Collage of Idaho, Michigan, New York, Hawaii, Nevada, New Jersey, COVID-19 particle, a chart, and a briefcase with money on it

About the Author

Henry Reeve is an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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11/12/2026

Postpandemic employment recovery by industry sector and selected states

This article uses data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program to analyze employment declines as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the subsequent employment recovery, across industry sectors and selected states. Employment is indexed to February 2020 to facilitate comparisons across industry sectors and states, and the analysis extends through September 2025. Because COVID-19 infection rates and related government mandates across the United States varied, the timing and extent of employment recovery differed across industry sectors and states. This article highlights the leisure and hospitality industry sector, which experienced the most severe employment contraction and a prolonged return to its prepandemic level.

According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in some of the largest employment swings in U.S. history.¹ The first U.S. cases of COVID-19 were reported in January 2020.² By March 2020, as case numbers rose, governments implemented business closures, restricted public gatherings, and encouraged voluntary physical distancing by individuals, which resulted in substantial economic disruption. States and organizations adopted different timelines for easing restrictions, and the federal public health emergency formally ended on May 11, 2023.³

This article uses CES data to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment across major industry sectors and states. To allow relative comparisons across industry sectors and states that may have very different employment levels, the article indexes employment levels to February 2020—the month before the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on March 11, 2020.⁴ Figures are expressed in terms of percentage of this February 2020 value. For example, if employment in an industry sector was 100,000 in February 2020, the indexed value would be 100. If employment fell to 80,000, that would result in an indexed value of 80. The month of employment recovery is the first month when the indexed employment level returned to 100. This article analyzes data through September 2025.

National employment analysis

This section of the article focuses on analyzing national employment data. In April 2020, total private employment for the United States dropped to 83.8 percent of its February 2020 level. (See chart 1.) This represented a reduction of almost 21 million jobs from February 2020 to April 2020. Total private employment returned to its prepandemic level in April 2022, taking 2 years to recover from those 2 months of job losses. As of September 2025, total private employment was at 104.3 percent of its prepandemic level.

Chart 1. Employment index by major industry sector, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Total private	Mining and logging	Construction	Durable goods manufacturing	Nondurable goods manufacturing	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Private educational services	Healthcare and social assistance	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	98.9	99.1	99.1	99.6	99.5	99.7	99.4	100.4	99.7	99.8	99.6	97.3	99.4	95.7	98.5
Apr 2020	83.8	90.5	85.7	88.3	91.0	93.1	85.4	91.5	90.8	96.8	89.5	85.7	89.0	51.6	76.0
May 2020	86.3	87.0	92.0	89.9	93.1	93.3	87.8	91.8	89.7	97.0	90.4	86.4	90.8	58.9	79.9
Jun 2020	89.8	84.6	94.1	93.3	94.6	94.0	93.1	94.0	90.1	97.2	92.0	89.0	93.1	69.7	85.8
Jul 2020	91.0	83.2	94.6	93.5	94.7	93.7	94.6	95.1	90.1	97.2	92.9	89.4	94.0	73.5	88.2
Aug 2020	91.8	82.0	95.0	93.4	95.4	94.0	96.3	96.8	90.7	97.5	93.8	91.3	94.6	74.4	89.1
Sep 2020	92.6	82.0	95.3	94.0	95.7	94.4	96.5	97.9	92.6	97.8	94.3	90.0	95.2	77.4	89.9
Oct 2020	93.2	81.3	95.9	94.1	96.1	94.6	97.2	99.3	92.2	98.0	95.2	90.1	95.6	78.8	90.2
Nov 2020	93.5	81.0	96.2	94.4	96.3	94.9	97.5	101.3	92.6	98.1	95.9	90.2	95.9	78.5	90.1
Dec 2020	93.4	81.4	96.7	94.6	96.7	95.0	97.6	101.7	93.2	98.3	96.7	88.6	96.1	75.8	89.5
Jan 2021	93.6	80.3	96.7	94.5	96.6	95.1	97.7	101.9	94.4	98.3	97.4	91.0	95.8	75.8	89.6
Feb 2021	94.0	78.8	95.6	94.8	96.8	95.3	97.9	102.6	95.0	98.3	97.7	91.3	96.0	77.8	89.7
Mar 2021	94.6	80.8	97.2	95.3	97.2	95.6	98.2	104.1	95.2	98.5	98.3	92.4	96.4	78.7	89.9
Apr 2021	94.8	81.1	97.2	94.9	97.1	95.9	97.9	103.9	96.1	98.6	98.2	92.5	96.6	80.3	90.3
May 2021	95.1	81.4	97.1	95.1	97.2	96.2	97.9	104.2	96.8	98.7	98.6	93.1	96.7	81.7	90.5
Jun 2021	95.7	81.7	97.1	95.4	97.2	96.7	98.2	105.3	97.0	98.9	98.9	94.0	96.6	83.4	91.6
Jul 2021	96.3	82.0	97.6	95.9	97.6	97.1	98.2	106.4	99.0	99.3	99.7	94.9	96.7	85.8	92.6
Aug 2021	96.7	82.6	97.7	96.3	97.9	97.5	98.0	107.3	99.8	99.5	100.2	95.5	96.7	86.6	93.2
Sep 2021	97.1	82.7	98.3	96.7	98.2	97.7	98.5	108.1	100.2	99.8	100.7	95.2	96.7	87.3	93.3
Oct 2021	97.8	83.2	98.8	97.2	98.7	98.0	98.9	109.4	101.0	100.1	101.8	96.8	96.9	88.5	94.0
Nov 2021	98.2	83.6	99.4	97.4	99.2	98.4	99.3	110.7	101.6	100.4	102.5	97.2	97.0	89.2	94.3
Dec 2021	98.7	84.4	99.8	97.7	99.6	98.9	99.4	111.9	102.0	100.7	103.0	97.4	97.2	90.3	94.7
Jan 2022	98.9	84.5	99.8	98.0	99.7	99.3	99.4	112.3	102.5	100.7	103.3	97.6	97.1	90.8	94.4
Feb 2022	99.5	84.9	100.5	98.1	100.3	99.7	100.1	113.6	102.7	101.2	104.1	98.0	97.5	91.6	95.2
Mar 2022	99.9	86.1	101.1	98.7	100.6	100.3	100.1	114.1	103.7	101.5	104.7	98.4	97.8	91.9	95.2
Apr 2022	100.1	87.1	101.2	99.1	101.1	100.9	99.8	114.4	104.3	101.9	104.6	98.3	98.1	92.5	95.3
May 2022	100.3	87.7	101.7	99.1	101.3	101.3	99.4	114.7	105.1	102.0	104.7	98.4	98.4	93.0	95.5
Jun 2022	100.6	88.9	102.0	99.3	101.7	101.6	99.6	114.9	105.7	102.1	105.0	98.7	98.8	93.5	95.6
Jul 2022	101.0	89.8	102.4	99.6	101.9	101.8	99.8	115.1	106.3	102.3	105.5	99.4	99.3	94.3	96.2
Aug 2022	101.2	89.5	102.5	100.0	101.8	102.2	100.0	114.9	106.4	102.5	105.7	99.5	99.6	94.7	96.4
Sep 2022	101.4	89.8	102.9	100.2	101.9	102.3	99.9	114.7	106.4	102.5	105.9	99.6	100.0	95.0	96.6
Oct 2022	101.7	90.4	103.1	100.5	102.1	102.5	100.0	114.9	106.5	102.8	106.1	99.6	100.4	95.6	96.9
Nov 2022	101.9	91.2	103.3	100.6	102.2	102.6	100.1	114.5	107.0	103.0	106.1	99.9	100.8	95.8	97.1
Dec 2022	102.0	91.7	103.6	100.9	101.8	102.8	100.1	114.3	106.3	103.1	106.0	98.8	101.2	96.2	97.3
Jan 2023	102.2	92.7	104.2	100.9	101.8	103.1	100.2	114.5	105.2	103.1	106.1	99.4	101.6	96.8	97.5
Feb 2023	102.4	92.5	104.4	100.9	101.8	103.3	100.5	114.0	104.7	103.2	106.3	99.6	101.9	97.3	97.5
Mar 2023	102.4	92.7	104.2	100.8	101.7	103.4	100.3	113.8	104.8	103.1	106.3	99.8	102.3	97.4	97.6
Apr 2023	102.6	93.1	104.5	100.8	101.7	103.4	100.2	113.8	104.6	103.5	106.3	100.0	102.6	97.6	97.7
May 2023	102.7	93.9	104.7	100.6	101.6	103.5	100.2	114.2	104.3	103.4	106.4	101.0	102.9	97.9	98.0
Jun 2023	102.8	93.6	105.2	100.8	101.4	103.5	100.1	114.1	103.8	103.5	106.3	101.3	103.3	98.3	98.3
Jul 2023	102.9	93.9	105.3	100.8	101.2	103.7	100.1	114.1	103.1	103.6	106.0	101.5	103.9	98.4	98.5
Aug 2023	103.0	93.7	105.7	100.8	101.1	103.8	100.1	113.8	102.4	103.6	106.0	101.7	104.4	98.6	99.0
Sep 2023	103.1	93.7	105.8	100.8	101.3	103.9	100.1	114.2	102.2	103.5	105.9	102.0	104.8	98.5	99.1
Oct 2023	103.2	93.4	106.2	100.3	101.4	104.0	100.2	114.4	101.4	103.5	105.7	102.5	105.1	98.8	99.3
Nov 2023	103.2	93.0	106.3	100.7	101.3	104.1	99.9	114.4	101.8	103.4	105.5	102.8	105.7	98.8	99.5
Dec 2023	103.4	93.3	106.4	100.8	101.3	104.1	100.2	113.6	101.8	103.4	105.4	103.0	106.0	98.9	99.5
Jan 2024	103.4	92.5	106.7	100.8	101.5	103.9	100.0	113.6	101.8	103.3	105.5	103.6	106.4	99.0	99.7
Feb 2024	103.6	92.5	106.9	100.5	101.4	103.9	100.1	114.2	101.6	103.1	105.5	103.6	106.8	99.1	99.9
Mar 2024	103.7	93.0	107.3	100.4	101.3	104.0	100.1	114.4	101.4	103.1	105.3	103.9	107.2	99.4	100.2
Apr 2024	103.8	91.8	107.4	100.3	101.4	104.0	100.1	114.8	101.0	103.1	105.3	104.0	107.6	99.2	100.2
May 2024	103.9	91.2	107.4	100.2	101.3	103.7	100.1	115.0	100.7	103.1	105.4	104.1	108.0	99.1	100.3
Jun 2024	104.0	90.6	107.7	100.1	101.4	103.7	99.9	115.1	100.7	103.2	105.2	104.7	108.3	99.1	100.5
Jul 2024	104.0	90.9	107.9	100.0	101.4	103.7	99.8	115.0	100.2	103.2	105.1	104.5	108.5	99.2	100.5
Aug 2024	104.0	90.6	108.2	99.6	101.3	103.6	99.6	115.0	100.0	103.3	104.9	104.8	108.7	99.2	100.4
Sep 2024	104.2	90.9	108.5	99.5	101.2	103.5	99.6	115.3	99.8	103.3	104.9	105.7	109.2	99.3	100.4
Oct 2024	104.2	90.9	108.6	98.8	101.0	103.4	99.6	115.1	99.2	103.3	104.7	106.0	109.6	99.5	100.5
Nov 2024	104.4	91.2	108.6	99.1	100.8	103.3	99.3	115.3	99.1	103.4	104.7	106.2	109.9	99.6	100.6
Dec 2024	104.4	90.9	108.8	98.9	100.8	103.4	99.6	115.3	99.5	103.5	104.9	106.4	110.3	99.8	100.6
Jan 2025	104.5	90.9	108.6	98.7	100.7	103.1	99.6	115.4	98.9	103.6	104.6	106.4	110.5	99.7	100.7
Feb 2025	104.6	90.9	108.6	98.7	100.7	103.1	99.5	115.8	98.8	103.7	104.6	106.7	110.8	99.4	100.7
Mar 2025	104.7	90.6	108.7	98.6	100.7	102.9	99.6	115.5	98.5	103.7	104.5	106.7	111.1	99.6	100.9
Apr 2025	104.8	90.9	108.7	98.6	100.6	102.9	99.6	115.2	98.5	103.8	104.6	106.9	111.5	99.7	100.9
May 2025	104.9	90.4	108.7	98.5	100.5	103.0	99.5	115.2	98.4	103.8	104.5	106.8	111.8	99.7	101.0
Jun 2025	105.0	90.1	108.6	98.4	100.5	102.8	99.4	115.2	98.4	103.7	104.4	106.5	112.1	99.7	100.8
Jul 2025	105.1	89.2	108.6	98.4	100.2	102.7	99.4	115.3	98.3	103.7	104.3	106.6	112.5	99.8	100.9
Aug 2025	105.2	88.7	108.3	98.2	100.3	102.5	99.5	115.2	98.3	103.5	104.2	106.6	112.6	99.9	101.2
Sep 2025	105.3	88.5	108.5	98.1	100.4	102.7	99.6	114.6	98.2	103.6	104.1	106.5	112.8	100.1	101.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to contain it had varied effects on different industries. Some industries saw a large, immediate impact, especially those with a strong connection to travel or face-to-face customer service. The leisure and hospitality industry sector, which includes restaurants, hotels, and in-person recreational experiences, lost nearly half of its jobs between February and April 2020 (indexed value of 51.6). In contrast, financial activities employment saw a minimal short-term impact as it dropped to a low of 96.8 percent of its prepandemic employment in April 2020. Industries recovered from pandemic-related job losses at different speeds. As of September 2025, some industries had not fully recovered to their prepandemic level at a national level; some industries also recovered and then fell back below their prepandemic level. (See table 1.)

Table 1. Pandemic employment recovery by major industry sector
Major industry sector	Pandemic employment low (Index, February 2020 = 100.0)	Month of employment low	September 2025 employment (Index, February 2020 = 100.0)	Month of employment recovery
Mining and logging	78.8	February 2021	88.5	–
Construction	85.7	April 2020	108.5	February 2022
Durable goods manufacturing	88.3	April 2020	98.1	August 2022
Nondurable goods manufacturing	91.0	April 2020	100.4	February 2022
Wholesale trade	93.1	April 2020	102.7	March 2022
Retail trade	85.4	April 2020	99.6	February 2022
Transportation and warehousing	91.5	April 2020	114.6	November 2020
Information	89.7	May 2020	98.2	September 2021
Financial activities	96.8	April 2020	103.6	October 2021
Professional and business services	89.5	April 2020	104.1	August 2021
Private educational services	85.7	April 2020	106.5	April 2023
Healthcare and social assistance	89.0	April 2020	112.8	October 2022
Leisure and hospitality	51.6	April 2020	100.1	September 2025
Other services	76.0	April 2020	101.2	March 2024
Note: Dash indicates data not applicable. Indexes in this table are calculated using seasonally adjusted employment data. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Unlike most major industry sectors, mining and logging was losing jobs prior to the onset of the pandemic, although the pandemic accelerated its job losses. In addition, mining and logging had the longest recovery of any major industry sector. Initially, employment gradually declined and reached its lowest postpandemic level in February 2021, nearly a year after the onset of the pandemic. In July 2023, employment reached a relative high, although still below its prepandemic level as of September 2025. Since July 2023, employment continued to decline. By September 2025, it had the lowest indexed value (88.5 percent) of any industry sector compared with its prepandemic employment level. In September 2025, mining and logging employed 605,000 workers, compared with 684,000 in February 2020.

After losing 1.1 million jobs from February 2020 to April 2020, the construction industry sector recovered from its pandemic-related job losses in February 2022. By September 2025, the construction industry sector recovered all of its job losses and had grown to an employment level of 8,255,000, or 108.5 percent of its prepandemic level.

Durable goods manufacturing employment had been declining for over a year prior to the onset of the pandemic. However, the pandemic-fueled job losses were more severe than the prepandemic losses. By August 2022, durable goods employment recovered from these pandemic-related losses. By July 2024, durable goods employment slipped below its prepandemic level again, after peaking at 100.9 percent of its prepandemic employment in January 2023. Nondurable goods manufacturing employment recovered from the pandemic in February 2022 and, as of September 2025, was at 100.4 percent of its prepandemic level.

The transportation and warehousing industry sector saw the fastest employment recovery from the pandemic, returning to its prepandemic level in November 2020—the first major industry sector to do so. It continued to add jobs, and in September 2025, was at 114.6 percent of its prepandemic employment, though it peaked at 115.8 in February 2025. September 2025 represented a gain of approximately 841,000 jobs over its prepandemic level in February 2020. This increase was driven by growth in the couriers and messengers component industry, which added jobs throughout the pandemic to fulfill online shopping needs.⁵

Information employment saw a strong recovery and was second to transportation and warehousing, as of November 2022, in terms of its percentage of prepandemic employment. However, November 2022 marked an employment high and the information industry sector started losing jobs, falling from 107.0 percent of its prepandemic employment to below its prepandemic level in September 2024. As of September 2025, information was at 98.2 percent of its prepandemic employment level.

Financial activities employment saw a small impact from the pandemic, dropping to a low of 96.8 percent of its prepandemic employment in April 2020. The industry sector returned to its prepandemic employment level by October 2021, and by September 2025, was at 103.6 percent of its prepandemic level.

Leisure and hospitality—the major industry sector with the largest pandemic-related job losses—dropped to 51.6 percent of its prepandemic employment by April 2020. The industry sector lost almost 8.2 million jobs in March and April 2020. Leisure and hospitality employment initially saw a quick recovery to 78.8 percent of its prepandemic employment in October 2020 but struggled for several months. Employment dropped to 75.8 percent in December 2020, coinciding with a new virus variant, and grew slowly afterward.⁶ By September 2025, the industry sector had essentially recovered to its prepandemic level.

The leisure and hospitality industry sector comprises two major component industries: arts, entertainment, and recreation; and accommodation and food services. (See chart 2.) As of September 2025, arts, entertainment, and recreation employment expanded above its prepandemic level (indexed value of 108.2), while accommodation and food services employment had not. Accommodation and food services dominates the leisure and hospitality industry sector, making up 84.4 percent of total employment, but was at 98.7 percent of its prepandemic employment in September 2025.

Chart 2. Employment index by leisure and hospitality component industry, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Arts, entertainment, and recreation	Accomodation and food services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	96.8	95.5
Apr 2020	48.2	52.2
May 2020	47.6	60.9
Jun 2020	56.9	72.0
Jul 2020	61.2	75.6
Aug 2020	62.1	76.6
Sep 2020	68.4	78.9
Oct 2020	70.0	80.3
Nov 2020	71.6	79.7
Dec 2020	69.6	76.8
Jan 2021	69.7	76.9
Feb 2021	71.0	79.0
Mar 2021	72.6	79.8
Apr 2021	75.6	81.2
May 2021	77.1	82.5
Jun 2021	78.1	84.3
Jul 2021	80.5	86.7
Aug 2021	82.4	87.3
Sep 2021	84.0	87.9
Oct 2021	85.6	89.0
Nov 2021	86.8	89.7
Dec 2021	88.2	90.6
Jan 2022	88.2	91.2
Feb 2022	89.3	91.9
Mar 2022	90.1	92.2
Apr 2022	91.6	92.7
May 2022	92.0	93.2
Jun 2022	92.0	93.8
Jul 2022	93.3	94.5
Aug 2022	93.6	94.9
Sep 2022	94.5	95.1
Oct 2022	95.3	95.6
Nov 2022	95.3	95.9
Dec 2022	97.0	96.0
Jan 2023	97.1	96.8
Feb 2023	98.2	97.1
Mar 2023	98.5	97.2
Apr 2023	99.9	97.2
May 2023	100.3	97.5
Jun 2023	100.9	97.8
Jul 2023	100.9	97.9
Aug 2023	101.2	98.1
Sep 2023	100.6	98.2
Oct 2023	102.4	98.2
Nov 2023	102.3	98.2
Dec 2023	102.9	98.2
Jan 2024	103.7	98.2
Feb 2024	103.7	98.3
Mar 2024	104.4	98.5
Apr 2024	104.4	98.4
May 2024	104.6	98.1
Jun 2024	104.9	98.1
Jul 2024	105.1	98.2
Aug 2024	105.4	98.1
Sep 2024	104.9	98.4
Oct 2024	105.4	98.4
Nov 2024	106.1	98.5
Dec 2024	106.3	98.7
Jan 2025	106.3	98.5
Feb 2025	106.6	98.2
Mar 2025	107.0	98.3
Apr 2025	106.9	98.4
May 2025	107.4	98.4
Jun 2025	107.8	98.3
Jul 2025	108.0	98.3
Aug 2025	108.2	98.4
Sep 2025	108.2	98.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The other services industry sector, which includes personal and laundry services, saw a smaller drop than leisure and hospitality and then had a mixed recovery. Other services employment fell to 76.0 percent of its prepandemic level in April 2020 and returned to 90.2 percent in October 2020. Employment returned to its prepandemic level in March 2024. As of September 2025, other services was at 101.2 percent of its prepandemic employment.

State employment analysis

This section of the article focuses on analyzing employment data by state. Nationally, total private employment, as discussed above, reached a low of 83.8 percent of its prepandemic level in April 2020. Two years later, in April 2022, employment returned to its prepandemic level. As of September 2025, employment was at 104.3 percent of its prepandemic level. Some states across the nation recovered employment faster, or slower, much like different industries did. (See chart 3.)

Chart 3. Employment index by selected states and the nation, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Hawaii	Idaho	Michigan	Nevada	The nation
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	98.7	100.0	99.2	99.1	98.9
Apr 2020	73.7	88.7	73.6	74.9	83.8
May 2020	73.9	93.0	77.3	74.6	86.3
Jun 2020	76.5	96.2	85.9	82.1	89.8
Jul 2020	75.7	96.8	89.0	84.7	91.0
Aug 2020	75.7	98.0	90.3	85.7	91.8
Sep 2020	73.3	98.7	91.6	87.1	92.6
Oct 2020	77.1	99.6	92.6	88.5	93.2
Nov 2020	79.4	100.2	92.6	88.9	93.5
Dec 2020	80.8	101.0	91.0	88.9	93.4
Jan 2021	81.1	101.5	91.7	89.2	93.6
Feb 2021	81.9	102.1	93.2	90.2	94.0
Mar 2021	83.4	102.8	93.7	91.1	94.6
Apr 2021	85.6	103.3	93.2	92.4	94.8
May 2021	86.7	103.6	93.4	93.6	95.1
Jun 2021	88.1	103.8	93.9	94.9	95.7
Jul 2021	89.4	104.8	94.9	96.3	96.3
Aug 2021	89.7	105.0	95.0	97.1	96.7
Sep 2021	89.5	104.8	95.2	97.2	97.1
Oct 2021	90.2	105.4	96.7	98.9	97.8
Nov 2021	90.5	106.0	97.1	99.8	98.2
Dec 2021	90.9	106.5	97.2	100.5	98.7
Jan 2022	90.7	107.0	97.2	100.7	98.9
Feb 2022	91.2	107.7	97.8	102.0	99.5
Mar 2022	91.8	108.3	98.2	102.6	99.9
Apr 2022	92.4	107.8	98.7	103.3	100.1
May 2022	92.3	108.0	98.5	103.6	100.3
Jun 2022	92.5	108.1	98.5	103.8	100.6
Jul 2022	93.3	109.0	99.2	104.3	101.0
Aug 2022	93.5	109.2	99.1	104.6	101.2
Sep 2022	94.1	109.4	99.2	105.1	101.4
Oct 2022	94.7	109.4	99.3	105.0	101.7
Nov 2022	94.7	109.8	99.5	105.1	101.9
Dec 2022	94.7	109.9	99.7	105.3	102.0
Jan 2023	95.3	110.1	100.1	105.7	102.2
Feb 2023	95.5	110.2	100.1	106.0	102.4
Mar 2023	95.3	110.0	100.3	106.1	102.4
Apr 2023	95.5	110.7	100.6	106.1	102.6
May 2023	95.5	111.2	100.7	106.5	102.7
Jun 2023	95.8	111.6	101.0	106.8	102.8
Jul 2023	95.6	110.9	101.1	106.6	102.9
Aug 2023	95.3	111.3	100.9	106.9	103.0
Sep 2023	94.5	111.5	101.1	107.4	103.1
Oct 2023	94.6	112.5	100.4	107.7	103.2
Nov 2023	94.8	113.0	100.7	107.9	103.2
Dec 2023	95.1	113.6	101.0	108.5	103.4
Jan 2024	95.4	112.7	100.8	108.4	103.4
Feb 2024	95.7	112.8	100.9	108.8	103.6
Mar 2024	95.8	113.1	101.0	108.6	103.7
Apr 2024	95.6	113.4	100.9	108.5	103.8
May 2024	95.9	113.8	101.1	108.7	103.9
Jun 2024	95.5	114.0	101.0	108.5	104.0
Jul 2024	95.5	114.3	100.7	107.8	104.0
Aug 2024	96.0	114.5	101.0	108.0	104.0
Sep 2024	96.4	114.8	101.2	108.6	104.2
Oct 2024	96.2	114.9	100.7	108.7	104.2
Nov 2024	96.4	114.9	100.8	108.6	104.4
Dec 2024	96.2	114.9	100.8	108.8	104.4
Jan 2025	96.4	114.9	100.5	108.8	104.5
Feb 2025	96.2	114.8	100.7	108.7	104.6
Mar 2025	96.3	115.1	100.7	109.0	104.7
Apr 2025	96.4	115.8	100.8	109.4	104.8
May 2025	96.3	116.1	101.0	109.4	104.9
Jun 2025	95.9	116.0	100.8	109.2	105.0
Jul 2025	96.3	116.3	100.7	110.6	105.1
Aug 2025	96.4	116.4	100.7	110.8	105.2
Sep 2025	96.4	116.3	100.6	110.5	105.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Among the 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, 44 states were at or above their prepandemic employment levels in September 2025. Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, and Oregon recovered to prepandemic employment levels but fell below those levels by September 2025. (See chart 4.) The District of Columbia, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and Vermont were the four states that did not recover to prepandemic levels. Idaho and Utah led the nation in recovery, with both states reaching previous employment levels before the end of 2020. In contrast, employment in Hawaii reached a low in April 2020 and then a new low in September 2020. Michigan and Nevada had similar lows, compared with Hawaii, but experienced quicker recoveries.

Chart 4. Employment index by state, seasonally adjusted, September 2025 (February 2020 = 100.0)
State	Employment index
Alabama	104.6
Alaska	102.9
Arizona	110.1
Arkansas	107.3
California	102.1
Colorado	104.9
Connecticut	101.2
Delaware	105.4
District of Columbia	91.2
Florida	111.1
Georgia	107.3
Hawaii	96.4
Idaho	116.3
Illinois	99.8
Indiana	103.8
Iowa	99.3
Kansas	103.2
Kentucky	104.4
Louisiana	100.0
Maine	104.0
Maryland	99.6
Massachusetts	98.2
Michigan	100.6
Minnesota	101.0
Mississippi	104.0
Missouri	102.3
Montana	109.3
Nebraska	102.7
Nevada	110.5
New Hampshire	102.5
New Jersey	104.1
New Mexico	104.0
New York	101.1
North Carolina	109.9
North Dakota	100.7
Ohio	101.3
Oklahoma	104.9
Oregon	99.3
Pennsylvania	101.7
Puerto Rico	110.1
Rhode Island	101.3
South Carolina	109.5
South Dakota	106.5
Tennessee	107.2
Texas	111.1
Utah	113.2
Vermont	98.3
Virginia	104.5
Washington	103.3
West Virginia	102.2
Wisconsin	101.4
Wyoming	100.6
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Different COVID-19 restriction policies at the local and state level and differences in industry composition may have contributed to the varying speeds of the pandemic recovery. Several of the states (and one metropolitan area) that had employment recoveries that differed from the national average are highlighted below in table 2.

Table 2. Pandemic employment recovery by selected states and areas
State or area	Pandemic employment low (Index, February 2020 = 100.0)	Month of employment recovery	September 2025 employment (Index, February 2020 = 100.0)
National average	83.8	April 2022	104.3
Hawaii	73.3	–	96.4
Idaho	88.7	November 2020	116.3
Michigan	73.6	January 2023	100.6
Nevada	74.6	December 2021	110.5
New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ metro area	78.1	November 2022	102.3
Note: Dash indicates data not applicable. Indexes in this table are calculated using seasonally adjusted employment data, except for the New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ metro area, which uses not seasonally adjusted employment. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Individual state and area highlights

This section highlights selected states and areas whose employment recovery patterns differed from the national trend.

Hawaii

Hawaii stands out from much of the continental United States because of its geographic distance and tourism. Hawaii hit two separate lows, at 73.7 percent of its prepandemic employment level in April 2020 and then again at 73.3 percent in September 2020. As of September 2025, the state was at 96.4 percent of its prepandemic private-sector employment. Few major industry sectors had returned to prepandemic levels. (See chart 5.)

Chart 5. Employment index by major industry sector, Hawaii, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Durable goods manufacturing	Nondurable goods manufacturing	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and healthcare	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	99.5	100.0	101.0	99.5	99.6	98.6	83.0	99.7	98.9	99.0	98.2	98.6
Apr 2020	92.5	83.8	75.2	88.5	78.1	68.9	71.3	89.6	82.7	86.2	46.8	74.2
May 2020	99.2	89.2	80.2	88.5	78.3	65.3	77.7	89.6	84.6	89.7	42.1	75.6
Jun 2020	99.7	89.2	82.2	88.5	83.5	64.2	71.3	89.0	85.0	92.7	47.3	79.5
Jul 2020	96.3	91.9	80.2	86.8	83.2	63.7	71.3	88.3	83.2	93.0	46.5	79.9
Aug 2020	98.1	91.9	80.2	86.3	83.2	65.3	69.1	88.3	83.1	92.6	46.4	79.9
Sep 2020	97.9	89.2	78.2	86.8	78.0	65.8	71.3	87.0	83.1	91.7	41.3	73.5
Oct 2020	97.9	89.2	81.2	86.8	84.2	67.5	78.7	88.0	85.5	92.8	48.6	79.9
Nov 2020	98.7	91.9	82.2	87.4	85.2	69.7	73.4	88.6	87.3	93.7	55.0	80.9
Dec 2020	99.7	94.6	83.2	87.9	85.8	71.0	72.3	88.6	88.2	94.6	58.3	82.3
Jan 2021	99.2	89.2	83.2	87.4	86.5	71.3	76.6	89.0	88.6	93.9	59.4	82.3
Feb 2021	99.7	86.5	84.2	87.9	86.9	72.1	79.8	89.0	89.4	94.1	60.9	83.0
Mar 2021	99.7	89.2	84.2	89.0	87.7	73.5	89.4	89.3	90.5	94.7	64.2	83.4
Apr 2021	99.7	89.2	84.2	89.6	88.4	78.4	84.0	90.3	92.2	95.5	69.9	84.1
May 2021	100.3	89.2	85.1	89.6	89.0	80.6	81.9	90.6	93.0	95.8	72.9	84.5
Jun 2021	99.5	89.2	87.1	90.1	89.3	83.1	85.1	91.3	93.5	96.3	77.0	84.1
Jul 2021	98.9	91.9	89.1	91.2	89.8	84.7	83.0	91.6	93.2	96.7	80.3	87.6
Aug 2021	98.1	91.9	89.1	91.2	90.3	84.2	86.2	92.0	93.2	96.4	81.6	88.3
Sep 2021	97.6	86.5	90.1	91.2	90.0	84.7	89.4	91.6	93.6	96.2	80.6	88.7
Oct 2021	98.9	89.2	91.1	93.4	91.0	85.5	85.1	93.0	95.4	96.5	80.7	89.0
Nov 2021	98.7	89.2	91.1	93.4	91.7	86.1	83.0	92.6	94.7	96.5	81.8	89.8
Dec 2021	98.7	89.2	90.1	93.4	91.1	86.9	87.2	93.3	95.4	96.2	83.0	90.1
Jan 2022	97.6	86.5	90.1	94.0	90.4	86.6	88.3	92.6	95.4	96.2	83.1	89.8
Feb 2022	98.4	86.5	91.1	94.0	91.0	86.3	84.0	92.3	95.8	97.3	83.9	90.1
Mar 2022	99.2	86.5	92.1	94.0	91.3	88.5	90.4	93.0	95.9	97.2	84.7	90.8
Apr 2022	99.5	86.5	92.1	94.5	91.7	90.2	86.2	93.0	96.5	97.2	86.3	91.2
May 2022	99.2	86.5	91.1	95.1	91.4	89.6	84.0	93.0	96.2	97.0	86.7	90.5
Jun 2022	98.1	89.2	91.1	95.1	91.3	89.6	94.7	93.0	96.3	96.6	87.1	91.5
Jul 2022	99.5	89.2	92.1	95.6	91.8	91.5	93.6	93.0	96.8	96.8	88.3	92.6
Aug 2022	99.7	89.2	92.1	95.1	92.0	91.8	92.6	93.0	96.5	97.1	89.4	92.6
Sep 2022	100.0	89.2	93.1	95.6	92.4	92.3	93.6	93.3	96.9	97.4	90.6	92.9
Oct 2022	100.5	91.9	93.1	95.6	92.1	92.6	101.1	93.3	96.8	98.5	91.4	92.9
Nov 2022	100.5	91.9	92.1	95.6	91.8	92.9	100.0	93.0	96.9	98.8	91.4	93.3
Dec 2022	101.1	94.6	92.1	95.1	91.4	92.1	100.0	93.0	97.0	99.1	91.4	92.9
Jan 2023	101.6	91.9	93.1	96.2	92.4	94.3	96.8	93.3	97.3	99.3	92.1	94.3
Feb 2023	102.4	91.9	93.1	95.6	92.7	94.5	103.2	93.6	96.9	99.0	92.7	94.0
Mar 2023	101.3	89.2	93.1	95.6	92.4	95.4	92.6	93.6	97.0	98.6	93.1	94.0
Apr 2023	101.6	89.2	93.1	95.6	92.4	95.4	93.6	93.3	97.4	99.2	93.1	93.3
May 2023	101.6	89.2	93.1	95.6	92.5	95.1	90.4	93.0	97.3	99.7	93.1	93.6
Jun 2023	101.9	89.2	94.1	95.1	92.9	95.1	87.2	93.3	97.8	100.1	93.5	94.0
Jul 2023	101.9	89.2	94.1	95.1	92.7	94.0	88.3	93.0	97.7	100.0	93.7	93.3
Aug 2023	101.6	86.5	93.1	95.6	92.8	93.4	84.0	93.0	97.4	100.2	92.9	93.3
Sep 2023	101.9	86.5	93.1	95.1	91.8	93.2	79.8	92.0	97.0	100.7	90.9	92.9
Oct 2023	102.4	89.2	94.1	95.1	91.3	92.9	79.8	92.0	96.5	100.5	91.8	92.9
Nov 2023	102.4	89.2	93.1	95.6	91.1	92.9	83.0	91.6	96.5	100.5	92.3	93.6
Dec 2023	102.7	86.5	94.1	95.6	91.3	92.9	84.0	92.0	96.9	100.3	92.9	94.0
Jan 2024	103.2	86.5	95.0	95.6	91.3	93.2	84.0	92.0	97.6	100.8	93.3	94.3
Feb 2024	104.0	89.2	94.1	95.6	91.3	93.4	89.4	91.6	97.8	101.2	93.3	93.6
Mar 2024	104.0	89.2	94.1	95.6	91.3	93.4	85.1	91.6	98.2	101.4	93.7	94.0
Apr 2024	104.8	89.2	94.1	95.1	91.0	93.2	87.2	91.3	98.0	101.1	93.3	94.7
May 2024	104.5	89.2	94.1	95.6	91.3	93.4	97.9	92.0	98.2	101.0	93.3	95.1
Jun 2024	105.1	89.2	93.1	95.6	91.0	94.0	84.0	92.0	97.4	101.4	92.8	94.7
Jul 2024	105.3	91.9	93.1	95.1	90.7	94.3	78.7	91.3	98.1	101.4	92.7	95.1
Aug 2024	105.9	91.9	94.1	95.1	91.0	94.8	83.0	92.0	98.5	101.8	93.6	94.3
Sep 2024	106.1	94.6	93.1	95.1	90.8	95.9	91.5	92.0	98.4	101.9	93.8	95.8
Oct 2024	105.9	94.6	95.0	95.1	91.0	96.2	75.5	91.3	99.3	101.8	93.6	95.8
Nov 2024	105.9	94.6	94.1	95.1	90.7	96.4	78.7	91.6	99.1	102.1	94.3	95.4
Dec 2024	105.9	94.6	95.0	94.5	90.6	96.7	79.8	91.3	98.2	101.9	94.0	96.1
Jan 2025	106.7	94.6	94.1	95.1	90.3	96.2	76.6	91.0	98.6	103.0	94.4	95.4
Feb 2025	106.4	97.3	94.1	95.1	90.4	95.4	72.3	90.3	98.5	102.5	94.4	95.8
Mar 2025	107.0	94.6	95.0	95.1	90.7	96.2	74.5	90.3	98.4	102.5	94.2	95.8
Apr 2025	107.0	94.6	94.1	94.5	90.7	97.0	72.3	90.3	98.4	102.8	94.5	95.8
May 2025	107.2	94.6	94.1	94.5	90.3	96.2	73.4	90.6	98.2	102.6	94.5	96.1
Jun 2025	106.4	94.6	94.1	94.0	90.1	95.6	74.5	90.3	97.7	102.4	94.0	96.1
Jul 2025	107.5	94.6	94.1	94.0	90.4	96.2	73.4	90.3	98.1	103.2	94.1	96.5
Aug 2025	108.3	94.6	94.1	95.1	90.3	95.9	73.4	90.0	98.1	102.9	94.4	96.5
Sep 2025	108.6	94.6	94.1	94.5	90.6	95.4	73.4	90.3	98.2	103.2	94.3	96.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Hawaii has a disproportionately large leisure and hospitality industry sector, which was heavily impacted by the pandemic and associated public health measures. Nationally, about 13 percent of prepandemic private-sector employment was in leisure and hospitality, but in Hawaii it was about 24 percent of the state’s prepandemic private-sector employment. (See chart 6.)

Chart 6. Employment by major industry sector as a percent of total private employment, Hawaii, seasonally adjusted, February 2020
Major industry sector	Percent
Mining, logging, and construction	7.0
Durable goods manufacturing	0.7
Nondurable goods manufacturing	1.9
Wholesale trade	13.3
Retail trade	3.4
Transportation and warehousing	6.8
Information	1.8
Financial activities	5.6
Professional and business services	13.8
Education and healthcare	16.6
Leisure and hospitality	23.9
Other services	5.3
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

In addition to having a larger leisure and hospitality industry sector, Hawaii’s leisure and hospitality employment took longer to recover than at the national level and, as of September 2025, had still not fully recovered. (See chart 7.) The leisure and hospitality index fell to 42.1 percent of its prepandemic level in May 2020 and again to 41.3 percent in September 2020. As of September 2025, the index was at 94.3 percent of its prepandemic level. The employment impact of the deadly August 2023 fires on Maui, a Hawaiian island, is visible in chart 7, causing a small dip in leisure and hospitality employment.⁷

Chart 7. Employment in leisure and hospitality, the nation and Hawaii, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	The nation	Hawaii
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	95.7	98.2
Apr 2020	51.6	46.8
May 2020	58.9	42.1
Jun 2020	69.7	47.3
Jul 2020	73.5	46.5
Aug 2020	74.4	46.4
Sep 2020	77.4	41.3
Oct 2020	78.8	48.6
Nov 2020	78.5	55.0
Dec 2020	75.8	58.3
Jan 2021	75.8	59.4
Feb 2021	77.8	60.9
Mar 2021	78.7	64.2
Apr 2021	80.3	69.9
May 2021	81.7	72.9
Jun 2021	83.4	77.0
Jul 2021	85.8	80.3
Aug 2021	86.6	81.6
Sep 2021	87.3	80.6
Oct 2021	88.5	80.7
Nov 2021	89.2	81.8
Dec 2021	90.3	83.0
Jan 2022	90.8	83.1
Feb 2022	91.6	83.9
Mar 2022	91.9	84.7
Apr 2022	92.5	86.3
May 2022	93.0	86.7
Jun 2022	93.5	87.1
Jul 2022	94.3	88.3
Aug 2022	94.7	89.4
Sep 2022	95.0	90.6
Oct 2022	95.6	91.4
Nov 2022	95.8	91.4
Dec 2022	96.2	91.4
Jan 2023	96.8	92.1
Feb 2023	97.3	92.7
Mar 2023	97.4	93.1
Apr 2023	97.6	93.1
May 2023	97.9	93.1
Jun 2023	98.3	93.5
Jul 2023	98.4	93.7
Aug 2023	98.6	92.9
Sep 2023	98.5	90.9
Oct 2023	98.8	91.8
Nov 2023	98.8	92.3
Dec 2023	98.9	92.9
Jan 2024	99.0	93.3
Feb 2024	99.1	93.3
Mar 2024	99.4	93.7
Apr 2024	99.2	93.3
May 2024	99.1	93.3
Jun 2024	99.1	92.8
Jul 2024	99.2	92.7
Aug 2024	99.2	93.6
Sep 2024	99.3	93.8
Oct 2024	99.5	93.6
Nov 2024	99.6	94.3
Dec 2024	99.8	94.0
Jan 2025	99.7	94.4
Feb 2025	99.4	94.4
Mar 2025	99.6	94.2
Apr 2025	99.7	94.5
May 2025	99.7	94.5
Jun 2025	99.7	94.0
Jul 2025	99.8	94.1
Aug 2025	99.9	94.4
Sep 2025	100.1	94.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Idaho

Idaho saw one of the smallest impacts on its employment from the pandemic, dropping to 88.7 percent of its prepandemic employment in April 2020. (See chart 8.) It also recorded one of the quickest recoveries to its prepandemic level in November 2020, tied with Utah. As of September 2025, it reached 116.3 percent of its prepandemic employment. A mix of industries and a growing population likely drove the recovery. Idaho is also one of the fastest growing states by population in recent years and was the seventh fastest growing state in 2024.⁸

Chart 8. Employment index by major industry sector, Idaho, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Mining and logging	Construction	Durable goods manufacturing	Nondurable goods manufacturing	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	97.4	100.7	100.0	99.7	100.3	100.1	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.3	100.1	99.2	100.0
Apr 2020	92.1	97.1	94.4	95.6	96.5	89.5	93.0	85.0	98.1	94.9	91.1	60.1	83.3
May 2020	94.7	100.5	96.6	96.9	97.1	95.4	94.8	88.8	99.2	96.8	94.4	73.3	88.1
Jun 2020	94.7	101.3	97.3	98.0	97.4	99.4	96.7	90.0	99.5	98.2	96.6	85.7	92.2
Jul 2020	97.4	101.3	98.0	98.0	97.7	99.5	98.9	91.3	100.5	98.5	96.5	87.7	92.9
Aug 2020	97.4	101.8	98.8	99.0	98.7	100.8	100.0	92.5	101.1	98.8	98.5	89.7	93.7
Sep 2020	97.4	102.7	99.8	99.3	99.4	101.5	101.1	95.0	101.9	99.6	97.8	91.9	93.7
Oct 2020	102.6	103.1	100.5	99.7	99.7	102.2	102.2	93.8	101.9	100.8	99.7	93.0	94.8
Nov 2020	102.6	104.4	101.0	101.0	100.0	102.4	107.4	93.8	102.4	101.0	100.3	92.9	94.8
Dec 2020	105.3	105.6	101.7	101.4	100.6	102.4	113.3	95.0	102.7	101.5	100.9	93.2	94.8
Jan 2021	105.3	105.8	102.2	101.7	100.3	103.1	114.4	96.3	103.2	102.6	100.8	94.1	95.9
Feb 2021	105.3	106.7	102.9	101.4	101.6	103.4	117.0	96.3	103.8	102.8	101.2	95.0	95.5
Mar 2021	105.3	108.4	103.2	101.7	102.6	104.2	117.8	97.5	103.8	103.0	101.8	96.0	96.7
Apr 2021	110.5	110.4	103.4	102.4	103.5	103.4	118.1	98.8	104.0	103.0	101.7	97.8	97.4
May 2021	107.9	110.4	103.9	102.4	104.2	103.7	119.6	101.3	104.6	103.2	102.2	97.8	97.8
Jun 2021	107.9	110.2	103.9	102.4	104.8	103.8	120.7	102.5	104.8	103.2	102.3	98.3	98.1
Jul 2021	107.9	111.3	104.4	102.7	105.8	104.0	121.1	105.0	105.9	105.0	102.7	100.7	98.5
Aug 2021	107.9	111.5	104.2	102.0	105.8	104.1	121.9	105.0	106.7	105.0	102.9	101.3	98.9
Sep 2021	110.5	110.9	104.2	102.0	106.4	104.0	122.6	103.8	106.7	105.0	101.5	101.8	98.9
Oct 2021	110.5	112.2	104.2	104.1	107.4	104.6	123.0	105.0	108.1	104.8	102.4	102.0	99.3
Nov 2021	107.9	113.1	104.9	104.7	107.7	104.9	123.0	107.5	108.6	105.4	103.0	102.7	99.6
Dec 2021	110.5	114.4	104.7	105.8	108.4	105.1	123.3	107.5	109.1	105.8	103.4	103.4	100.0
Jan 2022	107.9	116.7	104.9	104.7	109.3	105.6	123.7	110.0	109.7	106.4	103.3	103.9	101.1
Feb 2022	110.5	118.0	105.4	105.4	110.3	106.2	124.8	111.3	110.5	106.8	104.3	104.5	101.1
Mar 2022	110.5	118.9	105.6	105.4	110.6	106.5	124.8	111.3	111.3	107.5	105.3	104.5	102.2
Apr 2022	107.9	117.5	105.9	105.4	111.3	106.6	121.9	111.3	111.3	107.6	104.1	104.3	101.1
May 2022	107.9	118.0	106.1	105.1	111.6	106.6	121.5	113.8	111.0	107.5	105.0	103.8	101.9
Jun 2022	105.3	119.6	106.1	105.1	111.9	106.2	121.1	112.5	110.5	107.8	105.7	103.3	102.6
Jul 2022	107.9	122.5	107.6	106.4	112.2	106.4	121.1	116.3	111.3	108.7	105.9	104.4	102.6
Aug 2022	105.3	122.7	107.1	106.1	111.9	106.6	120.4	116.3	111.0	108.8	106.7	104.7	103.3
Sep 2022	107.9	122.5	107.4	106.1	112.9	106.6	119.3	116.3	111.3	108.9	107.5	105.4	103.3
Oct 2022	105.3	123.1	107.1	106.8	112.5	106.9	118.5	117.5	111.3	109.2	106.2	105.8	103.7
Nov 2022	107.9	123.1	106.9	107.1	112.5	107.0	118.5	117.5	111.3	109.7	107.5	106.7	103.7
Dec 2022	107.9	122.4	106.1	107.1	113.2	107.6	118.9	117.5	111.3	109.1	108.0	107.1	104.1
Jan 2023	107.9	121.5	107.1	108.5	112.5	107.6	118.9	118.8	111.0	109.7	108.4	107.7	103.3
Feb 2023	107.9	121.5	106.6	108.5	112.5	107.2	119.3	120.0	110.5	110.2	108.4	108.3	103.7
Mar 2023	110.5	121.5	105.4	108.5	112.2	106.9	120.4	120.0	110.5	110.0	107.4	108.5	103.7
Apr 2023	107.9	122.5	104.4	109.2	113.2	107.0	121.9	118.8	111.0	110.4	109.7	109.2	104.1
May 2023	107.9	123.6	104.4	109.2	113.8	106.9	123.7	118.8	111.0	110.7	110.2	109.8	104.8
Jun 2023	107.9	124.5	104.2	109.8	114.1	107.0	123.0	118.8	111.6	111.1	110.5	110.9	105.2
Jul 2023	105.3	123.6	104.2	109.2	112.2	106.4	121.1	117.5	111.0	110.1	111.1	110.2	102.6
Aug 2023	107.9	124.0	104.2	109.2	112.5	107.0	123.0	117.5	110.8	110.5	111.7	110.5	103.3
Sep 2023	110.5	125.1	104.2	109.5	113.2	107.3	123.7	116.3	111.0	110.4	110.8	111.2	103.7
Oct 2023	110.5	128.7	104.2	108.8	113.8	107.7	124.1	117.5	111.6	111.5	112.8	111.3	105.6
Nov 2023	107.9	130.2	103.9	109.2	114.5	107.7	124.8	117.5	111.0	111.8	113.6	112.4	106.7
Dec 2023	107.9	131.3	104.7	109.8	115.1	107.9	125.6	117.5	111.6	112.4	114.0	112.6	107.1
Jan 2024	107.9	126.7	104.2	109.5	114.1	107.2	124.1	116.3	110.2	110.9	116.2	110.2	107.1
Feb 2024	107.9	127.3	103.9	109.8	114.5	107.7	124.1	116.3	110.2	110.4	117.1	109.9	107.1
Mar 2024	110.5	128.4	104.4	110.2	115.1	107.9	123.7	116.3	110.5	111.0	116.8	110.3	107.4
Apr 2024	110.5	128.4	104.7	110.5	115.4	107.7	124.4	116.3	110.8	111.1	117.2	110.9	107.4
May 2024	110.5	128.5	104.7	110.8	116.1	107.8	125.9	115.0	111.0	111.3	118.5	111.2	107.4
Jun 2024	107.9	129.8	104.7	111.2	116.4	107.9	125.9	115.0	111.0	111.5	118.5	111.2	107.8
Jul 2024	110.5	130.4	104.9	111.5	116.7	107.8	127.4	113.8	111.3	111.5	119.3	111.3	108.2
Aug 2024	113.2	131.1	105.1	111.5	116.7	107.7	126.3	113.8	111.6	111.2	120.2	111.5	108.6
Sep 2024	113.2	131.5	105.1	111.5	117.4	107.7	126.7	113.8	111.8	111.6	120.1	112.0	108.9
Oct 2024	113.2	132.7	105.1	112.2	116.7	107.3	127.4	113.8	111.8	111.6	121.0	111.2	108.9
Nov 2024	115.8	132.9	104.9	111.9	117.4	107.3	127.4	113.8	111.6	111.2	121.5	110.9	108.6
Dec 2024	113.2	132.5	104.7	111.2	117.0	107.1	127.4	113.8	111.6	111.0	121.9	111.5	108.6
Jan 2025	113.2	133.8	103.9	110.5	117.7	107.1	127.4	112.5	111.8	110.6	122.5	111.1	109.3
Feb 2025	113.2	132.5	104.4	110.2	118.0	107.1	127.0	112.5	111.8	110.3	122.7	111.0	109.3
Mar 2025	115.8	133.5	104.2	110.2	117.7	107.2	126.7	112.5	112.1	111.0	122.8	111.2	109.7
Apr 2025	115.8	135.3	106.4	109.8	118.0	107.7	126.7	111.3	112.4	112.1	123.8	111.8	109.3
May 2025	118.4	135.8	105.9	109.8	117.7	107.9	126.7	111.3	112.6	112.5	124.2	111.8	109.7
Jun 2025	115.8	135.6	105.1	109.5	117.4	107.7	127.0	111.3	112.9	112.4	124.6	111.8	108.9
Jul 2025	115.8	136.7	104.7	109.8	117.4	108.0	127.4	112.5	112.9	113.0	124.9	112.2	109.3
Aug 2025	115.8	136.4	104.4	109.8	118.0	108.1	127.4	112.5	112.9	113.2	125.1	112.3	109.7
Sep 2025	115.8	136.9	104.4	109.5	118.0	107.9	126.7	111.3	112.6	113.1	125.3	111.9	109.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Idaho’s construction industry sector outpaced the national construction industry sector and led Idaho in its recovery. Whereas national construction posted declines for much of the first year of the pandemic, Idaho’s construction industry sector returned to its prepandemic employment level in May 2020 and, as of September 2025, was at 136.9 percent of its prepandemic employment.

Employment in leisure and hospitality in Idaho also outperformed employment in leisure and hospitality at the national level. (See chart 9.) Idaho’s leisure and hospitality employment surpassed its prepandemic level in July 2021 and, as of September 2025, was at 111.9 percent of its prepandemic employment.

Chart 9. Employment in leisure and hospitality, the nation and Idaho, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	The nation	Idaho
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	95.7	99.2
Apr 2020	51.6	60.1
May 2020	58.9	73.3
Jun 2020	69.7	85.7
Jul 2020	73.5	87.7
Aug 2020	74.4	89.7
Sep 2020	77.4	91.9
Oct 2020	78.8	93.0
Nov 2020	78.5	92.9
Dec 2020	75.8	93.2
Jan 2021	75.8	94.1
Feb 2021	77.8	95.0
Mar 2021	78.7	96.0
Apr 2021	80.3	97.8
May 2021	81.7	97.8
Jun 2021	83.4	98.3
Jul 2021	85.8	100.7
Aug 2021	86.6	101.3
Sep 2021	87.3	101.8
Oct 2021	88.5	102.0
Nov 2021	89.2	102.7
Dec 2021	90.3	103.4
Jan 2022	90.8	103.9
Feb 2022	91.6	104.5
Mar 2022	91.9	104.5
Apr 2022	92.5	104.3
May 2022	93.0	103.8
Jun 2022	93.5	103.3
Jul 2022	94.3	104.4
Aug 2022	94.7	104.7
Sep 2022	95.0	105.4
Oct 2022	95.6	105.8
Nov 2022	95.8	106.7
Dec 2022	96.2	107.1
Jan 2023	96.8	107.7
Feb 2023	97.3	108.3
Mar 2023	97.4	108.5
Apr 2023	97.6	109.2
May 2023	97.9	109.8
Jun 2023	98.3	110.9
Jul 2023	98.4	110.2
Aug 2023	98.6	110.5
Sep 2023	98.5	111.2
Oct 2023	98.8	111.3
Nov 2023	98.8	112.4
Dec 2023	98.9	112.6
Jan 2024	99.0	110.2
Feb 2024	99.1	109.9
Mar 2024	99.4	110.3
Apr 2024	99.2	110.9
May 2024	99.1	111.2
Jun 2024	99.1	111.2
Jul 2024	99.2	111.3
Aug 2024	99.2	111.5
Sep 2024	99.3	112.0
Oct 2024	99.5	111.2
Nov 2024	99.6	110.9
Dec 2024	99.8	111.5
Jan 2025	99.7	111.1
Feb 2025	99.4	111.0
Mar 2025	99.6	111.2
Apr 2025	99.7	111.8
May 2025	99.7	111.8
Jun 2025	99.7	111.8
Jul 2025	99.8	112.2
Aug 2025	99.9	112.3
Sep 2025	100.1	111.9
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Nevada

Nevada dropped to a low of 74.6 percent of its prepandemic employment in April 2020 but recovered much faster than Hawaii. (See chart 10.) Nevada returned to its prepandemic level in December 2021. As of September 2025, the state was at 110.5 percent of its prepandemic employment.

Chart 10. Employment index by major industry sector, Nevada, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Mining and logging	Construction	Durable goods manufacturing	Nondurable goods manufacturing	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	100.0	99.3	100.0	100.0	99.5	99.8	101.2	99.3	100.1	98.8	99.1	98.1	97.5
Apr 2020	99.3	91.9	90.4	83.2	90.7	81.0	89.7	80.3	92.3	80.6	86.6	48.7	66.4
May 2020	100.0	93.1	90.4	88.3	89.7	83.6	91.1	81.6	91.6	82.4	90.0	42.5	72.5
Jun 2020	100.0	93.7	92.7	91.4	90.5	91.8	94.8	82.2	93.2	84.7	92.5	60.6	81.7
Jul 2020	100.0	93.7	92.9	90.9	91.0	93.3	100.1	84.2	93.3	85.7	94.7	66.4	83.8
Aug 2020	101.3	93.4	93.5	91.9	91.8	95.0	104.0	85.5	94.4	86.8	95.0	66.9	85.0
Sep 2020	101.3	93.6	94.2	93.4	92.3	96.1	107.3	90.1	95.0	87.7	96.1	69.1	86.3
Oct 2020	101.3	93.7	95.5	94.9	92.5	97.3	109.5	90.1	95.6	88.2	97.4	71.8	87.7
Nov 2020	101.3	93.9	96.5	95.9	93.1	98.2	107.7	89.5	96.1	89.1	97.6	72.3	87.5
Dec 2020	101.3	94.7	97.5	96.4	93.8	98.1	110.3	90.8	96.9	89.9	98.5	70.4	86.6
Jan 2021	100.7	95.1	99.0	97.0	94.3	98.5	109.4	92.8	98.0	89.2	98.5	71.2	87.3
Feb 2021	100.7	97.2	100.0	97.0	94.9	98.9	110.4	94.7	98.4	90.4	98.9	72.4	87.7
Mar 2021	101.3	98.5	100.8	97.5	95.6	99.5	111.7	95.4	99.1	91.3	99.7	73.6	88.7
Apr 2021	102.0	99.9	101.8	99.0	95.9	99.0	111.9	94.1	99.4	91.2	100.4	77.5	89.4
May 2021	102.0	99.5	102.3	99.0	96.4	99.3	113.9	96.7	99.7	92.3	100.3	80.3	90.7
Jun 2021	102.0	99.8	103.3	100.0	97.2	99.3	114.7	100.7	100.6	93.1	100.6	83.4	91.9
Jul 2021	99.3	99.3	103.5	101.0	98.7	99.5	115.1	103.3	102.7	95.0	100.6	86.4	93.3
Aug 2021	99.3	99.1	104.0	102.5	99.0	99.7	116.0	106.6	102.4	96.8	101.0	87.6	93.5
Sep 2021	98.7	98.1	104.5	103.6	99.5	99.9	116.9	107.2	101.6	96.5	100.6	88.2	93.1
Oct 2021	98.7	99.1	105.5	106.6	100.5	101.5	120.4	112.5	104.1	98.7	101.7	89.8	94.7
Nov 2021	100.0	100.6	106.3	107.6	101.3	101.5	122.3	111.2	104.9	99.9	102.1	90.7	95.8
Dec 2021	100.0	101.2	106.5	108.6	101.8	101.8	124.4	111.8	106.0	100.9	102.7	91.1	96.8
Jan 2022	102.0	102.5	107.1	109.6	103.1	102.1	123.8	111.8	106.4	100.2	102.8	91.2	97.9
Feb 2022	101.3	103.7	108.6	110.7	103.9	103.5	128.2	109.9	107.3	102.6	103.0	92.0	98.8
Mar 2022	101.3	105.4	108.3	111.7	104.6	103.2	126.5	116.4	108.0	102.9	103.8	93.0	99.5
Apr 2022	100.7	105.5	109.3	113.2	105.4	103.0	125.6	118.4	109.3	104.9	104.2	93.6	101.4
May 2022	100.7	106.2	109.6	113.7	105.9	102.6	124.7	121.1	109.8	105.8	105.0	93.7	101.4
Jun 2022	100.0	106.5	109.8	114.2	106.4	102.3	124.7	119.1	110.8	105.9	105.2	94.3	101.6
Jul 2022	101.3	108.1	110.1	115.2	106.4	102.4	126.2	121.1	110.7	105.7	106.4	94.6	102.1
Aug 2022	100.7	109.0	110.3	115.7	107.2	102.4	126.0	123.7	110.7	105.8	106.7	94.8	102.5
Sep 2022	100.7	110.1	110.6	115.2	107.7	102.2	125.8	126.3	110.8	106.4	107.3	95.6	102.5
Oct 2022	100.0	110.5	110.3	116.2	107.7	101.9	126.7	123.7	111.0	105.1	107.8	95.8	102.5
Nov 2022	98.0	110.7	110.1	115.7	108.2	101.3	127.2	126.3	111.0	105.2	108.1	96.1	102.3
Dec 2022	99.3	111.2	110.1	115.7	108.2	101.4	128.1	126.3	111.0	105.0	108.3	96.5	102.8
Jan 2023	99.3	111.3	110.1	115.7	108.5	101.7	129.3	126.3	111.3	105.8	109.0	96.6	101.9
Feb 2023	100.0	113.0	110.6	116.2	109.0	101.8	129.6	127.6	111.8	105.3	109.4	96.9	102.1
Mar 2023	100.0	112.1	110.6	116.8	109.0	101.6	129.6	125.7	111.1	106.4	109.7	97.0	102.3
Apr 2023	100.0	112.7	110.8	115.7	109.5	101.5	129.3	126.3	111.8	105.9	110.5	96.8	103.5
May 2023	100.0	112.7	111.3	115.7	109.8	101.7	130.7	127.6	112.1	106.3	110.8	97.0	103.5
Jun 2023	99.3	112.8	111.8	115.7	109.5	101.9	132.3	127.6	112.3	106.6	110.9	97.3	103.2
Jul 2023	98.0	112.6	111.3	115.2	109.8	101.2	132.6	126.3	113.0	106.2	111.5	97.1	103.0
Aug 2023	97.3	113.8	111.3	115.2	109.5	101.4	132.9	127.6	113.3	106.3	112.1	97.5	103.0
Sep 2023	98.7	114.4	112.8	114.7	109.8	101.5	134.5	128.3	113.4	106.6	112.6	97.8	103.0
Oct 2023	98.7	114.5	111.8	114.2	109.8	101.8	134.9	128.3	113.1	107.3	112.8	98.3	102.5
Nov 2023	98.7	113.4	112.1	114.7	110.0	101.7	136.2	129.6	113.6	108.1	113.1	98.4	103.2
Dec 2023	98.7	112.9	112.6	114.7	110.5	101.9	135.8	129.6	113.7	107.1	114.0	100.5	104.2
Jan 2024	100.0	112.2	111.3	115.2	109.0	100.6	131.8	131.6	113.0	107.4	113.7	101.9	104.6
Feb 2024	101.3	110.8	111.6	115.7	108.7	100.5	132.5	135.5	113.3	109.3	114.4	102.0	105.3
Mar 2024	100.0	110.7	111.8	115.7	109.3	100.5	133.1	138.2	113.6	107.7	114.8	101.9	104.6
Apr 2024	98.7	110.6	111.8	115.2	108.0	100.6	133.9	133.6	113.8	108.0	114.5	101.6	103.2
May 2024	98.7	110.9	112.1	115.2	108.7	100.4	134.0	135.5	113.7	108.2	114.7	101.9	103.0
Jun 2024	98.7	111.3	112.1	114.7	109.0	100.4	132.5	135.5	114.4	108.1	115.1	101.4	103.0
Jul 2024	98.0	111.0	110.6	113.7	109.3	100.2	131.7	134.9	113.8	106.5	115.4	100.5	102.8
Aug 2024	98.7	111.1	111.6	114.7	109.3	100.3	131.6	134.9	114.3	107.3	115.8	100.3	102.8
Sep 2024	98.0	111.2	112.1	114.7	109.8	100.3	130.7	135.5	114.7	108.1	116.3	101.3	104.9
Oct 2024	98.7	111.4	112.6	115.2	109.3	100.1	129.5	136.8	114.8	108.6	116.7	100.9	107.2
Nov 2024	98.7	111.7	113.1	114.7	109.3	100.2	129.5	134.9	114.7	107.9	117.2	101.2	105.1
Dec 2024	98.0	111.9	113.4	114.2	109.8	100.2	129.4	138.8	115.0	108.9	117.2	101.1	103.9
Jan 2025	98.0	112.1	113.1	113.7	109.8	100.1	130.0	138.8	115.1	109.0	117.9	101.0	102.5
Feb 2025	97.3	111.9	112.8	113.7	109.5	100.3	130.3	136.2	115.3	108.4	118.3	100.6	101.9
Mar 2025	96.6	112.3	113.6	113.7	109.8	100.3	129.6	139.5	115.4	109.4	119.1	100.7	102.1
Apr 2025	97.3	112.4	113.9	113.7	109.5	100.3	129.8	139.5	115.4	110.5	119.9	101.0	102.1
May 2025	97.3	112.3	114.1	113.7	109.8	100.2	129.5	135.5	115.4	110.4	120.3	101.1	101.4
Jun 2025	97.3	112.5	114.9	113.7	109.5	100.3	130.0	142.1	115.3	110.5	120.1	100.2	101.2
Jul 2025	97.3	114.1	115.4	114.7	110.8	102.0	131.2	144.1	115.1	112.5	121.9	101.4	102.1
Aug 2025	98.7	114.0	115.6	113.7	111.1	101.9	130.7	143.4	115.1	112.8	122.3	102.0	101.9
Sep 2025	98.7	113.9	115.9	114.2	110.8	101.9	130.3	142.8	115.1	112.8	122.1	101.3	101.4
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Like Hawaii, Nevada’s leisure and hospitality industry sector, closely tied to tourism, was hit hard by the pandemic but recovered much faster. (See chart 11.)

Chart 11. Employment in leisure and hospitality, the nation and Nevada, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	The nation	Nevada
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	95.7	98.1
Apr 2020	51.6	48.7
May 2020	58.9	42.5
Jun 2020	69.7	60.6
Jul 2020	73.5	66.4
Aug 2020	74.4	66.9
Sep 2020	77.4	69.1
Oct 2020	78.8	71.8
Nov 2020	78.5	72.3
Dec 2020	75.8	70.4
Jan 2021	75.8	71.2
Feb 2021	77.8	72.4
Mar 2021	78.7	73.6
Apr 2021	80.3	77.5
May 2021	81.7	80.3
Jun 2021	83.4	83.4
Jul 2021	85.8	86.4
Aug 2021	86.6	87.6
Sep 2021	87.3	88.2
Oct 2021	88.5	89.8
Nov 2021	89.2	90.7
Dec 2021	90.3	91.1
Jan 2022	90.8	91.2
Feb 2022	91.6	92.0
Mar 2022	91.9	93.0
Apr 2022	92.5	93.6
May 2022	93.0	93.7
Jun 2022	93.5	94.3
Jul 2022	94.3	94.6
Aug 2022	94.7	94.8
Sep 2022	95.0	95.6
Oct 2022	95.6	95.8
Nov 2022	95.8	96.1
Dec 2022	96.2	96.5
Jan 2023	96.8	96.6
Feb 2023	97.3	96.9
Mar 2023	97.4	97.0
Apr 2023	97.6	96.8
May 2023	97.9	97.0
Jun 2023	98.3	97.3
Jul 2023	98.4	97.1
Aug 2023	98.6	97.5
Sep 2023	98.5	97.8
Oct 2023	98.8	98.3
Nov 2023	98.8	98.4
Dec 2023	98.9	100.5
Jan 2024	99.0	101.9
Feb 2024	99.1	102.0
Mar 2024	99.4	101.9
Apr 2024	99.2	101.6
May 2024	99.1	101.9
Jun 2024	99.1	101.4
Jul 2024	99.2	100.5
Aug 2024	99.2	100.3
Sep 2024	99.3	101.3
Oct 2024	99.5	100.9
Nov 2024	99.6	101.2
Dec 2024	99.8	101.1
Jan 2025	99.7	101.0
Feb 2025	99.4	100.6
Mar 2025	99.6	100.7
Apr 2025	99.7	101.0
May 2025	99.7	101.1
Jun 2025	99.7	100.2
Jul 2025	99.8	101.4
Aug 2025	99.9	102.0
Sep 2025	100.1	101.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Also, like Hawaii, leisure and hospitality made up a disproportionate part of the prepandemic employment mix (28 percent of its prepandemic employment in Nevada, compared with 13 percent of prepandemic employment nationally and 24 percent of prepandemic employment in Hawaii). (See chart 12.)

Chart 12. Employment by major industry sector as a percent of total private employment, Nevada, seasonally adjusted, February 2020
Major industry sector	Percent
Mining and logging	1.2
Construction	7.8
Durable goods manufacturing	3.1
Nondurable goods manufacturing	1.5
Wholesale trade	3.0
Retail trade	11.7
Transportation and warehousing	6.1
Information	1.2
Financial activities	5.5
Professional and business services	15.9
Education and healthcare	11.7
Leisure and hospitality	28.0
Other services	3.4
Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Nevada began easing its pandemic-related restrictions in May 2020.⁹ Nevada’s leisure and hospitality industry sector caught up with the indexed national average in June 2021 and returned to its prepandemic level in December 2023. As of September 2025, Nevada’s leisure and hospitality industry sector was at 101.3 percent of its prepandemic employment.

Michigan

Like Nevada, Michigan experienced a sharp drop, falling to 73.6 percent of its prepandemic employment level in April 2020. The state returned to its prepandemic level in January 2023.

Chart 13. Employment index by major industry sector, Michigan, seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Mining and logging	Construction	Durable goods	Nondurable goods	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	98.6	99.9	99.4	99.9	99.7	99.5	100.4	99.8	99.5	99.6	99.3	96.3	99.0
Apr 2020	85.7	58.9	59.8	80.9	84.6	76.1	84.6	87.7	93.7	79.8	84.3	44.4	67.4
May 2020	81.4	82.4	65.1	82.0	86.6	80.9	87.9	87.2	94.1	82.3	84.6	48.7	71.0
Jun 2020	87.1	91.4	88.7	90.2	90.6	89.0	93.4	87.9	95.3	86.6	88.8	63.6	78.3
Jul 2020	91.4	93.6	91.4	91.9	92.8	92.1	95.8	87.7	96.6	90.3	90.5	70.5	82.2
Aug 2020	94.3	96.1	91.5	92.8	93.7	93.5	97.1	88.4	97.8	90.9	91.8	73.2	84.9
Sep 2020	94.3	97.0	91.8	93.3	94.3	95.2	97.7	89.0	98.7	91.6	92.8	77.3	87.3
Oct 2020	97.1	97.4	92.7	94.5	94.7	96.3	98.2	90.6	99.6	93.3	93.2	79.2	88.6
Nov 2020	97.1	97.6	93.0	94.8	94.9	95.7	98.0	90.2	100.0	93.6	93.3	77.9	89.2
Dec 2020	98.6	98.3	93.4	94.9	95.0	96.1	98.6	89.3	100.2	94.0	93.6	62.3	87.4
Jan 2021	95.7	97.3	94.2	95.3	94.8	96.8	99.9	90.6	100.9	94.4	94.0	64.8	88.4
Feb 2021	97.1	95.8	94.0	95.5	94.7	96.9	100.2	91.7	101.0	94.4	94.4	76.6	89.5
Mar 2021	95.7	97.5	94.6	95.9	94.8	97.0	100.3	92.4	101.3	94.6	94.6	78.4	90.0
Apr 2021	94.3	99.3	90.6	95.1	94.0	96.9	101.0	92.8	101.3	94.3	94.0	79.2	91.0
May 2021	94.3	98.9	91.8	95.1	94.5	96.9	101.4	93.3	101.0	94.6	93.8	79.9	91.1
Jun 2021	94.3	99.2	92.1	95.5	94.6	97.0	102.6	94.0	101.1	95.1	93.9	81.3	91.4
Jul 2021	94.3	100.2	92.5	96.2	94.8	97.1	103.1	95.5	101.8	96.7	94.2	85.1	92.8
Aug 2021	94.3	100.0	92.8	96.3	94.9	97.1	103.2	96.0	102.0	96.5	94.0	85.6	93.2
Sep 2021	95.7	100.1	93.7	96.8	95.0	96.9	103.9	96.0	101.7	96.5	93.9	86.7	94.1
Oct 2021	95.7	100.9	95.7	97.6	96.2	98.3	106.5	97.6	102.2	98.7	94.6	88.4	94.9
Nov 2021	98.6	102.4	96.0	98.1	96.6	98.2	108.1	98.2	102.4	99.2	94.6	89.4	95.7
Dec 2021	97.1	102.0	95.9	98.4	96.8	98.4	109.6	98.9	102.3	99.8	94.3	89.3	95.3
Jan 2022	98.6	101.4	95.8	98.6	97.6	97.9	109.9	98.9	101.8	99.7	94.6	89.7	95.6
Feb 2022	98.6	102.4	95.0	99.1	97.9	98.7	112.5	99.6	102.1	100.3	94.8	90.8	96.9
Mar 2022	98.6	102.8	96.9	99.6	98.3	98.9	112.1	100.5	102.3	100.2	94.9	91.5	97.1
Apr 2022	101.4	104.1	96.6	100.5	98.5	100.0	111.5	101.1	102.3	100.7	95.1	92.1	98.6
May 2022	102.9	103.6	96.5	100.4	98.6	99.1	110.9	102.5	102.3	100.5	95.3	92.2	98.7
Jun 2022	101.4	103.6	97.3	100.3	98.8	98.6	110.5	102.9	101.3	100.9	95.1	92.0	99.0
Jul 2022	102.9	103.4	98.7	100.9	99.3	99.1	110.4	104.0	101.8	101.3	95.7	93.3	99.6
Aug 2022	104.3	103.5	97.9	101.0	99.6	99.0	110.5	104.5	101.6	100.8	95.9	93.5	99.7
Sep 2022	104.3	103.9	97.8	101.1	99.9	99.1	110.9	105.1	101.5	101.0	96.2	93.4	99.9
Oct 2022	105.7	103.4	98.1	101.5	100.2	99.0	111.3	105.1	101.5	100.9	96.5	94.0	99.6
Nov 2022	105.7	104.7	98.0	101.7	100.5	98.8	111.2	104.9	101.3	101.0	96.7	94.9	99.8
Dec 2022	105.7	104.3	98.3	102.0	100.8	99.3	110.0	104.7	101.2	100.9	97.4	94.9	100.1
Jan 2023	105.7	105.2	98.5	102.5	101.0	99.6	110.0	106.0	101.6	100.9	97.9	95.8	101.3
Feb 2023	107.1	105.5	98.7	102.4	101.4	99.3	110.0	106.0	101.4	100.5	98.0	96.1	101.4
Mar 2023	104.3	105.2	98.9	102.5	101.4	99.2	110.4	105.6	101.4	100.8	98.2	96.5	101.8
Apr 2023	105.7	106.1	99.0	102.5	101.3	99.1	111.5	106.1	101.9	100.7	99.0	97.0	101.7
May 2023	105.7	106.3	99.1	102.5	101.5	99.0	111.2	105.6	102.0	100.8	99.4	97.2	102.2
Jun 2023	104.3	107.2	99.3	102.5	101.8	99.2	111.0	105.2	102.3	100.9	99.9	97.6	102.3
Jul 2023	101.4	107.2	100.5	102.0	101.8	98.9	111.5	105.1	102.0	100.7	100.3	97.6	101.9
Aug 2023	100.0	107.3	99.3	102.2	101.8	99.0	111.5	104.7	102.1	100.0	100.4	97.7	102.3
Sep 2023	101.4	107.9	99.3	102.6	101.8	98.9	112.1	104.0	102.5	100.4	100.9	97.8	102.3
Oct 2023	102.9	108.3	95.7	101.6	100.1	99.1	112.2	103.8	102.1	99.6	101.1	97.5	101.5
Nov 2023	101.4	108.8	97.7	102.0	101.6	99.0	112.5	103.6	102.3	99.1	101.4	96.7	102.3
Dec 2023	104.3	109.4	97.8	102.2	101.6	98.7	112.4	103.6	102.8	99.3	101.6	97.9	102.7
Jan 2024	105.7	109.2	97.9	101.8	101.6	98.7	111.9	103.4	102.4	99.1	101.8	97.2	103.0
Feb 2024	102.9	110.1	97.4	101.8	101.7	98.5	111.5	103.1	102.6	98.6	102.3	97.8	103.5
Mar 2024	104.3	111.3	97.1	102.0	101.8	98.5	110.9	102.9	102.8	98.8	102.5	97.8	103.5
Apr 2024	104.3	110.6	96.9	101.8	101.8	98.6	111.2	102.4	102.0	98.4	102.6	98.5	104.2
May 2024	102.9	110.0	97.2	101.6	101.7	98.5	111.4	102.0	102.4	98.7	102.9	98.8	104.3
Jun 2024	102.9	110.2	96.8	101.6	101.7	98.6	111.3	101.8	102.9	97.9	103.3	98.4	104.5
Jul 2024	102.9	110.3	95.4	101.7	101.6	98.4	111.0	101.6	103.0	97.3	103.5	98.2	104.6
Aug 2024	102.9	110.5	96.5	101.6	101.8	98.3	111.4	101.1	103.2	97.7	103.8	98.6	104.8
Sep 2024	102.9	110.9	96.6	101.5	102.0	98.2	111.3	101.6	103.8	97.8	104.2	99.0	105.1
Oct 2024	101.4	111.3	93.4	100.9	101.9	98.0	111.2	101.4	103.8	97.1	104.4	99.0	105.2
Nov 2024	100.0	111.4	94.4	100.5	101.7	97.8	111.4	101.3	104.0	96.9	104.6	98.8	105.0
Dec 2024	98.6	111.5	94.5	100.5	101.6	97.9	111.5	101.1	104.0	96.5	104.7	99.0	105.0
Jan 2025	101.4	112.0	91.0	100.0	101.6	98.0	111.4	101.3	104.3	96.5	105.3	99.1	105.2
Feb 2025	100.0	111.9	93.7	99.7	101.1	98.0	111.9	100.7	104.3	96.3	105.3	98.4	105.1
Mar 2025	98.6	112.6	93.4	99.4	101.2	98.0	111.5	100.4	104.3	96.2	105.6	98.3	105.2
Apr 2025	100.0	112.5	93.4	99.5	101.4	98.0	111.2	100.0	104.3	96.3	105.7	98.7	105.1
May 2025	100.0	113.9	93.6	99.5	101.3	97.9	110.7	99.6	104.3	96.3	105.9	99.6	105.2
Jun 2025	98.6	113.6	93.2	99.4	100.8	97.7	111.0	100.0	104.3	95.9	106.1	99.2	105.1
Jul 2025	98.6	114.1	93.2	98.6	100.6	97.7	110.9	98.7	104.6	95.7	106.3	99.0	105.3
Aug 2025	98.6	114.5	92.9	98.7	100.4	97.7	110.6	98.0	104.4	95.8	106.4	98.9	105.4
Sep 2025	98.6	114.5	92.9	98.6	100.8	97.8	110.0	97.6	104.3	95.9	106.2	98.5	105.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The state’s leisure and hospitality industry sector recovered from a low of 44.4 in April 2020 to 79.2 percent of its prepandemic employment level in October 2020. (See chart 13.) From October 2020 to December 2020, there was a second decline of leisure and hospitality employment down to 62.3 percent of its prepandemic level. Unlike Nevada or Hawaii, leisure and hospitality in Michigan did not make up a larger proportion of the workforce compared with the national average. Leisure and hospitality in Michigan returned to its prepandemic employment level in December 2023.

New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ

New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ, is a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) provided for comparison to other states, with a mix of urban, suburban, and rural areas. The New York MSA is the largest MSA in the United States, with 20 million people.¹⁰

Private-sector employment in the New York MSA dropped to 77.4 percent of its prepandemic level in April 2020, lower than national employment, and has continued to lag. (See chart 14.) Employment returned to its prepandemic level in November 2022. New York MSA data are not seasonally adjusted (except for total private), and so seasonal swings remain visible in chart 14. As of September 2025, the area’s employment was at 102.3 percent of its prepandemic level, down from a high of 105.0 percent in December 2024.

Chart 14. Employment index by major industry sector, New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ, not seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	Total private	Mining, logging, and construction	Durable goods manufacturing	Nondurable goods manufacturing	Wholesale trade	Retail trade	Transportation and warehousing	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and healthcare	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	98.8	99.0	98.4	97.5	98.6	98.5	100.7	100.7	99.6	99.3	99.7	94.8	97.2
Apr 2020	77.4	55.3	57.1	57.9	77.4	66.3	75.4	89.1	95.8	88.5	87.2	34.3	66.3
May 2020	78.7	69.3	68.1	63.7	79.4	67.5	74.8	86.5	95.6	88.0	87.2	39.3	68.1
Jun 2020	80.5	82.9	79.5	70.2	82.4	73.5	74.2	86.0	96.3	88.4	87.1	41.9	72.8
Jul 2020	82.0	89.0	82.3	72.7	83.3	80.7	74.0	85.8	96.7	88.8	86.3	45.0	79.4
Aug 2020	83.3	92.1	85.0	74.7	85.0	82.3	75.0	86.7	97.4	89.0	87.3	48.6	82.0
Sep 2020	84.6	92.0	86.2	75.7	85.4	83.6	79.4	88.3	96.5	88.6	89.9	51.9	83.0
Oct 2020	87.4	92.8	87.4	76.9	86.3	85.3	87.6	92.2	96.5	90.0	94.0	57.5	84.2
Nov 2020	88.1	92.7	87.4	77.4	86.4	87.3	91.9	92.9	96.3	90.8	94.8	57.0	84.4
Dec 2020	88.2	91.6	87.0	77.2	86.7	88.2	94.7	93.2	96.3	91.3	95.0	55.0	84.1
Jan 2021	85.2	87.5	85.0	75.7	85.6	84.4	88.0	91.5	95.0	89.4	92.4	47.5	82.5
Feb 2021	86.2	85.9	85.0	76.4	86.1	83.4	86.2	92.7	95.1	90.4	94.7	50.8	83.0
Mar 2021	87.3	89.0	86.6	76.7	86.8	83.8	86.6	95.2	95.2	91.3	95.4	54.1	83.6
Apr 2021	88.2	89.2	87.0	78.2	87.0	84.2	86.7	94.9	94.9	91.5	96.0	59.2	84.8
May 2021	88.6	89.5	87.8	79.4	87.3	84.8	87.5	95.7	94.8	91.8	95.3	62.6	85.5
Jun 2021	89.5	89.7	88.2	81.0	88.3	85.5	89.1	97.3	96.1	93.1	93.9	67.0	86.3
Jul 2021	89.5	89.9	87.8	81.0	89.4	85.4	84.8	97.6	97.0	93.4	92.5	70.5	86.4
Aug 2021	89.7	89.9	88.2	81.7	89.6	85.6	85.4	98.2	97.5	93.2	92.1	72.5	86.4
Sep 2021	90.9	90.4	88.6	83.0	89.6	86.3	88.0	100.7	96.1	93.7	94.1	75.4	87.2
Oct 2021	93.8	90.8	89.4	85.5	91.3	89.2	94.8	100.7	97.1	96.1	98.6	79.7	89.2
Nov 2021	95.2	91.1	90.2	85.7	92.0	91.3	100.9	102.3	97.3	97.3	99.8	81.7	89.8
Dec 2021	95.8	90.2	89.8	86.7	92.5	92.1	103.9	102.3	97.9	98.1	100.0	82.7	90.2
Jan 2022	92.9	86.6	87.4	84.0	91.6	88.6	98.1	99.1	97.3	96.5	96.7	76.7	88.6
Feb 2022	94.7	87.8	89.0	85.5	92.4	88.3	98.9	101.8	97.7	97.7	100.3	79.0	89.5
Mar 2022	95.5	89.0	89.0	86.0	92.9	88.5	98.3	102.7	98.0	98.1	101.0	82.1	90.1
Apr 2022	96.5	90.6	88.2	88.0	94.2	89.3	96.1	102.9	98.4	100.4	101.3	85.4	90.8
May 2022	97.1	91.1	88.6	88.7	94.4	89.7	97.1	104.6	98.7	100.6	101.0	88.3	91.1
Jun 2022	98.1	92.5	89.8	89.5	95.2	90.3	97.9	107.5	101.6	102.8	99.6	90.5	91.6
Jul 2022	97.9	91.9	90.6	88.5	95.4	90.4	95.7	107.7	103.4	103.5	98.0	90.7	91.2
Aug 2022	97.8	92.1	89.8	88.5	95.2	90.7	95.0	107.7	103.7	103.5	97.9	90.4	90.4
Sep 2022	98.6	92.3	89.4	89.0	95.2	90.9	98.5	106.7	101.9	103.2	100.5	92.4	90.9
Oct 2022	100.0	91.5	90.2	88.2	94.6	91.8	99.1	108.0	102.4	103.8	104.0	93.5	91.8
Nov 2022	100.7	91.9	90.9	89.5	95.0	93.7	103.0	107.1	102.8	104.6	104.7	93.9	92.2
Dec 2022	100.8	91.1	90.9	89.0	95.3	94.4	105.4	105.9	102.9	104.3	105.0	93.7	91.7
Jan 2023	98.3	88.4	88.6	87.0	93.9	91.3	100.3	102.3	102.1	102.0	102.9	89.0	90.5
Feb 2023	99.4	89.3	89.0	87.5	94.2	90.0	99.1	103.4	102.3	102.5	106.0	90.7	90.9
Mar 2023	99.9	89.9	89.0	88.5	94.5	90.1	99.1	103.0	102.5	103.0	106.6	92.5	91.0
Apr 2023	99.5	89.8	90.2	86.0	93.7	88.8	98.0	101.1	102.1	101.4	106.6	94.2	91.2
May 2023	100.2	91.8	90.6	86.7	94.0	89.5	99.5	100.0	102.5	101.8	106.9	97.1	92.0
Jun 2023	100.9	92.1	91.3	87.5	94.8	90.1	99.9	99.8	105.3	103.8	105.6	98.9	92.4
Jul 2023	99.7	92.0	90.2	86.5	94.5	89.1	96.0	96.3	105.9	103.3	104.3	96.6	91.8
Aug 2023	99.4	92.0	89.4	86.2	94.5	89.0	94.7	95.4	106.0	102.9	104.0	96.4	91.1
Sep 2023	100.3	91.8	89.8	86.5	94.5	89.3	99.3	95.1	103.9	102.6	107.0	97.7	91.0
Oct 2023	101.1	92.0	89.4	85.5	94.3	90.2	99.5	95.2	103.7	102.6	110.2	96.6	91.4
Nov 2023	101.9	91.3	89.4	85.2	94.4	91.8	103.9	96.3	103.6	103.1	111.5	97.5	91.6
Dec 2023	102.5	90.8	89.4	84.7	95.0	92.4	105.7	97.9	103.9	103.2	112.4	97.7	91.5
Jan 2024	100.0	88.8	87.4	83.5	93.7	88.8	101.3	96.3	103.3	101.2	109.8	92.9	90.4
Feb 2024	101.1	88.8	87.4	83.2	94.0	87.7	99.7	99.0	103.4	101.5	113.0	93.6	91.4
Mar 2024	101.8	89.9	87.8	83.7	94.2	88.0	99.7	99.6	103.5	102.1	114.1	95.7	91.4
Apr 2024	102.2	90.4	87.0	83.2	94.0	87.2	99.8	99.2	103.2	102.5	114.9	97.3	91.2
May 2024	102.7	90.8	86.6	83.5	94.2	87.2	99.9	99.4	103.2	102.8	115.5	99.5	91.5
Jun 2024	103.1	91.6	86.6	84.0	95.3	87.7	100.7	99.0	105.7	104.3	114.0	100.6	91.9
Jul 2024	101.9	91.7	85.8	82.2	94.7	87.0	98.5	98.5	106.4	103.7	111.4	98.4	91.1
Aug 2024	101.7	91.9	84.6	81.2	94.5	87.0	96.5	98.1	106.1	103.3	111.6	98.0	90.2
Sep 2024	102.9	91.6	85.4	82.0	94.7	87.6	101.1	98.1	104.4	103.0	115.5	100.1	90.0
Oct 2024	103.9	90.9	84.6	81.7	94.3	88.5	101.2	99.7	104.2	103.2	118.5	100.1	91.4
Nov 2024	104.7	90.1	84.3	82.2	94.7	90.4	104.6	99.4	104.5	103.7	120.0	100.0	91.3
Dec 2024	105.0	88.8	84.3	82.2	95.0	91.1	107.2	99.0	104.9	103.8	120.4	100.5	91.1
Jan 2025	102.6	86.4	82.7	80.7	95.0	88.1	102.5	94.8	105.1	102.4	117.5	95.5	90.3
Feb 2025	103.5	86.8	82.7	81.0	95.5	87.4	100.9	95.7	105.3	102.7	120.4	96.2	90.8
Mar 2025	104.1	88.4	82.7	81.0	95.7	87.7	101.1	97.1	105.8	103.0	120.5	98.2	91.0
Apr 2025	102.3	87.0	81.9	78.4	95.1	86.8	98.8	95.6	104.7	101.8	116.7	98.1	90.5
May 2025	102.8	87.3	82.3	79.7	95.5	87.0	100.9	95.9	104.8	101.9	116.6	100.5	91.1
Jun 2025	102.9	87.9	82.3	80.2	95.4	87.5	101.3	95.9	107.0	103.0	114.7	100.9	91.4
Jul 2025	101.7	87.7	81.9	79.9	95.6	87.7	98.6	97.0	108.3	103.0	110.6	99.5	90.9
Aug 2025	101.5	87.4	81.1	79.2	95.0	87.7	97.5	97.4	108.2	102.4	110.5	99.4	90.1
Sep 2025	102.3	86.8	81.9	79.4	95.2	88.0	101.1	97.7	106.1	102.4	113.5	100.4	89.6
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The New York MSA’s leisure and hospitality industry sector made up 11.2 percent of its prepandemic private-sector employment, compared with 13 percent of prepandemic private-sector employment nationally, and was hit harder than the national industry sector. (See chart 15.) Employment in the New York MSA’s leisure and hospitality industry sector reached a low of 34.3 percent of its prepandemic level in April 2020. As of September 2025, it was slightly above its prepandemic level at 100.4 percent. Employment in many other industries in the New York MSA as of September 2025 was still below their February 2020 levels, such as retail trade and construction, while information had fallen back below its prepandemic level. Note that BLS aggregates mining, logging, and construction within the New York MSA as one industry. Transportation and warehousing, financial activities, professional and business services, and private education and health services were above their February 2020 employment by September 2025.

Chart 15. Employment in leisure and hospitality, the nation and New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ, not seasonally adjusted, February 2020–September 2025
Date	The nation	New York–Newark–Jersey City, NY–NJ
Feb 2020	100.0	100.0
Mar 2020	95.7	98.6
Apr 2020	51.6	77.4
May 2020	58.9	79.4
Jun 2020	69.7	82.4
Jul 2020	73.5	83.3
Aug 2020	74.4	85.0
Sep 2020	77.4	85.4
Oct 2020	78.8	86.3
Nov 2020	78.5	86.4
Dec 2020	75.8	86.7
Jan 2021	75.8	85.6
Feb 2021	77.8	86.1
Mar 2021	78.7	86.8
Apr 2021	80.3	87.0
May 2021	81.7	87.3
Jun 2021	83.4	88.3
Jul 2021	85.8	89.4
Aug 2021	86.6	89.6
Sep 2021	87.3	89.6
Oct 2021	88.5	91.3
Nov 2021	89.2	92.0
Dec 2021	90.3	92.5
Jan 2022	90.8	91.6
Feb 2022	91.6	92.4
Mar 2022	91.9	92.9
Apr 2022	92.5	94.2
May 2022	93.0	94.4
Jun 2022	93.5	95.2
Jul 2022	94.3	95.4
Aug 2022	94.7	95.2
Sep 2022	95.0	95.2
Oct 2022	95.6	94.6
Nov 2022	95.8	95.0
Dec 2022	96.2	95.3
Jan 2023	96.8	93.9
Feb 2023	97.3	94.2
Mar 2023	97.4	94.5
Apr 2023	97.6	93.7
May 2023	97.9	94.0
Jun 2023	98.3	94.8
Jul 2023	98.4	94.5
Aug 2023	98.6	94.5
Sep 2023	98.5	94.5
Oct 2023	98.8	94.3
Nov 2023	98.8	94.4
Dec 2023	98.9	95.0
Jan 2024	99.0	93.7
Feb 2024	99.1	94.0
Mar 2024	99.4	94.2
Apr 2024	99.2	94.0
May 2024	99.1	94.2
Jun 2024	99.1	95.3
Jul 2024	99.2	94.7
Aug 2024	99.2	94.5
Sep 2024	99.3	94.7
Oct 2024	99.5	94.3
Nov 2024	99.6	94.7
Dec 2024	99.8	95.0
Jan 2025	99.7	95.0
Feb 2025	99.4	95.5
Mar 2025	99.6	95.7
Apr 2025	99.7	95.1
May 2025	99.7	95.5
Jun 2025	99.7	95.4
Jul 2025	99.8	95.6
Aug 2025	99.9	95.0
Sep 2025	100.1	95.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Conclusion

Employment patterns in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic show that the magnitude and timing of employment recovery differs by industry and by state. After shedding more than 20 million jobs at the onset of the pandemic, the U.S. private sector recovered to its prepandemic employment level in April 2022 and continued to expand through September 2025. Some major industry sectors, such as leisure and hospitality, were more severely affected, while others such as transportation and warehousing quickly expanded well above their prepandemic levels. Among states, recovery speeds were driven by a mix of geographic location, industry mix, and local restrictions, with some states facing heavier employment impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and recovering at a slower pace.

Suggested citation:

Henry Reeve, "Postpandemic employment recovery by industry sector and selected states," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2026, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2026.31

Notes

¹ The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, which provides detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls, is a monthly survey of about 119,000 businesses and government agencies representing approximately 622,000 individual worksites. For more information on the program’s concepts and methodology, see “Current Employment Statistics - National” in “Handbook of Methods,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, last modified February 28, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ces or “Current Employment Statistics - State and Metro Area” in “Handbook of Methods,” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, last modified March 12, 2026, https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/sae. To access CES data, see “Current Employment Statistics - CES (National)” https://www.bls.gov/ces or “State and Metro Area employment, hours, & earnings” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/sae. The CES data used in this article are seasonally adjusted unless otherwise noted. For more details on employment swings as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, see Ryan Ansell and John P. Mullins, “COVID-19 ends longest employment recovery and expansion in CES history, causing unprecedented job losses in 2020,” Monthly Labor Review (June 2021), https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2021.13.

² Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "CDC musuem COVID-19 timeline," July 8, 2024, https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html.

³ “End of the federal COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) declaration,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, updated September 12, 2023, https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/end-of-phe.html.

⁴ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC museum COVID-19 timeline.”

⁵ Ryan Ansell and John P. Mullins, “COVID-19 ends longest employment recovery and expansion in CES history, causing unprecedented job losses in 2020.”

⁶ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “CDC museum COVID-19 timeline.”

⁷ “Preliminary after-action report: 2023 Maui wildfire,” U.S. Fire Administration Blog (blog), February 8, 2024, https://www.usfa.fema.gov/blog/preliminary-after-action-report-2023-maui-wildfire/.

⁸ Kyle Pfannenstiel, “Idaho’s population grows to over 2 million people, U.S. Census Bureau estimates,” Idaho Capital Sun, December 24, 2024, https://idahocapitalsun.com/2024/12/24/idahos-population-grows-to-over-2-million-people-u-s-census-bureau-estimates/.

⁹ Joyce Lupiani, “Timeline for coronavirus pandemic in Nevada,” Channel 13 Las Vegas News KTNV, March 14, 2021, https://www.ktnv.com/news/coronavirus/timeline-for-coronavirus-pandemic-in-nevada.

¹⁰ “New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ Metro Area,” Census Reporter, 2024, https://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US35620-new-york-newark-jersey-city-ny-nj-metro-area/.