,000
Jul 2023	-23,000	-10,000
Aug 2023	-26,000	-10,000
Sep 2023	-2,000	-10,000
Oct 2023	-26,000	-10,000
Nov 2023	5,000	-10,000
Dec 2023	10,000	-10,000
Jan 2024	4,000	-2,000
Feb 2024	-3,000	-2,000
Mar 2024	-4,000	-2,000
Apr 2024	-7,000	-2,000
May 2024	1,000	-2,000
Jun 2024	0	-2,000
Jul 2024	-17,000	-2,000
Aug 2024	-7,000	-2,000
Sep 2024	0	-2,000
Oct 2024	-7,000	-2,000
Nov 2024	5,000	-2,000
Dec 2024	17,000	-2,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Within information, employment continued to fall in broadcasting and content providers (-14,000) and in telecommunications (-13,000), while downward trends in motion picture and sound recording industries and in publishing industries leveled off in 2024.

Professional and business services

Employment in professional and business services changed little in 2024 (-50,000) after falling by 127,000 in 2023. (See chart 25.) Among the component industries, architectural, engineering, and related services (+54,000); services to buildings and dwellings (+49,000); and waste management and remediation services (+17,000) added jobs. Employment continued to decline in temporary help services (-159,000)—but by a smaller amount than it had in 2023 (-286,000)—and in business support services (-48,000).

Chart 25. Over-the-year change in professional and business services employment, by select component industry, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Professional, scientific, and technical services	127,000	61,700
Architectural, engineering, and related services	39,900	54,200
Management of companies and enterprises	26,100	6,900
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation	-279,700	-118,600
Temporary help services	-286,300	-159,300
Business support services	-44,400	-47,800
Services to buildings and dwellings	45,900	49,200
Waste management and remediation services	12,200	17,300
Note: The professional, scientific, and technical services industry and the administrative and support and waste management and remediation industry both include other industries not shown separately here. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

In 2024, employment in professional, technical, and scientific services continued to trend up (+62,000), albeit at half the pace of the 2023 gain (+127,000).

Temporary help services lost 159,000 jobs in 2024, contributing to a total loss of 624,000 jobs from its most recent employment peak in March 2022 to December 2024. (See chart 26.) Capital recently became more expensive for establishments in administrative and support services—a higher level industry that includes temporary help services—as unit capital costs rose 25.3 percent in 2023 alone.^¹⁴ As job losses in the temporary help services industry slowed in 2024, the fall in average weekly hours also leveled off. After falling by 2.1 hours over the prior 3 years, average weekly hours in temporary help services changed little in 2024.

Chart 26. Employment in temporary help services, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	Employment
Jan 2014	2,676,000
Feb 2014	2,703,000
Mar 2014	2,715,000
Apr 2014	2,727,000
May 2014	2,737,000
Jun 2014	2,751,000
Jul 2014	2,768,000
Aug 2014	2,787,000
Sep 2014	2,808,000
Oct 2014	2,809,000
Nov 2014	2,816,000
Dec 2014	2,833,000
Jan 2015	2,838,000
Feb 2015	2,839,000
Mar 2015	2,843,000
Apr 2015	2,850,000
May 2015	2,873,000
Jun 2015	2,885,000
Jul 2015	2,885,000
Aug 2015	2,887,000
Sep 2015	2,883,000
Oct 2015	2,895,000
Nov 2015	2,894,000
Dec 2015	2,932,000
Jan 2016	2,889,000
Feb 2016	2,886,000
Mar 2016	2,886,000
Apr 2016	2,879,000
May 2016	2,862,000
Jun 2016	2,878,000
Jul 2016	2,882,000
Aug 2016	2,879,000
Sep 2016	2,901,000
Oct 2016	2,895,000
Nov 2016	2,903,000
Dec 2016	2,907,000
Jan 2017	2,909,000
Feb 2017	2,904,000
Mar 2017	2,911,000
Apr 2017	2,908,000
May 2017	2,934,000
Jun 2017	2,947,000
Jul 2017	2,955,000
Aug 2017	2,955,000
Sep 2017	2,947,000
Oct 2017	2,962,000
Nov 2017	2,965,000
Dec 2017	2,968,000
Jan 2018	2,972,000
Feb 2018	2,983,000
Mar 2018	2,987,000
Apr 2018	2,994,000
May 2018	2,995,000
Jun 2018	2,996,000
Jul 2018	2,996,000
Aug 2018	2,999,000
Sep 2018	3,000,000
Oct 2018	3,001,000
Nov 2018	2,994,000
Dec 2018	2,979,000
Jan 2019	2,953,000
Feb 2019	2,941,000
Mar 2019	2,936,000
Apr 2019	2,954,000
May 2019	2,960,000
Jun 2019	2,965,000
Jul 2019	2,962,000
Aug 2019	2,974,000
Sep 2019	2,982,000
Oct 2019	2,963,000
Nov 2019	2,951,000
Dec 2019	2,937,000
Jan 2020	2,917,000
Feb 2020	2,888,000
Mar 2020	2,868,000
Apr 2020	1,950,000
May 2020	2,030,000
Jun 2020	2,224,000
Jul 2020	2,361,000
Aug 2020	2,478,000
Sep 2020	2,499,000
Oct 2020	2,595,000
Nov 2020	2,676,000
Dec 2020	2,750,000
Jan 2021	2,816,000
Feb 2021	2,845,000
Mar 2021	2,886,000
Apr 2021	2,797,000
May 2021	2,794,000
Jun 2021	2,852,000
Jul 2021	2,886,000
Aug 2021	2,889,000
Sep 2021	2,894,000
Oct 2021	3,021,000
Nov 2021	3,050,000
Dec 2021	3,097,000
Jan 2022	3,087,000
Feb 2022	3,161,000
Mar 2022	3,176,000
Apr 2022	3,116,000
May 2022	3,103,000
Jun 2022	3,094,000
Jul 2022	3,083,000
Aug 2022	3,070,000
Sep 2022	3,067,000
Oct 2022	3,061,000
Nov 2022	3,036,000
Dec 2022	2,997,000
Jan 2023	2,975,000
Feb 2023	2,962,000
Mar 2023	2,931,000
Apr 2023	2,910,000
May 2023	2,893,000
Jun 2023	2,858,000
Jul 2023	2,824,000
Aug 2023	2,798,000
Sep 2023	2,766,000
Oct 2023	2,754,000
Nov 2023	2,735,000
Dec 2023	2,711,000
Jan 2024	2,700,000
Feb 2024	2,685,000
Mar 2024	2,676,000
Apr 2024	2,666,000
May 2024	2,646,000
Jun 2024	2,620,000
Jul 2024	2,594,000
Aug 2024	2,574,000
Sep 2024	2,556,000
Oct 2024	2,520,000
Nov 2024	2,550,000
Dec 2024	2,552,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Other major industry sectors

This section describes manufacturing, which lost jobs in 2024 after changing little in 2023, and retail trade, which changed little in 2024 and in 2023.

Manufacturing

Manufacturing employment fell by 105,000 in 2024 after changing little in 2023. (See chart 27.) From its most recent employment peak in February 2023 to December 2024, manufacturing lost 140,000 jobs. While manufacturing employment trended downward, manufacturing inventory-to-shipments ratios remained elevated, indicating manufacturers were meeting demand with fewer workers.^¹⁵ In addition, claims from manufacturing workers for UI benefits rose to 183,000 in 2024 compared with 157,000 in 2023.^¹⁶

Chart 27. Over-the-month change in manufacturing employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	28,000	30,000
Feb 2022	48,000	30,000
Mar 2022	68,000	30,000
Apr 2022	49,000	30,000
May 2022	14,000	30,000
Jun 2022	29,000	30,000
Jul 2022	32,000	30,000
Aug 2022	26,000	30,000
Sep 2022	22,000	30,000
Oct 2022	35,000	30,000
Nov 2022	13,000	30,000
Dec 2022	-7,000	30,000
Jan 2023	8,000	-2,000
Feb 2023	3,000	-2,000
Mar 2023	-10,000	-2,000
Apr 2023	-1,000	-2,000
May 2023	-15,000	-2,000
Jun 2023	3,000	-2,000
Jul 2023	-14,000	-2,000
Aug 2023	-7,000	-2,000
Sep 2023	13,000	-2,000
Oct 2023	-33,000	-2,000
Nov 2023	22,000	-2,000
Dec 2023	7,000	-2,000
Jan 2024	1,000	-9,000
Feb 2024	-13,000	-9,000
Mar 2024	-15,000	-9,000
Apr 2024	9,000	-9,000
May 2024	2,000	-9,000
Jun 2024	-10,000	-9,000
Jul 2024	1,000	-9,000
Aug 2024	-40,000	-9,000
Sep 2024	0	-9,000
Oct 2024	-50,000	-9,000
Nov 2024	20,000	-9,000
Dec 2024	-10,000	-9,000
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

In 2024, most of the weakness in manufacturing came from employment in durable goods manufacturing, which fell by 113,000 after changing little in 2023. Within durable goods manufacturing, employment in computer and electronic product manufacturing fell by 28,000 in 2024 after declining by 17,000 in 2023, even as shipments and new orders for computers and related products rose, depleting inventories.^¹⁷ In addition, employment in machinery manufacturing decreased by 17,000 in 2024 after changing little in 2023, and employment in transportation equipment manufacturing trended down after increasing by 38,000 in 2023. (See chart 28.)

Chart 28. Over-the-year change in durable goods manufacturing employment, by component, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Wood product manufacturing	-9,900	-2,000
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	-300	4,500
Primary metal manufacturing	2,700	-2,000
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	500	-14,400
Machinery manufacturing	4,200	-17,200
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	-16,700	-28,000
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	5,200	-10,900
Transportation equipment manufacturing	37,700	-21,700
Furniture and related product manufacturing	-17,400	-12,700
Miscellaneous manufacturing	-8,200	-8,600
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

While employment in motor vehicles and parts manufacturing—a component of transportation equipment manufacturing—changed little over the year, a 25,000-job contraction in the final 5 months of the year corresponded with a 5.6-percent drop in inventories among wholesale motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies wholesalers.^¹⁸ Even after this drop, the December 2024 inventory-to-sales ratio for these wholesalers stood above its long-term average, suggesting that wholesalers were having trouble moving the inventory they already have and reducing demand for manufacturers’ output.^¹⁹ The inventory-to-sales ratio of motor vehicle and parts dealers is around the long-term average, but the inventory backlog further down the supply chain may have contributed to the 1.8-percent drop in new and used motor vehicles prices in 2024.^²⁰

Average weekly hours in manufacturing edged up by 0.2 hour to 40.1 for all employees and rose by 0.6 hour to 40.9 for production workers in 2024. Both hours measures have trended down since 2018. (See chart 29.)

Chart 29. Average weekly hours, manufacturing, seasonally adjusted, January 2014–December 2024
Period	All employees	Production employees	Monthly average for all employees, 2016–2019	Monthly average for production employees, 2016–2019
Jan 2014	40.7	41.6	40.7	41.9
Feb 2014	40.7	41.6	40.7	41.9
Mar 2014	41.0	42.0	40.7	41.9
Apr 2014	40.9	41.9	40.7	41.9
May 2014	41.1	42.1	40.7	41.9
Jun 2014	41.1	42.1	40.7	41.9
Jul 2014	40.9	42.0	40.7	41.9
Aug 2014	41.0	42.0	40.7	41.9
Sep 2014	41.0	42.1	40.7	41.9
Oct 2014	41.0	42.1	40.7	41.9
Nov 2014	41.1	42.2	40.7	41.9
Dec 2014	41.0	42.1	40.7	41.9
Jan 2015	40.9	42.0	40.7	41.9
Feb 2015	40.9	41.9	40.7	41.9
Mar 2015	40.8	41.8	40.7	41.9
Apr 2015	40.8	41.8	40.7	41.9
May 2015	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Jun 2015	40.6	41.8	40.7	41.9
Jul 2015	40.8	41.8	40.7	41.9
Aug 2015	40.9	41.8	40.7	41.9
Sep 2015	40.6	41.8	40.7	41.9
Oct 2015	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Nov 2015	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Dec 2015	40.6	41.8	40.7	41.9
Jan 2016	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Feb 2016	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Mar 2016	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Apr 2016	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
May 2016	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Jun 2016	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Jul 2016	40.7	42.0	40.7	41.9
Aug 2016	40.7	41.8	40.7	41.9
Sep 2016	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Oct 2016	40.8	42.0	40.7	41.9
Nov 2016	40.6	41.9	40.7	41.9
Dec 2016	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Jan 2017	40.8	41.9	40.7	41.9
Feb 2017	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Mar 2017	40.6	41.8	40.7	41.9
Apr 2017	40.8	42.0	40.7	41.9
May 2017	40.8	41.9	40.7	41.9
Jun 2017	40.9	42.0	40.7	41.9
Jul 2017	40.9	41.9	40.7	41.9
Aug 2017	40.8	42.0	40.7	41.9
Sep 2017	40.7	41.9	40.7	41.9
Oct 2017	41.0	42.0	40.7	41.9
Nov 2017	41.0	42.1	40.7	41.9
Dec 2017	40.8	41.8	40.7	41.9
Jan 2018	40.8	41.9	40.7	41.9
Feb 2018	41.0	42.3	40.7	41.9
Mar 2018	40.9	42.2	40.7	41.9
Apr 2018	41.1	42.4	40.7	41.9
May 2018	40.9	42.1	40.7	41.9
Jun 2018	41.0	42.2	40.7	41.9
Jul 2018	41.0	42.2	40.7	41.9
Aug 2018	40.9	42.1	40.7	41.9
Sep 2018	40.8	42.0	40.7	41.9
Oct 2018	40.8	42.1	40.7	41.9
Nov 2018	40.8	41.9	40.7	41.9
Dec 2018	40.9	42.1	40.7	41.9
Jan 2019	40.8	42.0	40.7	41.9
Feb 2019	40.6	41.7	40.7	41.9
Mar 2019	40.7	41.7	40.7	41.9
Apr 2019	40.6	41.6	40.7	41.9
May 2019	40.6	41.6	40.7	41.9
Jun 2019	40.7	41.7	40.7	41.9
Jul 2019	40.4	41.5	40.7	41.9
Aug 2019	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Sep 2019	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Oct 2019	40.3	41.4	40.7	41.9
Nov 2019	40.5	41.4	40.7	41.9
Dec 2019	40.5	41.4	40.7	41.9
Jan 2020	40.3	41.3	40.7	41.9
Feb 2020	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Mar 2020	40.3	41.2	40.7	41.9
Apr 2020	38.0	38.4	40.7	41.9
May 2020	38.7	39.4	40.7	41.9
Jun 2020	39.1	39.9	40.7	41.9
Jul 2020	39.8	40.7	40.7	41.9
Aug 2020	40.1	41.0	40.7	41.9
Sep 2020	40.2	41.2	40.7	41.9
Oct 2020	40.5	41.4	40.7	41.9
Nov 2020	40.4	41.3	40.7	41.9
Dec 2020	40.2	41.5	40.7	41.9
Jan 2021	40.4	41.6	40.7	41.9
Feb 2021	40.2	41.4	40.7	41.9
Mar 2021	40.5	41.6	40.7	41.9
Apr 2021	40.5	41.6	40.7	41.9
May 2021	40.4	41.5	40.7	41.9
Jun 2021	40.3	41.3	40.7	41.9
Jul 2021	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Aug 2021	40.4	41.4	40.7	41.9
Sep 2021	40.5	41.4	40.7	41.9
Oct 2021	40.3	41.3	40.7	41.9
Nov 2021	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Dec 2021	40.5	41.5	40.7	41.9
Jan 2022	40.2	41.2	40.7	41.9
Feb 2022	40.6	41.5	40.7	41.9
Mar 2022	40.6	41.5	40.7	41.9
Apr 2022	40.4	41.3	40.7	41.9
May 2022	40.4	41.1	40.7	41.9
Jun 2022	40.3	40.9	40.7	41.9
Jul 2022	40.4	41.0	40.7	41.9
Aug 2022	40.3	40.9	40.7	41.9
Sep 2022	40.3	41.0	40.7	41.9
Oct 2022	40.4	41.0	40.7	41.9
Nov 2022	40.2	40.9	40.7	41.9
Dec 2022	40.2	40.6	40.7	41.9
Jan 2023	40.5	41.0	40.7	41.9
Feb 2023	40.3	40.7	40.7	41.9
Mar 2023	40.2	40.6	40.7	41.9
Apr 2023	40.1	40.7	40.7	41.9
May 2023	40.1	40.7	40.7	41.9
Jun 2023	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Jul 2023	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Aug 2023	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Sep 2023	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Oct 2023	40.0	40.8	40.7	41.9
Nov 2023	39.9	40.6	40.7	41.9
Dec 2023	39.9	40.3	40.7	41.9
Jan 2024	39.9	40.2	40.7	41.9
Feb 2024	40.0	40.6	40.7	41.9
Mar 2024	40.0	40.6	40.7	41.9
Apr 2024	40.1	40.6	40.7	41.9
May 2024	40.2	40.9	40.7	41.9
Jun 2024	40.2	40.8	40.7	41.9
Jul 2024	40.0	40.6	40.7	41.9
Aug 2024	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Sep 2024	40.0	40.7	40.7	41.9
Oct 2024	39.9	40.5	40.7	41.9
Nov 2024	40.1	40.7	40.7	41.9
Dec 2024	40.1	40.9	40.7	41.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Retail trade

Employment in retail trade changed little in 2024 after changing little in 2023. (See chart 30.) An employment expansion of 48,000 in general merchandise retailers, which includes both department stores (+28,000) and warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers (+20,000), mostly offset contractions in building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers (-46,000) and in furniture and home furnishings retailers (-9,000). (See chart 31.)

Chart 30. Over-the-month change in retail trade employment, seasonally adjusted, January 2022–December 2024
Period	Over-the-month change	Annual average
Jan 2022	13,700	10,100
Feb 2022	144,300	10,100
Mar 2022	-6,700	10,100
Apr 2022	-58,400	10,100
May 2022	-60,900	10,100
Jun 2022	60,100	10,100
Jul 2022	14,900	10,100
Aug 2022	26,400	10,100
Sep 2022	-26,100	10,100
Oct 2022	200	10,100
Nov 2022	-900	10,100
Dec 2022	14,800	10,100
Jan 2023	23,300	2,300
Feb 2023	61,700	2,300
Mar 2023	-25,300	2,300
Apr 2023	-15,800	2,300
May 2023	-700	2,300
Jun 2023	-11,200	2,300
Jul 2023	-2,500	2,300
Aug 2023	-8,400	2,300
Sep 2023	-4,900	2,300
Oct 2023	2,300	2,300
Nov 2023	-56,000	2,300
Dec 2023	65,600	2,300
Jan 2024	-22,900	-500
Feb 2024	9,400	-500
Mar 2024	15,100	-500
Apr 2024	400	-500
May 2024	12,800	-500
Jun 2024	-21,100	-500
Jul 2024	-14,600	-500
Aug 2024	-13,300	-500
Sep 2024	13,700	-500
Oct 2024	-6,600	-500
Nov 2024	-13,500	-500
Dec 2024	34,400	-500
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The downward employment trend in furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers decelerated, with job losses of 17,000 jobs in 2024, compared with the 46,000 jobs lost in 2023. In contrast, employment in motor vehicle and parts dealers flattened in 2024 (-1,000) after trending upward in 2023 (+26,000). These changes correlate with weak sales growth for both industries.^²¹

Chart 31. Over-the-year change in retail trade employment, by select component, seasonally adjusted, 2023 and 2024
Industry	2023	2024
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	26,000	-700
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	-700	-45,900
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	-46,200	-17,000
General merchandise retailers	104,900	47,700
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Strikes in 2024

Fewer strikes of over 1,000 workers occurred in 2024 compared with 2023. To be reflected in CES employment estimates, strikes must involve 1,000 or more workers and last at least one full reference period.^²² In 2024, 6 strikes met CES criteria. (See table 2.) By comparison, 11 strikes in 2023 and 6 strikes in 2022 met CES criteria.

The longest strike in 2024 was the Screen Actors Guild–American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG–AFTRA) strike, which began on July 26, 2024 and ended June 10, 2025. Approximately 2,600 workers in motion picture and video production and software publishing were affected. The largest strike in 2024 was the Boeing Company strike in October, which involved 33,000 workers in aerospace product and parts manufacturing.

Table 2. Strikes, 2024
2024 CES reference period	Firm	Labor organization	Location	Peak number of workers	Industry
April–May	Boston University	BUGWU and SEIU	Boston, Massachusetts	3,000	Private junior colleges, colleges, universities, and professional schools
August–December	Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers	SAG–AFTRA	Nationwide	2,600	Motion picture and video production; software publishers
October	Boeing	IAM	California, Oregon, and Washington	33,000	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
October	Textron	IAM	Wichita, Kansas	5,000	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing
October–November	Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott	UNITE HERE	Hawaii and California	3,400	Hotels (except casino hotels) and motels
November–December	Kaiser Permanente	NUHW	California	2,400	Offices of physicians
Note: CES = Current Employment Statistics; BUGWU = Boston University Graduate Workers Union; SEIU = Service Employees International Union; SAG–AFTRA = Screen Actors Guild–American Federation of Television and Radio Artists; IAM = International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers; NUHW = National Union of Healthcare Workers. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Summary

In 2024, total nonfarm employment rose across most major industry sectors, although by less than in 2023. Among all major industry sectors, employment in transportation and warehousing grew even faster than it did in 2023, and employment in information and in professional and business services both had a drastic reduction in their negative trends. Manufacturing employment contracted in 2024, while retail trade employment changed little. Total private average hourly earnings rose in both real and nominal terms while average weekly hours for all employees continued to fall.

Suggested citation:

Carson Wilson, "Total nonfarm employment growth continues to slow in 2024," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, September 2025, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2025.19

Notes

^¹ The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, which provides detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, is a monthly survey of about 119,000 businesses and government agencies representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites. For more information on the program’s concepts and methodology, see “Current Employment Statistics–National,” in Handbook of Methods (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, last modified February 28, 2025), https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ces/. To access CES national data, see “Current Employment Statistics–CES (National),” https://www.bls.gov/ces. The CES data used in this article are seasonally adjusted unless otherwise noted.

^² See “December 2024” Characteristics of unemployment insurance claimants: total claimants (U.S. Department of Labor, May 6, 2025), https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/content/chariu2024/2024Dec.html.

^³ The list of industries which comprise offices of other health practitioners is available in the BLS Industry Finder. See “BLS industry finder,” Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, last modified October 5, 2023), https://data.bls.gov/cew/apps/bls_naics/v3/bls_naics_app.htm#tab=search&naics=2022&keyword=6213&searchType=all&filter=all&sort=text_asc&resultIndex=64.

^⁴ See “U.S. consumer confidence plunged again in April,” press release (The Conference Board, April 29, 2025), https://www.conference-board.org/topics/consumer-confidence/press/CCI-Apr-2025.

^⁵ See “U.S. totals,” Characteristics of the unemployment insurance claimants (U.S. Department of Labor, February 28, 2025), https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/content/chariu2024/2024Dec.html.

^⁶ See “Restaurant Performance Index remained steady in March” Restaurant Performance Index (National Restaurant Association, April 30, 2025), https://restaurant.org/NRA/media/Research/RPI/2024/RPI-March-2025.pdf.

^⁷ Terence Baker, “Lower-tier U.S. demand shifts from hotels to short-term rentals” CoStar News, September 4, 2024, https://www.costar.com/article/1190922098/lower-tier-us-demand-shifts-from-hotels-to-short-term-rentals.

^⁸ See “Definitions of construction” Construction spending (U.S. Census Bureau), https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/definitions.html#:~:text=VALUE%20OF%20CONSTRUCTION%20PUT%20IN,state%20and%20locally%20owned%20projects and “Historical value put in place” Construction spending, (U.S. Census Bureau, no date), https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/historical_data.html.

^⁹ See “Transportation and warehousing: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted business applications, 2019 to 2024,” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, 2022), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=BFS&startYear=2019&endYear=2024&categories[]=NAICSTW&dataType=BA_BA&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0#table-results.

^¹⁰ U.S. Census Bureau, “E-Commerce retail sales as a percent of total sales (ECOMPCTSA)” (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: FRED, February 19, 2025), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ECOMPCTSA.

^¹¹ “Labor productivity for warehousing and storage (NAICS 493), index (MPU0493062),” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: databases, tables and calculators by subject, June 2, 2025), https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/MPU0493062.

^¹² “Transportation as an economic indicator: seasonally-adjusted transportation data” (U.S. Department of Transportation, no date), https://data.bts.gov/stories/s/Transportation-as-an-Economic-Indicator-Seasonally/j32x-7fku.

^¹³ “Historical value put in place” Construction spending, (U.S. Census Bureau, no date), https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/historical_data.html.

^¹⁴ The temporary help services industry is a subset of the employment services industry, which in turn is a subset of the administration and support services industry. For more information on the increase in price for capital, see “Unit capital costs for administrative and support services (NAICS 561) (MPU0561222),” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: databases, tables and calculators by subject, June 2, 2025), https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/MPU0561222.

^¹⁵ “Total manufacturing: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted inventories to shipments ratios,” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 16, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/dbsearch?programCode=M3&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=MTM&dataType=IS&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0.

^¹⁶ Numbers are rounded to the nearest thousand. For more exact figures, see “U.S. totals,” Characteristics of the unemployment insurance claimants (U.S. Department of Labor, February 28, 2025), https://oui.doleta.gov/unemploy/content/chariu2024/2024Dec.html.

^¹⁷ For more information on new orders, see “Computers and related products: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted new orders (millions of dollars),” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 27, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/dbsearch?programCode=M3ADV&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=CRP&dataType=NO&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0. For inventory numbers, see “Computers and related products: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted total inventories (millions of dollars)” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 27, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/dbsearch?programCode=M3ADV&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=CRP&dataType=TI&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0.

^¹⁸ See “4231: Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted inventories—monthly (millions of dollars)” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 8, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=MWTS&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=4231&dataType=IM&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0.

^¹⁹ See “4231: Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted inventories—monthly (millions of dollars)” and “4231: Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted inventories/sales ratio” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 8, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=MWTS&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=4231&dataType=IR&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0#line087.

^²⁰ See “441: Motor vehicle and parts dealers: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted inventories/sales ratio” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 15, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=MRTS&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=441&dataType=IR&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=0 and

“New and used motor vehicles in U.S. city average, all urban consumers, seasonally adjusted, 12-month percent change (CUSR0000SETA)” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: databases, tables and calculators by subject, June 2, 2025), https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/CUSR0000SETA&series_id=CUSR0000SETA01&series_id=CUSR0000SETA02?output_view=pct_12mths&from_year=2019&to_year=2025.

^²¹ See “442: Furniture and home furnishings stores: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted sales—monthly (millions of dollars)” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 15, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=MRTS&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories[]=442&dataType=SM&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=1 and “4411,4412: Auto and other motor vehicles: U.S. total—seasonally adjusted sales—monthly (millions of dollars),” (Business and Industry, U.S. Census Bureau, May 15, 2025), https://www.census.gov/econ/currentdata/?programCode=MRTS&startYear=1992&endYear=2025&categories%5b%5d=441X&dataType=SM&geoLevel=US&adjusted=1&notAdjusted=0&errorData=1#table-results.

^²² CES defines employment as the number of persons on establishment payrolls who received pay for any part of the pay period that includes the 12th day of the month. For more information, see “Current Employment Statistics–National,” in Handbook of Methods (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, last modified February 28, 2025), https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ces/.