Bureau of Labor Statistics > International Labor Comparisons > Data

International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing, 2012

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Technical Notes (PDF)
Country Notes and Data Sources (PDF)

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Chart 1. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 2012
Chart 2. Annual percent change in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing and exchange rates, 2011-2012
Chart 3. Benefit components of hourly compensation costs as a percent of total compensation, 2012
Chart 4. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing for China and India, in U.S. dollars, 2002-2010
Table 1. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, and as a percent of costs in the United States
Table 2. Average annual percent change in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing and exchange rates
Table 3. Components of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 2012
Detailed Time Series Tables (XLS)

Table 1.1 Indexes of compensation costs, U.S. dollar basis (U.S.=100)
Table 1.2 Compensation costs in U.S. dollars
Table 1.3 Indexes of compensation costs, U.S. dollar basis (2000 = 100)
Table 1.4 Compensation costs in national currency
Table 1.5 Indexes of compensation costs, national currency basis (2000=100)
Table 2.1 Indexes of direct pay, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. =100)
Table 2.2 Direct pay in U.S. dollars
Table 2.3 Direct pay in national currency
Table 3.1 Indexes of pay for time worked, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. =100)
Table 3.2 Pay for time worked in U.S. dollar
Table 3.3 Pay for time worked in national currency
Table 4.1 Indexes of direct benefits, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. =100)
Table 4.2 Direct benefits in U.S. dollars
Table 4.3 Direct benefits in national currency
Table 5.1 indexes of social insurance and labor-related taxes, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. =100)
Table 5.2 Social insurance and labor-related taxes in U.S. dollars
Table 5.3 Social insurance and labor-related taxes in national currency
Table 6.1 Direct pay as a percent of total compensation costs
Table 6.2 Pay for time worked as a percent of total compensation costs
Table 6.3 Direct benefits as a percent of total compensation costs
Table 6.4 Social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes as a percent of total compensation costs
Table 7.1 Exchange rates

Chart 1.

Top

Changes in a country's compensation costs in U.S. dollars are roughly equivalent to the change in compensation costs in a country's national currency plus the change in the value of the country's currency relative to the U.S. dollar. This relationship is illustrated in Chart 2, where the bars in the right panel for each country can be summed to equal the bars in the left panel. In 2012, nearly all countries had at least moderate increases in hourly compensation costs in national currency, but the currencies of most countries depreciated against the U.S. dollar, resulting in U.S. dollar-denominated hourly compensation costs declining in most countries.

Chart 2.

Chart 3 shows the benefit components of manufacturing employers' compensation costs as a percent of total costs. (See Table 3 for data in U.S. dollars.) Countries are ordered based on social insurance expenditures as a percent of total compensation. In countries with the highest ratio of social insurance costs, such as Sweden, Brazil, and Belgium, social insurance makes up approximately one-third of total compensation costs. In the United States, social insurance costs account for about 24 percent of total compensation, while in the Asian countries, with the exception of the Republic of Korea, social insurance is less than 20 percent.

Directly-paid benefits primarily comprise pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. The percentage of compensation that is directly-paid benefits tends to be higher in many European countries (due in large part to leave pay) and in Japan (where seasonal bonuses are a large portion of costs). Directly-paid benefits are a relatively smaller portion of costs in countries such as the United States, Australia, and Canada.

The total benefits portion of compensation costs can be seen by combining social insurance with directly-paid benefits. Total benefits surpass 40 percent in 14 countries. In contrast, the ratio of benefit costs in the United States is about 33 percent.

Chart 3.

China and India

BLS has developed estimates of hourly compensation costs for employees in the Chinese and Indian manufacturing sectors. Due to various data gaps and methodological issues, compensation costs for China and India are not directly comparable to each other or with the data for other countries found in this report, and therefore are presented separately. Data are available for China through 2009 and for India through 2010.

For China, BLS approximates average hourly compensation costs in manufacturing by filling important data gaps for hours worked per year and for benefit components of labor compensation. Further, the concepts and coverage of Chinese statistics on manufacturing employment and wages often do not follow international standards and can be difficult to understand. Largely because of these data gaps and challenges, BLS estimates for China cannot be considered as robust as the manufacturing statistics for the other countries in this report.

For India, BLS estimates of compensation costs refer to formal manufacturing only, rather than to total manufacturing in the country. Unorganized sector manufacturing workers account for approximately 80 percent of total manufacturing employment in India and earn substantially less than their formal sector counterparts. For this reason, employers' average compensation costs in formal manufacturing overstate average compensation costs for Indian manufacturing as a whole.

Chart 4.

Table 1. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, and as a percent of costs in the United States

Table 1. Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, and as a percent of costs in the United States
	Hourly Compensation Costs
	in U.S. dollars		U.S.=100
	1997 (1)	2012	1997 (1)	2012
Norway	25.83	63.36	112	178
Switzerland	30.42	57.79	132	162
Belgium	28.92	52.19	125	146
Sweden	25.02	49.80	109	140
Denmark	23.70	48.47	103	136
Australia	18.93	47.68	82	134
Germany	29.16	45.79	127	128
Finland	22.36	42.60	97	119
Austria	24.91	41.53	108	116
France	24.86	39.81	108	112
Netherlands	22.45	39.62	97	111
Ireland	16.69	38.17	72	107
Canada	18.49	36.59	80	103
United States	23.04	35.67	100	100
Japan	21.99	35.34	95	99
Italy	19.76	34.18	86	96
United Kingdom	19.31	31.23	84	88
Spain	13.95	26.83	61	75
New Zealand	12.06	24.77	52	69
Singapore	12.15	24.16	53	68
Korea, Republic of	9.22	20.72	40	58
Israel	11.62	20.14	50	56
Greece	11.61	19.41	50	54
Argentina	7.55	18.87	33	53
Portugal	6.46	12.10	28	34
Czech Republic	3.25	11.95	14	34
Slovakia	2.84	11.30	12	32
Brazil	7.07	11.20	31	31
Estonia	NA	10.41	NA	29
Taiwan	7.04	9.46	31	27
Hungary	3.05	8.95	13	25
Poland	3.15	8.25	14	23
Mexico	3.47	6.36	15	18
Philippines	1.28	2.10	6	6
Note: 'NA' means data not available. (1) With the exception of Estonia, 1997 is the first year data for all countries are available to BLS. For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 2. Average annual percent change in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing and exchange rates

Table 2. Average annual percent change in hourly compensation costs in manufacturing and exchange rates
	1997-2012			2011-2012
	National currency change	Exchange rate change (1)	U.S. dollar change (2)	National currency change	Exchange rate change (1)	U.S. dollar change (2)
Argentina	17.6	-9.6	6.3	30.3	-9.4	18.1
Korea, Republic of	6.7	-1.1	5.5	9.5	-1.7	7.6
New Zealand	3.5	1.4	4.9	3.5	2.3	5.9
Singapore	3.5	1.2	4.7	3.8	0.6	4.5
Philippines	5.9	-2.4	3.4	1.2	2.6	3.8
Australia	4.0	2.2	6.4	2.3	0.3	2.6
United Kingdom	3.5	-0.2	3.3	2.7	-1.2	1.5
Taiwan	2.2	-0.2	2.0	1.8	-0.6	1.2
Sweden	3.9	0.8	4.7	5.6	-4.2	1.2
Canada	2.4	2.2	4.7	1.8	-1.1	0.7
United States	3.0	0.0	3.0	0.4	0.0	0.4
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	8.2	-7.7	-0.1
Japan	0.4	2.8	3.2	-0.9	-0.2	-1.0
Mexico	7.7	-3.3	4.1	3.8	-5.5	-1.9
Norway	4.8	1.3	6.2	1.6	-3.7	-2.2
Hungary	8.8	-1.2	7.4	9.3	-10.7	-2.4
Germany	2.2	0.9	3.1	4.6	-7.7	-3.4
Austria	2.6	0.9	3.5	4.1	-7.7	-3.9
Ireland	5.2	0.5	5.7	4.1	-7.7	-3.9
Brazil	7.3	-3.9	3.1	12.2	-14.4	-4.0
Slovakia	7.0	2.4	9.6	4.0	-7.7	-4.0
Switzerland	1.4	3.0	4.4	1.2	-5.5	-4.3
Belgium	3.1	0.9	4.0	3.2	-7.7	-4.7
Israel	4.5	-0.7	3.7	2.7	-7.2	-4.7
Poland	6.6	0.0	6.6	4.5	-9.0	-4.9
Finland	3.6	0.8	4.4	2.4	-7.7	-5.4
Italy	2.9	0.8	3.7	2.4	-7.7	-5.4
France	2.3	0.9	3.2	2.4	-7.7	-5.5
Spain	3.6	0.8	4.5	2.2	-7.7	-5.6
Czech Republic	5.6	3.3	9.1	4.0	-9.6	-6.0
Denmark	4.0	0.9	4.9	1.5	-7.6	-6.2
Netherlands	3.0	0.9	3.9	1.6	-7.7	-6.3
Portugal	3.5	0.8	4.3	-0.3	-7.7	-8.0
Greece	3.3	0.2	3.5	-7.2	-7.7	-14.4
Note: 'NA' means data not available. (1) Exchange rates are value of foreign currency relative to the U.S. dollar. (2) U.S. dollar changes are approximately equal to national currency changes plus exchange rate changes for each country. For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3. Components of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 2012

Table 3. Components of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 2012
	Hourly Compensation Costs
	Total	Social Insurance(1)	Direct Pay
	Total	Social Insurance(1)	Total	Directly-Paid Benefits(2)	Pay for Time Worked(3)
Norway	63.36	11.33	52.03	NA	NA
Switzerland	57.79	8.85	48.95	10.75	38.19
Belgium	52.19	16.79	35.40	10.54	24.86
Sweden	49.80	16.61	33.20	5.17	28.03
Denmark	48.47	4.67	43.80	7.26	36.54
Australia	47.68	9.39	38.29	4.55	33.73
Germany	45.79	9.73	36.07	9.62	26.45
Finland	42.60	9.50	33.10	8.07	25.03
Austria	41.53	10.65	30.88	8.91	21.96
France	39.81	11.92	27.89	7.38	20.51
Netherlands	39.62	8.56	31.06	8.40	22.66
Ireland	38.17	6.68	31.50	5.71	25.78
Canada	36.59	7.30	29.30	3.62	25.68
United States	35.67	8.51	27.15	3.22	23.93
Japan	35.34	6.40	28.94	8.83	20.11
Italy	34.18	9.89	24.29	4.98	19.31
United Kingdom	31.23	4.86	26.37	4.11	22.27
Spain	26.83	6.95	19.89	5.22	14.67
New Zealand	24.77	1.05	23.72	2.85	20.87
Singapore	24.16	4.03	20.13	4.42	15.71
Korea, Republic of	20.72	4.45	16.27	NA	NA
Israel	20.14	3.47	16.67	1.45	15.22
Greece	19.41	4.48	14.93	3.64	11.29
Argentina	18.87	3.29	15.58	2.64	12.94
Portugal	12.10	2.38	9.72	2.33	7.39
Czech Republic	11.95	3.18	8.77	1.54	7.23
Slovakia	11.30	3.06	8.23	2.11	6.12
Brazil	11.20	3.67	7.53	1.58	5.95
Estonia	10.41	2.71	7.69	0.94	6.75
Taiwan	9.46	1.37	8.08	NA	NA
Hungary	8.95	2.10	6.84	1.77	5.08
Poland	8.25	1.04	7.21	2.12	5.09
Mexico	6.36	1.92	4.45	NA	NA
Philippines	2.10	0.18	1.92	0.36	1.56
Note: 'NA' means data not available. (1) Social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies. (2) Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. (3) Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. For additional information, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Detailed Time Series Tables

Table 1.1 Indexes of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Argentina	33	33	34	34	33	32	11	13	15	18	22	25	31	30	37	45	53
Australia	85	82	73	76	66	57	64	79	91	95	96	104	110	98	114	131	134
Austria	125	108	107	103	88	83	85	99	106	107	110	119	131	125	115	122	116
Belgium	146	125	125	120	105	98	101	123	136	136	139	148	164	153	146	154	146
Brazil	32	31	29	18	17	14	11	11	13	17	20	22	26	24	29	33	31
Canada	83	80	75	74	73	68	66	74	81	87	94	97	98	86	99	102	103
Czech Republic	15	14	15	15	14	14	17	20	22	24	27	31	37	33	33	36	34
Denmark	NA	103	103	104	89	88	93	111	122	123	125	139	152	142	138	145	136
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	10	10	11	14	17	18	21	27	32	29	27	29	29
Finland	111	97	95	92	80	78	82	98	111	112	115	122	134	129	119	127	119
France	124	108	106	101	86	81	85	100	110	108	111	118	127	118	112	119	112
Germany	148	127	123	115	102	97	101	119	129	126	129	136	145	134	126	134	128
Greece	56	50	48	47	40	34	41	48	54	51	54	62	71	66	64	64	54
Hungary	14	13	13	13	12	13	15	18	21	22	22	27	30	25	24	26	25
Ireland	75	72	71	70	63	65	69	83	93	95	100	110	124	121	111	112	107
Israel	49	50	50	47	49	50	43	44	44	44	45	49	57	51	55	60	56
Italy	93	86	82	78	67	64	68	82	92	92	94	99	107	100	96	102	96
Japan	105	95	88	98	100	86	79	82	86	84	79	74	84	88	91	101	99
Korea, Republic of	42	40	28	36	39	34	37	40	43	49	57	61	51	44	51	54	58
Mexico	14	15	15	17	19	21	20	19	18	19	19	19	20	17	18	18	18
Netherlands	NA	97	99	97	84	82	87	104	113	110	113	119	131	121	114	119	111
New Zealand	54	52	43	42	36	33	36	44	50	54	52	59	58	51	59	66	69
Norway	NA	112	111	111	98	97	111	125	134	140	146	163	175	156	166	182	178
Philippines	6	6	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	5	5	5	6	6
Poland	NA	14	15	14	14	15	15	15	16	19	20	24	29	23	23	24	23
Portugal	32	28	28	28	24	23	25	29	32	32	33	35	38	36	34	37	34
Singapore	53	53	49	46	47	47	44	45	45	44	45	49	58	51	56	65	68
Slovakia	12	12	12	11	10	10	12	15	18	19	22	27	33	33	31	33	32
Spain	69	61	60	58	50	48	51	61	68	69	72	77	85	81	77	80	75
Sweden	121	109	107	103	94	84	90	109	118	117	120	133	136	120	125	139	140
Switzerland	158	132	132	123	108	107	114	129	134	133	134	136	150	148	147	170	162
Taiwan	32	31	27	28	29	27	25	24	25	26	26	26	26	23	24	26	27
United Kingdom	79	84	88	89	83	79	81	88	97	99	102	110	104	86	84	87	88
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	69	66	66	# 63	59	59	65	70	72	75	78	82	75	78	82	81
OECD (1)	NA	73	70	70	# 66	62	62	70	75	77	80	83	87	79	82	87	86
Europe (1)	NA	101	101	97	# 85	82	86	100	110	109	112	119	127	117	112	119	114
Euro Area (1)	NA	105	103	98	# 86	82	86	102	112	111	114	121	132	123	116	122	116
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	14	14	14	# 13	14	15	17	19	21	23	27	32	27	27	29	27
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	38	31	33	# 35	33	33	34	35	38	42	44	42	37	41	45	47
Note: Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 1.2 Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	22.47	23.04	23.49	24.02	24.96	26.22	27.36	28.57	29.31	30.14	30.48	32.07	32.78	34.19	34.81	35.51	35.67
Argentina	7.43	7.55	8.01	8.08	8.16	8.27	3.01	3.65	4.51	5.51	6.63	8.04	10.04	10.23	12.77	15.98	18.87
Australia	19.17	18.93	17.15	18.14	16.45	15.02	17.42	22.65	26.75	28.55	29.17	33.37	35.91	33.42	39.68	46.47	47.68
Austria	28.12	24.91	25.20	24.85	21.97	21.70	23.38	28.38	31.18	32.37	33.63	38.13	42.86	42.62	39.98	43.23	41.53
Belgium	32.71	28.92	29.30	28.74	26.14	25.78	27.76	35.01	39.95	41.00	42.49	47.46	53.88	52.27	50.72	54.76	52.19
Brazil	7.11	7.07	6.74	4.21	4.35	3.63	3.08	3.23	3.82	5.01	5.99	7.10	8.44	8.13	10.01	11.67	11.20
Canada	18.62	18.49	17.73	17.84	18.33	17.81	18.05	21.08	23.67	26.26	28.58	31.27	32.06	29.40	34.36	36.34	36.59
Czech Republic	3.38	3.25	3.55	3.50	3.40	3.75	4.61	5.65	6.57	7.30	8.16	9.81	12.23	11.42	11.42	12.71	11.95
Denmark	NA	23.70	24.17	24.94	22.21	23.00	25.45	31.70	35.68	37.05	38.23	44.43	49.70	48.60	47.93	51.67	48.47
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	2.55	2.68	3.11	4.11	4.86	5.51	6.53	8.65	10.56	10.03	9.47	10.42	10.41
Finland	25.01	22.36	22.40	22.08	19.87	20.42	22.49	28.12	32.47	33.72	35.19	39.27	43.85	44.25	41.44	45.05	42.60
France	27.82	24.86	24.97	24.28	21.37	21.31	23.13	28.46	32.14	32.66	33.85	37.96	41.76	40.37	39.12	42.12	39.81
Germany	33.22	29.16	28.92	27.57	25.41	25.31	27.63	34.00	37.72	38.03	39.37	43.50	47.53	45.76	43.84	47.42	45.79
Greece	12.61	11.61	11.21	11.30	9.94	9.02	11.14	13.72	15.89	15.25	16.60	19.76	23.14	22.72	22.36	22.68	19.41
Hungary	3.11	3.05	3.09	3.09	2.96	3.37	4.18	5.19	6.17	6.71	6.85	8.66	9.77	8.62	8.39	9.17	8.95
Ireland	16.87	16.69	16.66	16.89	15.76	17.01	18.88	23.64	27.18	28.64	30.41	35.40	40.53	41.21	38.57	39.74	38.17
Israel	10.90	11.62	11.67	11.38	12.25	13.01	11.79	12.47	12.81	13.27	13.86	15.72	18.54	17.55	19.22	21.14	20.14
Italy	21.00	19.76	19.20	18.73	16.64	16.83	18.61	23.42	27.11	27.71	28.53	31.82	35.11	34.32	33.57	36.15	34.18
Japan	23.67	21.99	20.59	23.59	25.02	22.43	21.48	23.41	25.27	25.25	24.03	23.72	27.48	30.03	31.75	35.71	35.34
Korea, Republic of	9.54	9.22	6.62	8.59	9.62	9.00	10.25	11.33	12.63	14.83	17.37	19.43	16.85	15.06	17.89	19.25	20.72
Mexico	3.05	3.47	3.57	4.02	4.70	5.41	5.59	5.31	5.26	5.61	5.88	6.17	6.47	5.70	6.14	6.49	6.36
Netherlands	NA	22.45	23.25	23.28	21.04	21.59	23.73	29.66	33.01	33.29	34.37	38.30	43.09	41.39	39.54	42.26	39.62
New Zealand	12.11	12.06	10.03	10.14	9.00	8.53	9.77	12.62	14.78	16.26	15.75	18.84	19.15	17.47	20.42	23.38	24.77
Norway	NA	25.83	26.07	26.56	24.50	25.35	30.28	35.59	39.34	42.04	44.57	52.14	57.35	53.39	57.66	64.76	63.36
Philippines	1.36	1.28	0.98	1.06	1.00	0.98	1.02	1.03	1.10	1.20	1.35	1.60	1.75	1.71	1.89	2.02	2.10
Poland	NA	3.15	3.46	3.40	3.41	3.91	4.07	4.40	4.79	5.60	6.18	7.63	9.60	7.72	8.16	8.68	8.25
Portugal	7.13	6.46	6.68	6.61	5.94	6.06	6.70	8.19	9.24	9.54	9.96	11.21	12.61	12.34	11.94	13.15	12.10
Singapore	11.93	12.15	11.47	11.01	11.71	12.20	12.14	12.74	13.20	13.25	13.77	15.71	18.87	17.54	19.42	23.13	24.16
Slovakia	2.73	2.84	2.89	2.59	2.60	2.69	3.24	4.38	5.20	5.82	6.56	8.53	10.72	11.24	10.72	11.77	11.30
Spain	15.48	13.95	14.15	13.91	12.40	12.49	13.85	17.42	19.82	20.74	21.80	24.79	27.75	27.86	26.66	28.44	26.83
Sweden	27.15	25.02	25.20	24.82	23.40	21.91	24.58	31.01	34.72	35.39	36.55	42.61	44.45	40.92	43.51	49.21	49.80
Switzerland	35.52	30.42	30.98	29.60	26.92	28.09	31.10	36.79	39.41	40.10	40.91	43.53	49.23	50.54	51.10	60.40	57.79
Taiwan	7.10	7.04	6.34	6.79	7.30	7.16	6.83	6.97	7.28	7.93	8.05	8.18	8.68	7.77	8.37	9.34	9.46
United Kingdom	17.78	19.31	20.68	21.29	20.67	20.69	22.09	25.15	28.50	29.72	31.23	35.23	34.20	29.47	29.11	30.77	31.23
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	15.89	15.49	15.79	# 15.65	15.42	16.05	18.65	20.66	21.76	22.81	25.00	26.77	25.52	26.98	29.26	28.89
OECD (1)	NA	16.75	16.36	16.76	# 16.57	16.32	17.08	19.92	22.10	23.26	24.36	26.69	28.49	27.18	28.66	30.97	30.53
Europe (1)	NA	23.35	23.64	23.21	# 21.28	21.44	23.44	28.62	32.10	32.87	34.15	38.23	41.69	40.00	38.90	42.11	40.57
Euro Area (1)	NA	24.23	24.25	23.61	# 21.38	21.53	23.53	29.20	32.86	33.48	34.75	38.86	43.16	42.00	40.30	43.25	41.27
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	3.12	3.34	3.27	# 3.18	3.56	4.11	4.89	5.61	6.31	6.89	8.57	10.45	9.30	9.33	10.18	9.73
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	8.65	7.19	8.04	# 8.77	8.57	8.99	9.61	10.35	11.47	12.68	14.02	13.80	12.50	14.28	15.95	16.83
Note: Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 1.3 Indexes of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (2000 = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	90	92	94	96	100	105	110	114	117	121	122	128	131	137	139	142	143
Argentina	91	93	98	99	100	101	37	45	55	67	81	99	123	125	156	196	231
Australia	117	115	104	110	100	91	106	138	163	174	177	203	218	203	241	283	290
Austria	128	113	115	113	100	99	106	129	142	147	153	174	195	194	182	197	189
Belgium	125	111	112	110	100	99	106	134	153	157	163	182	206	200	194	210	200
Brazil	163	163	155	97	100	83	71	74	88	115	138	163	194	187	230	268	258
Canada	102	101	97	97	100	97	98	115	129	143	156	171	175	160	187	198	200
Czech Republic	100	96	104	103	100	110	136	166	193	215	240	289	360	336	336	374	352
Denmark	NA	107	109	112	100	104	115	143	161	167	172	200	224	219	216	233	218
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	100	105	122	161	190	216	256	339	414	393	371	408	408
Finland	126	113	113	111	100	103	113	142	163	170	177	198	221	223	209	227	214
France	130	116	117	114	100	100	108	133	150	153	158	178	195	189	183	197	186
Germany	131	115	114	109	100	100	109	134	148	150	155	171	187	180	173	187	180
Greece	127	117	113	114	100	91	112	138	160	153	167	199	233	229	225	228	195
Hungary	105	103	104	104	100	114	141	175	209	227	232	293	330	292	284	310	303
Ireland	107	106	106	107	100	108	120	150	172	182	193	225	257	261	245	252	242
Israel	89	95	95	93	100	106	96	102	105	108	113	128	151	143	157	173	164
Italy	126	119	115	113	100	101	112	141	163	166	171	191	211	206	202	217	205
Japan	95	88	82	94	100	90	86	94	101	101	96	95	110	120	127	143	141
Korea, Republic of	99	96	69	89	100	94	107	118	131	154	181	202	175	157	186	200	215
Mexico	65	74	76	86	100	115	119	113	112	120	125	131	138	121	131	138	136
Netherlands	NA	107	110	111	100	103	113	141	157	158	163	182	205	197	188	201	188
New Zealand	135	134	111	113	100	95	109	140	164	181	175	209	213	194	227	260	275
Norway	NA	105	106	108	100	103	124	145	161	172	182	213	234	218	235	264	259
Philippines	135	128	98	106	100	97	102	102	109	119	134	159	174	170	188	202	209
Poland	NA	93	102	100	100	115	120	129	141	164	181	224	282	227	240	255	242
Portugal	120	109	112	111	100	102	113	138	156	161	168	189	212	208	201	222	204
Singapore	102	104	98	94	100	104	104	109	113	113	118	134	161	150	166	197	206
Slovakia	105	109	111	100	100	104	125	169	200	224	253	329	413	433	413	453	435
Spain	125	112	114	112	100	101	112	140	160	167	176	200	224	225	215	229	216
Sweden	116	107	108	106	100	94	105	133	148	151	156	182	190	175	186	210	213
Switzerland	132	113	115	110	100	104	116	137	146	149	152	162	183	188	190	224	215
Taiwan	97	96	87	93	100	98	94	95	100	109	110	112	119	106	115	128	130
United Kingdom	86	93	100	103	100	100	107	122	138	144	151	170	165	143	141	149	151
Note: Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 1.4 Hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	22.47	23.04	23.49	24.02	24.96	26.22	27.36	28.57	29.31	30.14	30.48	32.07	32.78	34.19	34.81	35.51	35.67
Argentina	7.43	7.55	8.00	8.08	8.16	8.26	9.21	10.59	13.19	15.99	20.25	24.89	31.55	37.95	49.76	65.69	85.62
Australia	24.49	25.45	27.26	28.10	28.29	29.06	32.05	34.72	36.33	37.44	38.72	39.77	42.06	42.16	43.13	44.98	46.02
Austria	297.75	304.01	311.94	# 23.33	23.80	24.24	24.74	25.07	25.07	26.00	26.77	27.81	29.10	30.58	30.15	31.03	32.30
Belgium	1012.99	1035.53	1063.88	# 26.98	28.31	28.80	29.36	30.93	32.12	32.94	33.82	34.62	36.59	37.51	38.25	39.31	40.58
Brazil	7.14	7.62	7.83	7.66	7.96	8.54	9.01	9.92	11.17	12.21	13.01	13.82	15.46	16.24	17.62	19.52	21.89
Canada	25.40	25.61	26.30	26.51	27.23	27.58	28.35	29.53	30.81	31.82	32.41	33.57	34.18	33.56	35.39	35.93	36.58
Czech Republic	91.83	102.87	114.46	120.86	131.15	142.51	150.89	159.34	168.89	174.93	184.33	199.18	208.75	217.78	218.05	224.99	233.95
Denmark	NA	156.67	162.00	174.35	179.76	191.68	200.70	208.52	213.67	222.12	227.17	241.77	252.90	260.36	269.68	276.61	280.75
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	43.33	46.75	51.61	56.90	61.20	69.39	81.38	98.86	112.91	112.89	111.85	# 7.48	8.09
Finland	114.88	116.07	119.68	# 20.73	21.52	22.81	23.79	24.84	26.10	27.09	28.01	28.64	29.78	31.75	31.25	32.34	33.13
France	142.32	145.17	147.33	# 22.79	23.15	23.80	24.47	25.14	25.84	26.24	26.94	27.68	28.36	28.97	29.50	30.23	30.96
Germany	49.99	50.59	50.89	# 25.88	27.53	28.28	29.23	30.03	30.33	30.55	31.34	31.73	32.28	32.84	33.06	34.04	35.61
Greece	3035.82	3169.63	3313.04	3467.14	3633.20	# 10.08	11.78	12.12	12.78	12.25	13.22	14.41	15.71	16.31	16.86	16.28	15.10
Hungary	475.33	570.26	661.48	732.37	834.65	965.19	1079.06	1163.88	1250.99	1339.23	1441.81	1590.78	1682.02	1744.66	1745.28	1843.11	2014.20
Ireland	10.54	10.99	11.69	# 15.85	17.07	19.00	19.97	20.88	21.85	23.01	24.21	25.82	27.53	29.57	29.09	28.52	29.68
Israel	34.80	40.08	44.36	47.13	49.94	54.71	55.85	56.81	57.40	59.55	61.74	64.59	66.53	69.01	71.85	75.63	77.66
Italy	32395.51	33665.92	33350.10	# 17.58	18.03	18.81	19.69	20.69	21.80	22.26	22.71	23.20	23.84	24.63	25.31	25.95	26.58
Japan	2574.31	2661.95	2696.63	2682.89	2697.41	2727.04	2690.19	2714.45	2732.94	2780.60	2794.96	2793.10	2840.73	2812.92	2787.43	2846.02	2820.54
Korea, Republic of	7682.03	8786.38	9269.48	10221.16	10879.69	11622.44	12811.76	13501.28	14468.53	15182.83	16573.22	18054.50	18509.06	19192.54	20674.30	21305.97	23329.16
Mexico	23.14	27.49	32.71	38.40	44.41	50.53	54.03	57.29	59.34	61.15	64.09	67.43	72.13	76.93	77.52	80.66	83.72
Netherlands	NA	43.83	46.13	# 21.85	22.79	24.11	25.10	26.20	26.54	26.74	27.36	27.94	29.26	29.70	29.82	30.34	30.81
New Zealand	17.61	18.20	18.70	19.17	19.70	20.30	21.03	21.67	22.24	23.07	24.26	25.58	26.78	27.48	28.29	29.52	30.56
Norway	NA	183.03	196.90	207.39	215.90	228.04	241.73	252.01	265.14	270.82	285.68	305.31	323.25	335.87	348.57	362.77	368.62
Philippines	35.50	37.77	40.17	41.61	44.39	49.72	52.65	55.60	61.39	65.99	69.12	73.62	77.66	81.55	85.20	87.68	88.74
Poland	NA	10.33	12.04	13.50	14.81	16.02	16.63	17.13	17.52	18.11	19.17	21.12	23.12	24.09	24.61	25.72	26.87
Portugal	1099.25	1133.11	1203.40	# 6.20	6.43	6.76	7.09	7.23	7.43	7.66	7.93	8.18	8.56	8.86	9.00	9.44	9.41
Singapore	16.82	18.05	19.18	18.67	20.21	21.88	21.74	22.21	22.31	22.04	21.87	23.67	26.69	25.51	26.47	29.07	30.19
Slovakia	83.79	95.49	101.79	107.19	119.47	129.95	146.96	161.13	167.84	180.64	194.78	210.61	229.07	8.07	8.08	8.45	8.78
Spain	1960.69	2044.36	2113.50	# 13.06	13.44	13.95	14.65	15.39	15.94	16.66	17.35	18.08	18.84	19.99	20.11	20.41	20.87
Sweden	182.14	191.25	200.38	205.39	214.62	226.59	238.98	250.52	255.11	264.37	269.46	287.81	292.67	313.19	313.54	319.25	337.28
Switzerland	43.91	44.16	44.94	44.53	45.51	47.45	48.41	49.48	48.98	49.97	51.26	52.23	53.25	54.89	53.31	53.53	54.19
Taiwan	195.08	202.70	212.52	219.54	228.22	242.08	236.02	239.68	242.96	254.79	261.76	268.73	273.70	256.59	263.54	274.45	279.49
United Kingdom	11.39	11.79	12.48	13.16	13.64	14.37	14.70	15.39	15.55	16.33	16.94	17.60	18.44	18.82	18.84	19.18	19.70
Note: Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 1.5 Indexes of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, national currency basis (2000 = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	90	92	94	96	100	105	110	114	117	121	122	128	131	137	139	142	143
Argentina	91	93	98	99	100	101	113	130	162	196	248	305	387	465	610	805	1050
Australia	87	90	96	99	100	103	113	123	128	132	137	141	149	149	152	159	163
Austria	91	93	95	98	100	102	104	105	105	109	113	117	122	129	127	130	136
Belgium	89	91	93	95	100	102	104	109	113	116	119	122	129	132	135	139	143
Brazil	90	96	98	96	100	107	113	125	140	153	164	174	194	204	221	245	275
Canada	93	94	97	97	100	101	104	108	113	117	119	123	126	123	130	132	134
Czech Republic	70	78	87	92	100	109	115	121	129	133	141	152	159	166	166	172	178
Denmark	NA	87	90	97	100	107	112	116	119	124	126	134	141	145	150	154	156
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	100	108	119	131	141	160	188	228	261	261	258	270	292
Finland	90	91	94	96	100	106	111	115	121	126	130	133	138	148	145	150	154
France	94	96	97	98	100	103	106	109	112	113	116	120	122	125	127	131	134
Germany	93	94	95	94	100	103	106	109	110	111	114	115	117	119	120	124	129
Greece	84	87	91	95	100	95	110	114	120	115	124	135	147	153	158	153	142
Hungary	57	68	79	88	100	116	129	139	150	160	173	191	202	209	209	221	241
Ireland	78	82	87	93	100	111	117	122	128	135	142	151	161	173	170	167	174
Israel	70	80	89	94	100	110	112	114	115	119	124	129	133	138	144	151	155
Italy	93	96	96	98	100	104	109	115	121	123	126	129	132	137	140	144	147
Japan	95	99	100	99	100	101	100	101	101	103	104	104	105	104	103	106	105
Korea, Republic of	71	81	85	94	100	107	118	124	133	140	152	166	170	176	190	196	214
Mexico	52	62	74	86	100	114	122	129	134	138	144	152	162	173	175	182	189
Netherlands	NA	87	92	96	100	106	110	115	116	117	120	123	128	130	131	133	135
New Zealand	89	92	95	97	100	103	107	110	113	117	123	130	136	140	144	150	155
Norway	NA	85	91	96	100	106	112	117	123	125	132	141	150	156	161	168	171
Philippines	80	85	90	94	100	112	119	125	138	149	156	166	175	184	192	198	200
Poland	NA	70	81	91	100	108	112	116	118	122	129	143	156	163	166	174	181
Portugal	85	88	93	96	100	105	110	113	116	119	123	127	133	138	140	147	146
Singapore	83	89	95	92	100	108	108	110	110	109	108	117	132	126	131	144	149
Slovakia	70	80	85	90	100	109	123	135	140	151	163	176	192	203	204	213	222
Spain	88	91	95	97	100	104	109	115	119	124	129	135	140	149	150	152	155
Sweden	85	89	93	96	100	106	111	117	119	123	126	134	136	146	146	149	157
Switzerland	96	97	99	98	100	104	106	109	108	110	113	115	117	121	117	118	119
Taiwan	85	89	93	96	100	106	103	105	106	112	115	118	120	112	115	120	122
United Kingdom	84	86	92	97	100	105	108	113	114	120	124	129	135	138	138	141	144
Note: Compensation costs include direct pay, social insurance expenditures, and labor-related taxes. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 2.1 Indexes of hourly direct pay in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Argentina	34	34	35	35	34	33	12	14	16	19	23	27	33	33	40	49	57
Australia	89	85	75	77	67	59	64	80	92	96	98	109	114	103	121	139	141
Austria	116	100	99	95	81	78	81	95	102	103	106	117	127	122	113	120	114
Belgium	127	110	108	104	89	86	89	109	122	121	124	133	146	137	131	138	130
Brazil	26	26	24	15	15	12	10	10	11	14	17	20	23	21	26	29	28
Canada	89	86	81	79	79	73	70	78	85	92	98	104	103	91	105	108	108
Czech Republic	14	13	14	13	12	13	16	18	21	23	25	30	36	32	32	35	32
Denmark	NA	126	126	123	106	103	108	129	141	142	146	163	178	169	165	174	161
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	10	10	11	14	16	18	21	26	31	28	27	29	28
Finland	108	95	94	91	79	78	82	99	112	113	116	126	136	132	123	130	122
France	109	95	93	88	75	71	74	88	97	96	99	109	117	109	104	110	103
Germany	143	123	119	112	99	95	99	118	127	126	128	140	149	138	130	138	133
Greece	54	49	46	46	39	34	40	48	55	51	55	63	71	67	65	65	55
Hungary	12	11	11	11	10	11	14	17	19	21	21	26	28	25	24	26	25
Ireland	82	80	78	77	69	72	76	92	103	105	109	123	136	130	123	125	116
Israel	52	54	53	51	52	53	46	47	48	48	49	54	63	57	61	65	61
Italy	79	72	71	67	57	56	59	72	82	82	85	92	99	94	91	96	89
Japan	113	102	93	103	105	90	83	87	91	89	84	80	90	95	99	109	107
Korea, Republic of	44	39	26	32	35	32	36	40	45	52	60	65	54	47	54	57	60
Mexico	11	13	13	14	16	17	18	16	16	17	17	18	18	15	16	17	16
Netherlands	NA	95	97	95	84	82	86	103	112	111	114	124	135	125	119	124	114
New Zealand	66	64	52	51	44	40	44	55	63	67	64	75	74	65	75	83	87
Norway	NA	121	119	118	105	103	117	132	142	148	155	176	188	169	180	198	192
Philippines	7	6	5	5	5	4	4	4	4	5	5	6	6	6	7	7	7
Poland	NA	12	13	15	15	16	16	17	18	20	22	27	33	26	27	28	27
Portugal	32	28	28	28	24	23	25	29	32	33	34	37	40	38	37	39	36
Singapore	52	52	49	49	50	49	47	48	49	49	50	55	64	57	62	72	74
Slovakia	11	11	11	10	9	9	11	14	17	18	20	25	31	31	30	32	30
Spain	65	57	57	54	47	45	48	58	65	66	68	75	82	79	75	79	73
Sweden	107	95	94	89	81	72	78	93	102	101	105	116	120	105	111	123	122
Switzerland	170	141	141	131	115	115	122	140	146	145	146	151	166	165	165	190	180
Taiwan	35	34	29	31	32	30	28	27	28	29	29	29	30	25	27	30	30
United Kingdom	82	87	92	92	86	84	87	96	107	109	113	123	116	97	94	97	97
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	70	66	66	# 63	59	59	66	72	74	76	81	84	77	81	86	84
OECD (1)	NA	73	70	70	# 67	63	63	71	77	79	81	87	90	82	86	91	88
Europe (1)	NA	98	98	94	# 83	80	84	99	109	109	112	122	129	119	115	122	116
Euro Area (1)	NA	99	97	93	# 81	78	82	98	108	108	110	121	130	122	116	122	115
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	12	13	13	# 12	13	15	17	19	21	23	27	32	28	28	30	28
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	38	31	33	# 35	33	34	35	38	41	45	48	46	40	45	49	50
Note: Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 2.2 Hourly direct pay in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	17.73	18.20	18.62	19.14	19.87	20.68	21.54	22.27	22.78	23.40	23.62	24.37	25.09	25.96	26.26	26.86	27.15
Argentina	5.95	6.13	6.51	6.67	6.78	6.91	2.48	3.02	3.73	4.55	5.48	6.64	8.29	8.45	10.55	13.20	15.58
Australia	15.77	15.47	13.98	14.72	13.37	12.10	13.82	17.86	21.02	22.47	23.10	26.51	28.52	26.63	31.75	37.29	38.29
Austria	20.53	18.17	18.37	18.13	16.06	16.06	17.37	21.16	23.34	24.20	25.10	28.41	31.87	31.69	29.73	32.14	30.88
Belgium	22.58	19.95	20.20	19.83	17.65	17.84	19.24	24.35	27.83	28.37	29.20	32.43	36.57	35.50	34.40	37.12	35.40
Brazil	4.69	4.70	4.45	2.83	2.94	2.44	2.08	2.17	2.59	3.37	4.05	4.82	5.70	5.52	6.81	7.85	7.53
Canada	15.72	15.65	15.09	15.21	15.67	15.07	15.04	17.39	19.38	21.42	23.10	25.39	25.92	23.53	27.48	29.07	29.30
Czech Republic	2.50	2.39	2.61	2.57	2.48	2.73	3.35	4.10	4.76	5.36	5.98	7.19	8.97	8.30	8.34	9.33	8.77
Denmark	NA	22.95	23.40	23.55	21.03	21.36	23.28	28.75	32.20	33.17	34.39	39.83	44.63	43.84	43.31	46.70	43.80
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.90	2.00	2.30	3.05	3.61	4.10	4.87	6.45	7.81	7.32	6.98	7.71	7.69
Finland	19.21	17.30	17.46	17.34	15.72	16.13	17.74	22.15	25.54	26.44	27.51	30.61	34.07	34.38	32.20	35.00	33.10
France	19.41	17.33	17.38	16.87	14.83	14.75	15.96	19.58	22.04	22.52	23.46	26.45	29.25	28.28	27.41	29.51	27.89
Germany	25.37	22.32	22.23	21.35	19.62	19.60	21.36	26.28	28.99	29.53	30.34	34.11	37.38	35.82	34.25	37.17	36.07
Greece	9.66	8.91	8.63	8.72	7.69	7.00	8.66	10.70	12.44	11.88	12.88	15.26	17.80	17.47	17.19	17.44	14.93
Hungary	2.06	2.04	2.09	2.12	2.06	2.36	2.96	3.70	4.43	4.84	5.02	6.33	7.14	6.39	6.39	7.01	6.84
Ireland	14.61	14.51	14.52	14.75	13.80	14.79	16.45	20.45	23.38	24.48	25.84	29.89	34.01	33.65	32.18	33.47	31.50
Israel	9.22	9.80	9.83	9.67	10.38	11.02	9.90	10.50	10.85	11.12	11.61	13.09	15.78	14.82	16.03	17.40	16.67
Italy	13.95	13.13	13.21	12.89	11.38	11.53	12.81	16.12	18.66	19.19	20.02	22.47	24.95	24.39	23.85	25.69	24.29
Japan	20.08	18.57	17.30	19.74	20.86	18.62	17.79	19.34	20.82	20.75	19.73	19.46	22.53	24.61	26.01	29.25	28.94
Korea, Republic of	7.87	7.08	4.85	6.05	7.01	6.65	7.77	8.87	10.16	12.26	14.29	15.84	13.64	12.10	14.26	15.24	16.27
Mexico	1.98	2.28	2.37	2.70	3.16	3.61	3.77	3.61	3.61	3.89	4.06	4.28	4.47	3.93	4.30	4.54	4.45
Netherlands	NA	17.28	18.05	18.21	16.60	16.87	18.53	22.95	25.61	25.99	27.03	30.32	33.92	32.58	31.15	33.29	31.06
New Zealand	11.68	11.64	9.69	9.81	8.71	8.27	9.48	12.24	14.31	15.74	15.23	18.19	18.51	16.82	19.66	22.39	23.72
Norway	NA	21.95	22.15	22.57	20.81	21.35	25.29	29.48	32.30	34.53	36.60	42.82	47.10	43.85	47.35	53.18	52.03
Philippines	1.22	1.16	0.89	0.96	0.91	0.89	0.93	0.94	1.00	1.09	1.23	1.46	1.60	1.57	1.73	1.85	1.92
Poland	NA	2.20	2.41	2.90	2.88	3.31	3.43	3.70	4.03	4.74	5.25	6.52	8.24	6.63	7.13	7.58	7.21
Portugal	5.61	5.11	5.31	5.28	4.77	4.86	5.37	6.55	7.37	7.62	7.97	8.99	10.13	9.91	9.59	10.56	9.72
Singapore	9.28	9.50	9.11	9.38	9.90	10.23	10.19	10.70	11.20	11.36	11.76	13.37	15.95	14.72	16.28	19.31	20.13
Slovakia	1.88	1.96	2.01	1.83	1.83	1.93	2.31	3.08	3.78	4.24	4.75	6.16	7.73	8.02	7.77	8.58	8.23
Spain	11.55	10.42	10.58	10.42	9.30	9.36	10.36	13.00	14.75	15.41	16.17	18.31	20.62	20.46	19.70	21.22	19.89
Sweden	18.92	17.36	17.45	17.10	16.01	14.90	16.70	20.78	23.22	23.63	24.73	28.24	30.10	27.34	29.14	33.00	33.20
Switzerland	30.06	25.75	26.22	25.04	22.78	23.74	26.26	31.09	33.33	33.90	34.57	36.80	41.62	42.77	43.28	51.16	48.95
Taiwan	6.12	6.10	5.48	5.87	6.26	6.16	5.94	6.11	6.39	6.90	6.96	7.02	7.40	6.61	7.13	8.00	8.08
United Kingdom	14.54	15.92	17.17	17.56	17.09	17.31	18.70	21.38	24.44	25.44	26.69	30.05	29.13	25.09	24.79	26.04	26.37
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	12.66	12.36	12.63	# 12.54	12.30	12.74	14.76	16.34	17.24	18.01	19.79	21.14	20.05	21.24	23.04	22.76
OECD (1)	NA	13.36	13.06	13.39	# 13.25	12.99	13.53	15.74	17.45	18.39	19.20	21.10	22.47	21.34	22.54	24.37	24.03
Europe (1)	NA	17.88	18.20	17.91	# 16.41	16.60	18.17	22.12	24.79	25.46	26.43	29.71	32.37	30.92	30.12	32.64	31.43
Euro Area (1)	NA	18.02	18.14	17.74	# 16.04	16.19	17.70	21.92	24.60	25.17	26.09	29.39	32.66	31.64	30.39	32.68	31.16
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	2.19	2.35	2.52	# 2.44	2.74	3.14	3.71	4.27	4.84	5.31	6.61	8.09	7.15	7.30	7.98	7.63
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	6.89	5.68	6.35	# 6.98	6.87	7.27	7.88	8.62	9.68	10.64	11.67	11.45	10.30	11.71	13.04	13.68
Note: Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 2.3 Hourly direct pay in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	17.73	18.20	18.62	19.14	19.87	20.68	21.54	22.27	22.78	23.40	23.62	24.37	25.09	25.96	26.26	26.86	27.15
Argentina	5.95	6.13	6.51	6.66	6.78	6.91	7.61	8.75	10.89	13.20	16.73	20.55	26.06	31.34	41.09	54.25	70.71
Australia	20.15	20.79	22.22	22.80	22.99	23.41	25.42	27.38	28.53	29.46	30.66	31.59	33.41	33.60	34.51	36.09	36.96
Austria	217.34	221.83	227.45	# 17.02	17.40	17.94	18.37	18.69	18.76	19.44	19.98	20.72	21.64	22.74	22.42	23.07	24.01
Belgium	699.31	714.48	733.40	# 18.61	19.12	19.93	20.35	21.51	22.37	22.79	23.24	23.66	24.84	25.47	25.94	26.64	27.53
Brazil	4.72	5.06	5.17	5.15	5.37	5.75	6.09	6.66	7.59	8.21	8.80	9.38	10.44	11.02	11.99	13.12	14.71
Canada	21.44	21.67	22.39	22.60	23.27	23.34	23.62	24.36	25.22	25.95	26.20	27.25	27.63	26.85	28.30	28.74	29.28
Czech Republic	67.90	75.88	84.41	89.01	95.62	103.84	109.65	115.72	122.33	128.35	135.03	145.90	153.20	158.23	159.21	165.09	171.66
Denmark	NA	151.69	156.85	164.64	170.28	178.00	183.63	189.07	192.87	198.86	204.35	216.73	227.11	234.87	243.68	249.99	253.73
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	32.24	34.97	38.25	42.20	45.48	51.60	60.66	73.75	83.56	82.40	82.37	# 5.53	5.98
Finland	88.24	89.81	93.29	# 16.28	17.03	18.02	18.77	19.57	20.53	21.24	21.90	22.32	23.13	24.67	24.28	25.13	25.74
France	99.32	101.18	102.54	# 15.84	16.07	16.47	16.88	17.29	17.72	18.09	18.67	19.29	19.87	20.30	20.67	21.18	21.69
Germany	38.18	38.73	39.12	# 20.04	21.26	21.89	22.59	23.21	23.31	23.72	24.15	24.88	25.38	25.70	25.83	26.68	28.05
Greece	2325.15	2433.18	2549.08	2673.77	2808.27	# 7.82	9.16	9.45	10.00	9.54	10.25	11.13	12.08	12.54	12.97	12.52	11.61
Hungary	314.09	381.57	448.26	502.72	580.44	676.68	762.73	829.50	899.02	966.11	1055.16	1162.08	1228.65	1292.66	1329.15	1409.58	1540.43
Ireland	9.13	9.56	10.19	# 13.85	14.94	16.52	17.40	18.06	18.80	19.67	20.57	21.80	23.10	24.15	24.27	24.02	24.49
Israel	29.43	33.79	37.34	40.03	42.32	46.37	46.90	47.83	48.62	49.91	51.71	53.77	56.60	58.29	59.95	62.26	64.28
Italy	21523.83	22367.91	22952.23	# 12.10	12.32	12.87	13.55	14.24	15.00	15.42	15.94	16.39	16.94	17.50	17.99	18.44	18.89
Japan	2184.54	2247.96	2266.23	2245.53	2248.55	2264.10	2227.70	2241.96	2251.38	2284.71	2295.01	2292.00	2329.57	2305.26	2282.88	2330.87	2310.01
Korea, Republic of	6337.42	6750.37	6798.05	7195.16	7925.04	8585.92	9719.73	10568.26	11640.91	12548.57	13633.71	14714.47	14986.11	15428.48	16480.88	16864.61	18322.90
Mexico	15.07	18.09	21.68	25.82	29.89	33.66	36.46	38.91	40.72	42.36	44.24	46.75	49.77	53.02	54.24	56.38	58.47
Netherlands	NA	33.75	35.81	# 17.10	17.98	18.84	19.60	20.27	20.59	20.88	21.51	22.11	23.03	23.38	23.49	23.90	24.16
New Zealand	16.98	17.57	18.07	18.54	19.08	19.68	20.41	21.02	21.54	22.33	23.46	24.70	25.88	26.46	27.25	28.27	29.26
Norway	NA	155.50	167.29	176.20	183.43	192.09	201.89	208.70	217.71	222.39	234.59	250.72	265.46	275.82	286.25	297.91	302.72
Philippines	31.99	34.05	36.20	37.51	40.19	45.20	48.05	50.83	55.90	60.19	63.14	67.36	71.06	74.62	77.96	80.23	81.20
Poland	NA	7.23	8.38	11.51	12.55	13.53	14.01	14.39	14.75	15.33	16.31	18.05	19.85	20.69	21.50	22.47	23.48
Portugal	864.80	896.05	956.55	# 4.95	5.16	5.42	5.68	5.78	5.93	6.12	6.35	6.56	6.88	7.11	7.23	7.58	7.56
Singapore	13.08	14.12	15.24	15.91	17.08	18.35	18.24	18.65	18.93	18.90	18.68	20.15	22.56	21.40	22.19	24.26	25.15
Slovakia	57.73	65.79	70.86	75.88	84.39	93.39	104.54	113.28	121.85	131.49	141.09	152.22	165.05	5.76	5.86	6.16	6.40
Spain	1462.87	1527.13	1580.66	# 9.78	10.07	10.45	10.96	11.49	11.86	12.38	12.87	13.36	14.01	14.68	14.86	15.23	15.46
Sweden	126.93	132.73	138.76	141.45	146.89	154.13	162.36	167.89	170.66	176.56	182.29	190.76	198.23	209.26	210.00	214.10	224.82
Switzerland	37.16	37.37	38.03	37.68	38.51	40.10	40.87	41.81	41.42	42.24	43.32	44.15	45.02	46.45	45.15	45.34	45.90
Taiwan	168.24	175.43	183.99	189.64	195.84	208.31	204.99	210.14	213.31	221.71	226.34	230.48	233.38	218.36	224.44	234.93	238.97
United Kingdom	9.32	9.72	10.36	10.86	11.27	12.03	12.44	13.08	13.33	13.97	14.48	15.01	15.71	16.02	16.04	16.23	16.64
Note: Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.1 Indexes of hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Argentina	32	32	33	33	32	32	11	13	15	18	22	26	31	30	38	46	54
Australia	88	84	74	76	66	58	64	80	91	96	97	109	113	102	120	139	141
Austria	93	80	79	76	65	63	65	77	83	84	86	94	102	98	91	97	92
Belgium	102	88	87	82	71	69	72	88	98	97	99	106	116	108	104	110	104
Brazil	24	23	21	13	13	10	9	9	10	13	15	18	20	19	23	26	25
Canada	88	85	80	78	77	72	69	77	84	91	97	103	102	90	103	108	107
Czech Republic	13	12	13	12	11	12	14	17	19	21	24	27	33	29	29	32	30
Denmark	NA	122	121	117	101	99	104	124	136	136	139	156	169	161	156	165	153
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	9	10	11	14	16	17	20	26	31	28	26	28	28
Finland	96	84	83	80	70	68	71	85	94	95	99	107	116	113	104	112	105
France	93	81	79	75	64	61	63	75	82	81	84	91	97	90	86	92	86
Germany	120	103	101	94	83	79	82	98	107	107	107	116	124	115	111	117	111
Greece	47	42	39	38	32	28	34	40	46	43	46	53	61	57	56	56	47
Hungary	10	10	10	9	9	10	12	14	16	18	18	22	24	21	20	22	21
Ireland	79	76	74	72	65	67	73	88	99	100	104	116	126	120	113	116	108
Israel	53	55	54	52	54	54	47	49	49	49	51	56	65	58	63	67	64
Italy	68	62	61	58	49	48	52	64	73	73	76	83	90	84	81	86	81
Japan	84	76	69	78	80	69	64	68	71	68	64	62	69	75	78	85	84
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	80	82	80	71	69	73	87	95	93	96	104	112	103	97	103	95
New Zealand	66	64	52	51	43	40	44	55	63	67	64	74	73	64	74	83	87
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	6	6	4	5	4	4	4	4	4	4	5	6	6	6	6	6	7
Poland	NA	9	10	12	11	12	13	13	14	16	18	21	26	20	22	23	21
Portugal	27	24	24	23	20	20	21	25	28	28	29	32	35	33	31	34	31
Singapore	47	47	44	44	45	44	42	43	44	43	44	49	57	51	54	63	66
Slovakia	9	9	8	8	7	7	9	11	13	15	16	21	25	25	25	27	26
Spain	55	48	47	45	39	38	40	48	53	55	57	63	69	65	62	66	61
Sweden	103	92	90	85	77	69	74	89	97	96	100	111	115	100	106	118	117
Switzerland	151	125	124	115	101	101	106	123	129	127	126	131	143	143	145	169	160
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	76	80	84	83	78	77	81	91	103	105	108	118	111	92	90	93	93
Note: Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.2 Hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	15.74	16.22	16.63	17.15	17.77	18.44	19.16	19.77	20.25	20.73	20.91	21.50	22.16	23.04	23.31	23.69	23.93
Argentina	5.04	5.19	5.49	5.59	5.71	5.81	2.06	2.51	3.09	3.78	4.55	5.51	6.88	7.02	8.76	10.96	12.94
Australia	13.89	13.63	12.32	12.97	11.78	10.66	12.18	15.74	18.52	19.80	20.35	23.36	25.13	23.47	27.97	32.85	33.73
Austria	14.65	12.99	13.15	13.00	11.53	11.53	12.47	15.19	16.75	17.33	17.93	20.26	22.67	22.54	21.14	22.86	21.96
Belgium	16.10	14.22	14.40	14.13	12.58	12.72	13.71	17.36	19.84	20.15	20.66	22.86	25.68	24.93	24.16	26.07	24.86
Brazil	3.71	3.71	3.52	2.24	2.32	1.93	1.65	1.71	2.05	2.67	3.20	3.81	4.51	4.36	5.38	6.20	5.95
Canada	13.78	13.71	13.23	13.33	13.73	13.21	13.18	15.24	16.98	18.77	20.25	22.25	22.71	20.62	24.09	25.48	25.68
Czech Republic	2.04	1.96	2.14	2.10	2.03	2.21	2.74	3.35	3.90	4.40	4.92	5.89	7.39	6.76	6.83	7.69	7.23
Denmark	NA	19.79	20.18	20.14	18.00	18.23	19.86	24.49	27.46	28.17	29.11	33.62	37.52	37.04	36.26	39.15	36.54
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.68	1.76	2.04	2.69	3.18	3.60	4.28	5.66	6.83	6.36	6.10	6.73	6.75
Finland	15.05	13.59	13.74	13.68	12.42	12.57	13.62	16.76	19.03	19.78	20.65	23.06	25.77	26.00	24.35	26.47	25.03
France	14.64	13.10	13.17	12.82	11.30	11.20	12.09	14.80	16.62	16.87	17.47	19.57	21.52	20.80	20.16	21.70	20.51
Germany	18.90	16.65	16.74	16.16	14.68	14.50	15.77	19.39	21.77	22.09	22.47	25.05	27.47	26.55	25.80	27.70	26.45
Greece	7.37	6.77	6.53	6.57	5.77	5.24	6.47	7.97	9.24	8.87	9.65	11.49	13.46	13.22	13.00	13.19	11.29
Hungary	1.62	1.59	1.62	1.62	1.56	1.79	2.23	2.79	3.34	3.63	3.75	4.71	5.29	4.74	4.74	5.20	5.08
Ireland	12.48	12.31	12.23	12.34	11.46	12.40	13.91	17.44	20.11	20.83	21.75	24.89	28.03	27.69	26.43	27.43	25.78
Israel	8.40	8.93	8.95	8.86	9.53	10.03	9.03	9.59	9.90	10.16	10.60	12.01	14.31	13.41	14.67	15.95	15.22
Italy	10.66	10.03	10.12	9.90	8.75	8.92	9.98	12.63	14.71	15.16	15.85	17.82	19.83	19.39	18.96	20.42	19.31
Japan	13.28	12.26	11.54	13.40	14.13	12.67	12.31	13.36	14.32	14.18	13.44	13.30	15.38	17.21	18.17	20.19	20.11
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	12.94	13.56	13.72	12.54	12.73	13.96	17.26	19.23	19.38	20.00	22.28	24.74	23.77	22.72	24.29	22.66
New Zealand	10.34	10.30	8.57	8.68	7.71	7.31	8.37	10.80	12.67	13.93	13.42	15.88	16.11	14.74	17.29	19.70	20.87
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	1.01	0.95	0.73	0.78	0.74	0.71	0.74	0.75	0.80	0.88	0.99	1.18	1.30	1.27	1.40	1.50	1.56
Poland	NA	1.44	1.61	1.97	2.00	2.30	2.40	2.60	2.84	3.34	3.71	4.60	5.81	4.68	5.03	5.35	5.09
Portugal	4.32	3.90	4.01	3.95	3.53	3.64	4.08	5.04	5.75	5.91	6.14	6.88	7.70	7.54	7.29	8.03	7.39
Singapore	7.36	7.56	7.34	7.50	7.91	8.17	8.13	8.53	8.91	9.01	9.26	10.45	12.54	11.65	12.68	15.00	15.71
Slovakia	1.36	1.41	1.41	1.30	1.28	1.35	1.66	2.25	2.73	3.06	3.43	4.44	5.60	5.85	5.78	6.38	6.12
Spain	8.65	7.79	7.90	7.76	6.92	6.93	7.65	9.56	10.81	11.31	11.89	13.48	15.21	15.09	14.53	15.65	14.67
Sweden	16.24	14.88	14.93	14.60	13.66	12.68	14.17	17.59	19.62	19.96	20.88	23.85	25.42	23.09	24.61	27.87	28.03
Switzerland	23.71	20.31	20.68	19.75	17.97	18.58	20.39	24.26	26.15	26.26	26.43	28.09	31.73	32.99	33.77	39.92	38.19
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	11.89	12.97	13.95	14.21	13.78	14.17	15.53	18.03	20.91	21.69	22.68	25.46	24.59	21.19	20.93	21.98	22.27
Note: Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 3.3 Hourly pay for time worked in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	15.74	16.22	16.63	17.15	17.77	18.44	19.16	19.77	20.25	20.73	20.91	21.50	22.16	23.04	23.31	23.69	23.93
Argentina	5.04	5.18	5.49	5.58	5.70	5.81	6.32	7.27	9.05	10.97	13.89	17.07	21.64	26.03	34.13	45.06	58.73
Australia	17.75	18.32	19.58	20.09	20.25	20.62	22.39	24.12	25.14	25.96	27.01	27.84	29.43	29.60	30.40	31.80	32.57
Austria	155.12	158.55	162.81	# 12.20	12.49	12.88	13.19	13.41	13.47	13.92	14.27	14.77	15.39	16.17	15.95	16.41	17.08
Belgium	498.46	509.28	522.76	# 13.27	13.63	14.20	14.50	15.33	15.95	16.19	16.45	16.67	17.44	17.89	18.22	18.71	19.33
Brazil	3.73	4.00	4.09	4.07	4.25	4.54	4.81	5.27	6.00	6.49	6.96	7.42	8.26	8.71	9.48	10.37	11.63
Canada	18.79	18.99	19.63	19.81	20.40	20.46	20.70	21.35	22.11	22.75	22.96	23.89	24.21	23.54	24.81	25.19	25.66
Czech Republic	55.47	61.99	68.95	72.71	78.52	83.91	89.58	94.49	100.16	105.36	111.11	119.63	126.16	128.91	130.50	136.14	141.56
Denmark	NA	130.81	135.27	140.77	145.72	151.93	156.60	161.09	164.46	168.90	172.98	182.96	190.90	198.42	204.03	209.61	211.65
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	28.50	30.71	33.84	37.26	40.02	45.33	53.39	64.75	73.09	71.62	71.98	# 4.83	5.25
Finland	69.15	70.53	73.42	# 12.84	13.46	14.04	14.41	14.80	15.30	15.89	16.44	16.82	17.50	18.66	18.36	19.00	19.47
France	74.90	76.48	77.71	# 12.03	12.24	12.51	12.79	13.07	13.36	13.55	13.91	14.28	14.61	14.93	15.20	15.58	15.95
Germany	28.44	28.88	29.46	# 15.17	15.90	16.20	16.68	17.13	17.50	17.74	17.88	18.27	18.65	19.05	19.45	19.88	20.57
Greece	1773.80	1848.82	1929.14	2015.37	2108.21	# 5.85	6.84	7.04	7.43	7.12	7.69	8.38	9.14	9.48	9.81	9.47	8.78
Hungary	247.47	297.77	346.46	384.78	439.92	512.05	576.24	625.69	677.06	724.82	788.62	865.21	911.25	958.73	985.79	1045.45	1142.49
Ireland	7.80	8.11	8.58	# 11.59	12.42	13.85	14.71	15.40	16.17	16.73	17.31	18.15	19.04	19.87	19.93	19.69	20.05
Israel	26.81	30.80	34.03	36.69	38.85	42.19	42.76	43.68	44.38	45.62	47.22	49.34	51.34	52.74	54.85	57.09	58.70
Italy	16450.58	17095.70	17580.79	# 9.29	9.48	9.97	10.55	11.16	11.82	12.17	12.61	13.00	13.47	13.91	14.30	14.66	15.02
Japan	1445.03	1484.39	1511.79	1524.50	1523.66	1539.74	1541.29	1548.85	1548.51	1561.06	1563.30	1566.68	1590.27	1612.61	1594.70	1608.95	1605.50
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	25.27	26.90	# 12.88	13.59	14.22	14.77	15.24	15.46	15.56	15.92	16.25	16.80	17.06	17.13	17.43	17.62
New Zealand	15.04	15.55	15.99	16.41	16.87	17.40	18.03	18.55	19.08	19.76	20.66	21.55	22.53	23.18	23.97	24.87	25.74
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	26.29	27.98	29.75	30.62	32.58	36.39	38.43	40.76	44.95	48.53	51.04	54.60	57.59	60.48	63.19	65.03	65.82
Poland	NA	4.72	5.59	7.83	8.71	9.43	9.80	10.11	10.40	10.81	11.50	12.73	14.01	14.60	15.17	15.85	16.57
Portugal	666.08	683.40	722.38	# 3.70	3.82	4.07	4.31	4.45	4.62	4.75	4.89	5.02	5.23	5.41	5.50	5.76	5.74
Singapore	10.38	11.23	12.27	12.71	13.65	14.65	14.55	14.87	15.06	15.00	14.71	15.75	17.74	16.94	17.28	18.85	19.62
Slovakia	41.69	47.51	49.65	53.78	58.98	65.11	75.31	82.73	87.99	94.82	101.81	109.61	119.58	4.20	4.36	4.58	4.76
Spain	1096.16	1142.16	1179.98	# 7.29	7.49	7.74	8.09	8.45	8.69	9.09	9.46	9.83	10.33	10.83	10.96	11.23	11.41
Sweden	108.92	113.72	118.70	120.82	125.27	131.13	137.79	142.14	144.14	149.12	153.95	161.09	167.39	176.70	177.32	180.79	189.84
Switzerland	29.31	29.47	30.00	29.72	30.38	31.38	31.74	32.63	32.50	32.71	33.12	33.70	34.32	35.82	35.23	35.38	35.82
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	7.62	7.92	8.41	8.79	9.09	9.84	10.34	11.03	11.41	11.92	12.31	12.72	13.26	13.53	13.55	13.70	14.05
Note: Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 4.1 Indexes of hourly direct benefits in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Argentina	46	48	51	54	51	49	18	20	25	29	34	39	48	49	61	70	82
Australia	94	93	84	88	76	64	69	85	99	100	102	110	116	108	128	140	141
Austria	295	262	262	258	216	202	206	238	261	257	265	284	314	313	291	292	276
Belgium	326	290	291	286	242	228	232	279	317	308	316	334	372	361	348	348	327
Brazil	49	50	47	30	29	23	18	18	22	26	31	35	41	40	48	52	49
Canada	98	98	94	94	92	83	78	86	95	99	106	109	109	99	115	113	112
Czech Republic	23	22	24	24	21	23	26	30	34	36	39	45	54	53	51	52	48
Denmark	NA	160	162	171	145	140	144	170	188	187	195	216	243	233	239	238	225
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	11	11	11	14	17	19	22	27	33	33	30	31	29
Finland	209	188	187	184	157	159	173	215	258	249	253	263	283	286	266	269	250
France	240	214	211	203	169	158	162	191	215	211	221	240	264	256	246	246	229
Germany	325	287	276	260	236	227	235	275	286	278	291	316	338	317	287	299	298
Greece	115	108	105	108	91	78	92	109	127	113	119	131	148	146	142	134	113
Hungary	22	23	24	25	24	26	30	36	43	45	47	56	63	56	56	57	55
Ireland	107	111	115	121	111	107	107	120	129	137	151	174	204	204	195	190	177
Israel	41	44	44	40	41	44	37	36	37	36	37	38	50	48	46	46	45
Italy	165	156	155	150	125	116	119	139	157	151	154	162	175	171	166	166	154
Japan	342	319	289	318	321	266	230	239	258	246	233	215	244	253	266	285	274
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	219	226	225	194	185	192	227	253	248	260	280	313	301	286	284	261
New Zealand	67	67	56	57	48	43	46	57	65	68	67	81	82	71	80	85	88
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	11	10	8	9	8	8	8	7	8	8	9	10	10	10	11	11	11
Poland	NA	39	40	46	42	45	43	44	47	52	57	67	83	67	71	70	66
Portugal	65	61	65	67	59	54	54	60	64	64	68	74	83	81	78	80	72
Singapore	96	98	89	95	95	92	86	87	91	88	92	102	116	105	122	136	137
Slovakia	26	27	30	27	26	26	27	33	42	44	49	60	73	74	68	69	66
Spain	146	133	135	133	114	108	114	137	156	154	158	168	185	184	175	175	162
Sweden	135	126	127	125	112	99	106	127	143	137	142	153	160	145	154	162	160
Switzerland	319	275	278	265	230	230	246	272	284	286	301	304	338	335	323	354	333
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	133	149	162	168	158	140	133	134	140	140	148	160	155	134	131	128	127
Note: Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 4.2 Hourly direct benefits in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	1.99	1.98	1.99	1.99	2.10	2.24	2.38	2.51	2.52	2.67	2.71	2.87	2.93	2.92	2.95	3.17	3.22
Argentina	0.92	0.94	1.02	1.08	1.08	1.10	0.42	0.51	0.63	0.77	0.93	1.12	1.40	1.43	1.79	2.24	2.64
Australia	1.88	1.84	1.66	1.75	1.59	1.44	1.64	2.12	2.50	2.67	2.75	3.15	3.39	3.17	3.78	4.44	4.55
Austria	5.88	5.18	5.22	5.13	4.53	4.53	4.90	5.97	6.59	6.87	7.17	8.16	9.20	9.15	8.58	9.28	8.91
Belgium	6.49	5.73	5.80	5.70	5.07	5.12	5.52	6.99	7.99	8.22	8.54	9.57	10.89	10.57	10.24	11.05	10.54
Brazil	0.98	0.98	0.93	0.59	0.61	0.51	0.44	0.45	0.54	0.71	0.85	1.01	1.19	1.16	1.43	1.64	1.58
Canada	1.94	1.93	1.87	1.88	1.94	1.86	1.86	2.15	2.39	2.65	2.86	3.14	3.20	2.91	3.40	3.59	3.62
Czech Republic	0.46	0.44	0.48	0.47	0.44	0.52	0.61	0.75	0.86	0.96	1.06	1.29	1.58	1.54	1.50	1.64	1.54
Denmark	NA	3.16	3.22	3.42	3.03	3.13	3.43	4.25	4.74	5.00	5.28	6.21	7.11	6.80	7.05	7.54	7.26
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.22	0.24	0.27	0.36	0.43	0.50	0.58	0.79	0.98	0.96	0.88	0.98	0.94
Finland	4.16	3.71	3.72	3.66	3.29	3.56	4.12	5.39	6.51	6.66	6.86	7.54	8.30	8.38	7.85	8.53	8.07
France	4.77	4.23	4.21	4.05	3.54	3.54	3.87	4.78	5.43	5.65	5.99	6.87	7.74	7.48	7.25	7.80	7.38
Germany	6.47	5.67	5.49	5.19	4.94	5.09	5.59	6.89	7.22	7.44	7.88	9.06	9.91	9.27	8.45	9.48	9.62
Greece	2.29	2.14	2.10	2.15	1.92	1.76	2.19	2.73	3.20	3.01	3.22	3.77	4.34	4.26	4.19	4.25	3.64
Hungary	0.44	0.45	0.47	0.50	0.50	0.57	0.72	0.91	1.09	1.21	1.27	1.62	1.84	1.65	1.65	1.81	1.77
Ireland	2.13	2.20	2.29	2.41	2.33	2.39	2.54	3.01	3.27	3.65	4.09	5.00	5.98	5.96	5.75	6.04	5.71
Israel	0.82	0.87	0.87	0.81	0.85	0.99	0.87	0.91	0.95	0.96	1.01	1.08	1.47	1.41	1.36	1.45	1.45
Italy	3.29	3.09	3.09	3.00	2.62	2.60	2.83	3.49	3.96	4.04	4.18	4.65	5.12	5.00	4.89	5.27	4.98
Japan	6.80	6.31	5.76	6.34	6.72	5.96	5.48	5.98	6.50	6.57	6.29	6.16	7.15	7.39	7.84	9.06	8.83
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	4.34	4.49	4.49	4.06	4.14	4.57	5.69	6.38	6.62	7.02	8.04	9.17	8.81	8.42	9.01	8.40
New Zealand	1.34	1.34	1.11	1.13	1.01	0.96	1.11	1.43	1.63	1.81	1.81	2.32	2.40	2.08	2.37	2.69	2.85
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	0.22	0.21	0.16	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.19	0.19	0.20	0.21	0.24	0.28	0.30	0.30	0.33	0.35	0.36
Poland	NA	0.76	0.80	0.93	0.88	1.00	1.03	1.10	1.19	1.40	1.55	1.92	2.43	1.95	2.10	2.23	2.12
Portugal	1.29	1.21	1.30	1.33	1.24	1.21	1.29	1.51	1.62	1.72	1.83	2.11	2.43	2.38	2.30	2.53	2.33
Singapore	1.92	1.94	1.78	1.89	1.99	2.06	2.06	2.17	2.29	2.34	2.50	2.92	3.41	3.07	3.61	4.30	4.42
Slovakia	0.52	0.54	0.60	0.53	0.55	0.58	0.64	0.83	1.05	1.18	1.32	1.73	2.13	2.17	1.99	2.20	2.11
Spain	2.89	2.63	2.68	2.66	2.38	2.42	2.71	3.44	3.94	4.10	4.28	4.83	5.41	5.37	5.17	5.57	5.22
Sweden	2.68	2.49	2.52	2.49	2.36	2.22	2.53	3.19	3.61	3.67	3.84	4.39	4.68	4.25	4.53	5.13	5.17
Switzerland	6.35	5.44	5.54	5.29	4.81	5.16	5.87	6.82	7.18	7.64	8.14	8.71	9.90	9.78	9.51	11.24	10.75
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	2.65	2.95	3.23	3.35	3.31	3.14	3.17	3.36	3.53	3.74	4.00	4.59	4.53	3.91	3.86	4.05	4.11
Note: Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 4.3 Hourly direct benefits in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	1.99	1.98	1.99	1.99	2.10	2.24	2.38	2.51	2.52	2.67	2.71	2.87	2.93	2.92	2.95	3.17	3.22
Argentina	0.92	0.94	1.02	1.08	1.08	1.10	1.29	1.48	1.84	2.24	2.83	3.48	4.41	5.31	6.96	9.19	11.98
Australia	2.40	2.47	2.64	2.71	2.73	2.78	3.02	3.26	3.39	3.50	3.65	3.76	3.97	4.00	4.10	4.29	4.40
Austria	62.22	63.28	64.64	# 4.82	4.91	5.06	5.19	5.28	5.30	5.52	5.70	5.95	6.25	6.57	6.47	6.66	6.93
Belgium	200.84	205.20	210.63	# 5.35	5.49	5.72	5.84	6.18	6.42	6.61	6.80	6.98	7.39	7.58	7.72	7.93	8.20
Brazil	0.99	1.06	1.08	1.08	1.13	1.20	1.27	1.40	1.59	1.72	1.84	1.96	2.19	2.31	2.51	2.75	3.08
Canada	2.65	2.68	2.77	2.79	2.88	2.89	2.92	3.01	3.12	3.21	3.24	3.37	3.41	3.32	3.50	3.55	3.62
Czech Republic	12.43	13.90	15.46	16.30	17.09	19.92	20.08	21.23	22.17	22.98	23.92	26.27	27.04	29.32	28.71	28.95	30.10
Denmark	NA	20.88	21.59	23.87	24.57	26.07	27.03	27.98	28.40	29.96	31.37	33.77	36.20	36.45	39.65	40.38	42.07
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	3.74	4.26	4.41	4.95	5.46	6.26	7.27	9.00	10.47	10.78	10.39	# 0.70	0.73
Finland	19.10	19.28	19.87	# 3.44	3.57	3.98	4.36	4.76	5.23	5.35	5.46	5.50	5.64	6.01	5.92	6.12	6.27
France	24.43	24.69	24.83	# 3.81	3.83	3.96	4.09	4.22	4.36	4.54	4.77	5.01	5.25	5.37	5.47	5.60	5.74
Germany	9.73	9.84	9.66	# 4.87	5.35	5.69	5.91	6.09	5.81	5.97	6.27	6.61	6.73	6.65	6.37	6.80	7.48
Greece	551.34	584.36	619.95	658.40	700.06	# 1.96	2.32	2.41	2.57	2.42	2.57	2.75	2.94	3.06	3.16	3.05	2.83
Hungary	66.62	83.80	101.80	117.94	140.52	164.63	186.48	203.80	221.97	241.29	266.55	296.88	317.39	333.93	343.36	364.14	397.94
Ireland	1.33	1.45	1.60	# 2.26	2.53	2.67	2.69	2.66	2.63	2.93	3.25	3.64	4.06	4.28	4.34	4.33	4.44
Israel	2.62	2.99	3.31	3.34	3.47	4.18	4.13	4.16	4.24	4.30	4.49	4.43	5.26	5.55	5.10	5.18	5.58
Italy	5073.26	5272.21	5371.44	# 2.81	2.84	2.91	3.00	3.09	3.18	3.24	3.32	3.39	3.47	3.59	3.69	3.78	3.87
Japan	739.51	763.56	754.44	721.03	724.89	724.36	686.41	693.11	702.88	723.65	731.71	725.32	739.30	692.65	688.19	721.92	704.51
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	8.47	8.91	# 4.22	4.40	4.63	4.84	5.03	5.13	5.32	5.59	5.86	6.23	6.32	6.35	6.46	6.53
New Zealand	1.94	2.02	2.08	2.14	2.20	2.28	2.38	2.46	2.46	2.56	2.79	3.15	3.35	3.28	3.28	3.40	3.52
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	5.70	6.07	6.46	6.90	7.61	8.81	9.62	10.07	10.95	11.66	12.10	12.77	13.46	14.14	14.77	15.20	15.39
Poland	NA	2.51	2.79	3.68	3.84	4.10	4.21	4.28	4.35	4.52	4.81	5.32	5.85	6.09	6.33	6.62	6.91
Portugal	198.72	212.65	234.17	# 1.25	1.34	1.36	1.36	1.33	1.30	1.38	1.46	1.54	1.65	1.71	1.73	1.82	1.81
Singapore	2.70	2.89	2.97	3.20	3.44	3.70	3.69	3.79	3.87	3.90	3.97	4.40	4.82	4.47	4.92	5.41	5.52
Slovakia	16.03	18.27	21.21	22.09	25.41	28.28	29.23	30.54	33.86	36.67	39.28	42.61	45.47	1.56	1.50	1.58	1.64
Spain	366.71	384.96	400.68	# 2.49	2.58	2.71	2.87	3.04	3.17	3.29	3.41	3.52	3.68	3.85	3.90	4.00	4.06
Sweden	18.00	19.01	20.06	20.63	21.62	23.01	24.57	25.74	26.51	27.44	28.34	29.67	30.84	32.56	32.67	33.31	34.98
Switzerland	7.85	7.89	8.04	7.96	8.14	8.72	9.14	9.18	8.92	9.52	10.20	10.45	10.70	10.62	9.92	9.96	10.08
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	1.70	1.80	1.95	2.07	2.18	2.18	2.11	2.05	1.92	2.06	2.17	2.29	2.45	2.49	2.50	2.53	2.59
Note: Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 5.1 Indexes of hourly social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes in manufacturing, U.S. dollar basis (U.S. = 100), 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Argentina	31	29	31	29	27	24	9	10	12	14	17	18	23	22	26	32	39
Australia	72	71	65	70	61	53	62	76	88	90	88	89	96	82	93	106	110
Austria	160	139	140	138	116	102	103	115	120	121	124	126	143	133	120	128	125
Belgium	214	185	187	183	167	143	146	170	186	187	194	195	225	204	191	204	197
Brazil	51	49	47	28	28	21	17	17	19	24	28	30	36	32	37	44	43
Canada	61	59	54	54	52	49	52	59	66	72	80	76	80	71	80	84	86
Czech Republic	19	18	19	19	18	18	22	25	28	29	32	34	42	38	36	39	37
Denmark	NA	16	16	28	23	30	37	47	53	58	56	60	66	58	54	57	55
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	13	12	14	17	19	21	24	28	36	33	29	31	32
Finland	122	104	101	97	81	77	82	95	106	108	112	112	127	120	108	116	112
France	177	155	156	152	128	118	123	141	155	151	151	149	163	147	137	146	140
Germany	166	141	137	128	114	103	108	123	134	126	132	122	132	121	112	118	114
Greece	62	56	53	53	44	37	43	48	53	50	54	58	70	64	60	61	53
Hungary	22	21	20	20	18	18	21	24	27	28	27	30	34	27	23	25	25
Ireland	48	45	44	44	39	40	42	51	58	62	67	72	85	92	75	73	78
Israel	36	38	38	35	37	36	32	31	30	32	33	34	36	33	37	43	41
Italy	149	137	123	120	103	96	100	116	129	126	124	121	132	121	114	121	116
Japan	76	71	68	79	82	69	63	65	68	67	63	55	64	66	67	75	75
Korea, Republic of	35	44	36	52	51	42	42	39	38	38	45	47	42	36	42	46	52
Mexico	22	24	25	27	30	33	31	27	25	26	27	25	26	22	22	23	23
Netherlands	NA	106	107	104	87	85	89	107	113	108	107	104	119	107	98	104	101
New Zealand	9	9	7	7	6	5	5	6	7	8	8	8	8	8	9	11	12
Norway	NA	80	81	82	72	72	86	97	108	112	116	121	133	116	121	134	133
Philippines	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
Poland	NA	20	22	10	10	11	11	11	12	13	13	14	18	13	12	13	12
Portugal	32	28	28	27	23	22	23	26	29	28	29	29	32	30	27	30	28
Singapore	56	55	48	33	36	36	34	32	31	28	29	30	38	34	37	44	47
Slovakia	18	18	18	16	15	14	16	21	22	24	26	31	39	39	34	37	36
Spain	83	73	73	72	61	56	60	70	78	79	82	84	93	90	81	84	82
Sweden	174	158	159	158	145	126	135	163	176	174	172	186	187	165	168	187	195
Switzerland	115	97	98	93	81	78	83	91	93	92	92	87	99	94	91	107	104
Taiwan	21	20	17	19	20	18	15	14	14	15	16	15	17	14	15	16	16
United Kingdom	68	70	72	76	70	61	58	60	62	64	66	67	66	53	51	55	57
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	67	64	65	# 61	56	57	62	66	67	70	68	73	66	67	72	72
OECD (1)	NA	70	68	69	# 65	60	61	66	71	72	75	73	78	71	72	76	76
Europe (1)	NA	113	112	109	# 95	87	91	103	112	110	112	111	121	110	103	109	107
Euro Area (1)	NA	128	126	120	# 105	96	100	116	126	123	126	123	137	126	116	122	119
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	19	20	16	# 15	15	17	19	21	22	23	25	31	26	24	25	25
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	36	31	35	# 35	31	30	27	26	27	30	31	31	27	30	34	NA
Note: Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 5.2 Hourly social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes in manufacturing, U.S. dollars, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	4.74	4.85	4.87	4.88	5.10	5.54	5.82	6.29	6.53	6.74	6.86	7.71	7.69	8.23	8.55	8.65	8.51
Argentina	1.48	1.42	1.49	1.41	1.38	1.35	0.52	0.64	0.79	0.96	1.16	1.40	1.75	1.78	2.22	2.78	3.29
Australia	3.40	3.46	3.17	3.42	3.08	2.92	3.61	4.79	5.74	6.08	6.07	6.86	7.39	6.78	7.93	9.18	9.39
Austria	7.59	6.73	6.82	6.72	5.91	5.64	6.02	7.22	7.84	8.17	8.54	9.71	10.99	10.93	10.26	11.09	10.65
Belgium	10.13	8.97	9.10	8.91	8.49	7.94	8.52	10.67	12.13	12.63	13.29	15.03	17.31	16.77	16.32	17.64	16.79
Brazil	2.41	2.37	2.29	1.38	1.41	1.19	1.00	1.06	1.22	1.64	1.94	2.28	2.74	2.61	3.20	3.83	3.67
Canada	2.91	2.84	2.63	2.63	2.66	2.73	3.01	3.69	4.29	4.84	5.48	5.88	6.14	5.87	6.88	7.26	7.30
Czech Republic	0.88	0.85	0.93	0.92	0.92	1.02	1.26	1.55	1.81	1.94	2.18	2.63	3.25	3.12	3.08	3.38	3.18
Denmark	NA	0.75	0.77	1.39	1.17	1.64	2.17	2.96	3.47	3.88	3.84	4.60	5.07	4.76	4.62	4.97	4.67
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.65	0.67	0.80	1.06	1.25	1.41	1.66	2.20	2.75	2.71	2.50	2.71	2.71
Finland	5.80	5.06	4.94	4.74	4.15	4.29	4.75	5.97	6.93	7.28	7.68	8.66	9.78	9.87	9.24	10.05	9.50
France	8.40	7.53	7.59	7.40	6.54	6.56	7.17	8.88	10.10	10.14	10.39	11.51	12.50	12.09	11.71	12.61	11.92
Germany	7.85	6.84	6.69	6.22	5.79	5.72	6.27	7.72	8.73	8.51	9.03	9.39	10.16	9.94	9.59	10.24	9.73
Greece	2.95	2.70	2.59	2.59	2.26	2.03	2.47	3.01	3.45	3.37	3.72	4.50	5.35	5.25	5.16	5.24	4.48
Hungary	1.06	1.01	0.99	0.97	0.90	1.01	1.23	1.49	1.74	1.87	1.84	2.33	2.63	2.23	2.00	2.16	2.10
Ireland	2.26	2.18	2.14	2.14	1.96	2.22	2.43	3.19	3.79	4.16	4.58	5.51	6.52	7.56	6.40	6.27	6.68
Israel	1.68	1.82	1.85	1.71	1.87	1.98	1.89	1.97	1.96	2.15	2.25	2.63	2.77	2.73	3.18	3.74	3.47
Italy	7.05	6.63	5.99	5.84	5.26	5.31	5.80	7.30	8.45	8.52	8.51	9.35	10.16	9.93	9.72	10.46	9.89
Japan	3.58	3.42	3.29	3.85	4.16	3.81	3.69	4.08	4.45	4.50	4.30	4.26	4.94	5.42	5.75	6.46	6.40
Korea, Republic of	1.67	2.14	1.76	2.54	2.61	2.35	2.47	2.46	2.47	2.57	3.08	3.60	3.21	2.95	3.63	4.01	4.45
Mexico	1.06	1.19	1.21	1.32	1.54	1.81	1.82	1.70	1.65	1.72	1.82	1.89	2.01	1.77	1.84	1.95	1.92
Netherlands	NA	5.16	5.20	5.06	4.44	4.72	5.20	6.71	7.40	7.30	7.34	7.99	9.17	8.81	8.39	8.97	8.56
New Zealand	0.44	0.42	0.34	0.33	0.28	0.26	0.29	0.38	0.47	0.53	0.52	0.65	0.64	0.65	0.76	0.99	1.05
Norway	NA	3.89	3.92	4.00	3.68	4.00	4.99	6.12	7.04	7.52	7.97	9.32	10.25	9.55	10.31	11.58	11.33
Philippines	0.13	0.13	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.10	0.11	0.12	0.14	0.15	0.15	0.16	0.17	0.18
Poland	NA	0.95	1.05	0.50	0.52	0.61	0.64	0.70	0.76	0.86	0.92	1.11	1.35	1.09	1.03	1.09	1.04
Portugal	1.52	1.35	1.37	1.33	1.17	1.20	1.34	1.64	1.87	1.91	1.99	2.22	2.48	2.43	2.35	2.59	2.38
Singapore	2.65	2.65	2.36	1.63	1.81	1.97	1.95	2.04	2.00	1.89	2.00	2.34	2.92	2.82	3.14	3.83	4.03
Slovakia	0.85	0.88	0.88	0.76	0.76	0.76	0.94	1.30	1.43	1.58	1.81	2.36	3.00	3.22	2.94	3.19	3.06
Spain	3.93	3.53	3.57	3.50	3.11	3.13	3.49	4.42	5.07	5.32	5.63	6.48	7.12	7.40	6.96	7.22	6.95
Sweden	8.23	7.66	7.75	7.73	7.38	7.01	7.88	10.23	11.49	11.75	11.82	14.37	14.34	13.58	14.37	16.21	16.61
Switzerland	5.46	4.68	4.76	4.55	4.14	4.35	4.84	5.71	6.09	6.20	6.34	6.73	7.61	7.77	7.82	9.25	8.85
Taiwan	0.98	0.95	0.85	0.93	1.04	1.00	0.90	0.86	0.89	1.03	1.09	1.16	1.28	1.16	1.24	1.35	1.37
United Kingdom	3.24	3.39	3.51	3.73	3.58	3.38	3.39	3.77	4.07	4.28	4.55	5.18	5.08	4.37	4.32	4.73	4.86
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	3.23	3.13	3.16	# 3.11	3.12	3.31	3.88	4.32	4.52	4.80	5.22	5.63	5.47	5.74	6.21	6.13
OECD (1)	NA	3.40	3.29	3.37	# 3.31	3.33	3.55	4.18	4.66	4.86	5.16	5.59	6.02	5.84	6.11	6.60	6.50
Europe (1)	NA	5.48	5.44	5.30	# 4.86	4.84	5.27	6.50	7.32	7.41	7.72	8.52	9.32	9.08	8.78	9.47	9.14
Euro Area (1)	NA	6.20	6.11	5.87	# 5.35	5.34	5.83	7.28	8.26	8.30	8.65	9.46	10.50	10.36	9.91	10.57	10.11
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	0.93	0.99	0.76	# 0.74	0.82	0.97	1.18	1.34	1.47	1.58	1.96	2.36	2.15	2.03	2.20	2.11
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	1.75	1.51	1.69	# 1.79	1.71	1.72	1.73	1.73	1.79	2.05	2.36	2.36	2.20	2.57	2.91	3.15
Note: Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 5.3 Hourly social insurance expenditures and labor-related taxes in manufacturing, national currency, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	4.74	4.85	4.87	4.88	5.10	5.54	5.82	6.29	6.53	6.74	6.86	7.71	7.69	8.23	8.55	8.65	8.51
Argentina	1.48	1.42	1.49	1.41	1.38	1.35	1.60	1.85	2.30	2.78	3.53	4.34	5.50	6.61	8.67	11.44	14.92
Australia	4.35	4.66	5.04	5.30	5.30	5.65	6.63	7.35	7.79	7.97	8.06	8.18	8.65	8.56	8.62	8.89	9.06
Austria	80.41	82.18	84.48	# 6.31	6.40	6.30	6.36	6.38	6.30	6.56	6.79	7.08	7.47	7.85	7.73	7.96	8.28
Belgium	313.68	321.04	330.48	# 8.37	9.20	8.87	9.01	9.42	9.75	10.15	10.58	10.96	11.75	12.04	12.31	12.66	13.06
Brazil	2.42	2.55	2.66	2.51	2.58	2.79	2.92	3.26	3.58	4.00	4.21	4.44	5.02	5.22	5.63	6.40	7.17
Canada	3.96	3.94	3.90	3.91	3.96	4.23	4.73	5.17	5.59	5.86	6.21	6.31	6.55	6.70	7.08	7.18	7.29
Czech Republic	23.93	26.98	30.05	31.85	35.54	38.67	41.23	43.62	46.56	46.59	49.30	53.28	55.55	59.55	58.84	59.90	62.28
Denmark	NA	4.98	5.15	9.71	9.48	13.68	17.07	19.46	20.80	23.26	22.82	25.04	25.79	25.49	26.01	26.62	27.03
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	11.08	11.78	13.36	14.69	15.73	17.79	20.72	25.11	29.36	30.49	29.48	# 1.95	2.11
Finland	26.64	26.26	26.39	# 4.45	4.49	4.79	5.02	5.27	5.57	5.85	6.11	6.32	6.64	7.08	6.97	7.21	7.39
France	43.00	43.99	44.79	# 6.95	7.08	7.33	7.59	7.85	8.12	8.15	8.27	8.39	8.49	8.67	8.83	9.05	9.27
Germany	11.82	11.86	11.77	# 5.84	6.27	6.39	6.64	6.82	7.01	6.83	7.19	6.85	6.90	7.13	7.23	7.35	7.56
Greece	710.67	736.45	763.95	793.37	824.93	# 2.26	2.62	2.66	2.78	2.70	2.96	3.28	3.63	3.77	3.89	3.76	3.49
Hungary	161.24	188.69	213.22	229.65	254.22	288.51	316.33	334.39	351.97	373.12	386.64	428.70	453.37	452.00	416.14	433.53	473.77
Ireland	1.41	1.43	1.50	# 2.00	2.13	2.48	2.57	2.82	3.05	3.34	3.64	4.02	4.43	5.42	4.82	4.50	5.19
Israel	5.37	6.29	7.02	7.10	7.62	8.35	8.95	8.98	8.78	9.64	10.03	10.82	9.92	10.72	11.90	13.37	13.38
Italy	10871.67	11298.01	10397.87	# 5.48	5.70	5.93	6.13	6.45	6.79	6.84	6.77	6.82	6.90	7.13	7.33	7.51	7.69
Japan	389.77	414.00	430.40	437.36	448.86	462.95	462.49	472.49	481.56	495.89	499.95	501.10	511.16	507.66	504.54	515.15	510.54
Korea, Republic of	1344.62	2036.02	2471.43	3026.00	2954.64	3036.52	3092.04	2933.02	2827.63	2634.26	2939.51	3340.04	3522.94	3764.06	4193.42	4441.37	5006.26
Mexico	8.07	9.40	11.03	12.58	14.52	16.87	17.56	18.38	18.62	18.79	19.85	20.68	22.36	23.91	23.28	24.28	25.25
Netherlands	NA	10.08	10.32	# 4.75	4.81	5.27	5.50	5.93	5.95	5.86	5.84	5.83	6.23	6.32	6.33	6.44	6.66
New Zealand	0.63	0.64	0.63	0.63	0.62	0.62	0.62	0.65	0.70	0.75	0.80	0.88	0.89	1.03	1.05	1.25	1.29
Norway	NA	27.53	29.62	31.19	32.47	35.95	39.84	43.31	47.42	48.43	51.08	54.59	57.79	60.05	62.32	64.86	65.90
Philippines	3.50	3.73	3.96	4.09	4.20	4.52	4.59	4.77	5.49	5.80	5.98	6.26	6.60	6.93	7.24	7.45	7.54
Poland	NA	3.11	3.66	1.99	2.27	2.49	2.62	2.73	2.77	2.79	2.87	3.07	3.26	3.40	3.10	3.24	3.39
Portugal	234.45	237.06	246.85	# 1.25	1.27	1.34	1.41	1.45	1.50	1.54	1.58	1.62	1.68	1.74	1.77	1.86	1.85
Singapore	3.74	3.93	3.94	2.76	3.12	3.53	3.49	3.56	3.38	3.14	3.18	3.52	4.13	4.11	4.28	4.81	5.04
Slovakia	26.07	29.70	30.93	31.31	35.08	36.56	42.42	47.86	45.99	49.15	53.69	58.38	64.02	2.31	2.22	2.29	2.38
Spain	497.82	517.24	532.84	# 3.28	3.36	3.50	3.69	3.90	4.08	4.28	4.48	4.73	4.84	5.31	5.25	5.18	5.40
Sweden	55.21	58.52	61.62	63.94	67.74	72.46	76.62	82.63	84.45	87.80	87.17	97.05	94.44	103.93	103.54	105.15	112.46
Switzerland	6.75	6.79	6.91	6.85	7.00	7.34	7.54	7.67	7.56	7.73	7.94	8.08	8.23	8.44	8.16	8.19	8.30
Taiwan	26.84	27.27	28.53	29.90	32.38	33.77	31.04	29.54	29.65	33.09	35.43	38.25	40.33	38.23	39.09	39.52	40.53
United Kingdom	2.08	2.07	2.12	2.31	2.36	2.35	2.26	2.31	2.22	2.35	2.47	2.59	2.74	2.79	2.80	2.95	3.07
Note: Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Note: See note in Table 7.1. for national currency units. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.1 Hourly direct pay as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	78.9	79.0	79.3	79.7	79.6	78.9	78.7	78.0	77.7	77.6	77.5	76.0	76.5	75.9	75.4	75.6	76.1
Argentina	80.1	81.2	81.3	82.5	83.1	83.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6	82.6
Australia	82.3	81.7	81.5	81.1	81.3	80.5	79.3	78.8	78.5	78.7	79.2	79.4	79.4	79.7	80.0	80.2	80.3
Austria	73.0	73.0	72.9	72.9	73.1	74.0	74.3	74.6	74.9	74.8	74.6	74.5	74.4	74.3	74.3	74.3	74.3
Belgium	69.0	69.0	68.9	69.0	67.5	69.2	69.3	69.5	69.6	69.2	68.7	68.3	67.9	67.9	67.8	67.8	67.8
Brazil	66.1	66.5	66.0	67.3	67.5	67.3	67.6	67.1	68.0	67.2	67.6	67.9	67.5	67.9	68.0	67.2	67.2
Canada	84.4	84.6	85.2	85.2	85.5	84.7	83.3	82.5	81.9	81.6	80.8	81.2	80.8	80.0	80.0	80.0	80.1
Czech Republic	73.9	73.8	73.7	73.6	72.9	72.9	72.7	72.6	72.4	73.4	73.3	73.3	73.4	72.7	73.0	73.4	73.4
Denmark	NA	96.8	96.8	94.4	94.7	92.9	91.5	90.7	90.3	89.5	90.0	89.6	89.8	90.2	90.4	90.4	90.4
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	74.4	74.8	74.1	74.2	74.3	74.4	74.5	74.6	74.0	73.0	73.6	74.0	73.9
Finland	76.8	77.4	77.9	78.5	79.1	79.0	78.9	78.8	78.7	78.4	78.2	77.9	77.7	77.7	77.7	77.7	77.7
France	69.8	69.7	69.6	69.5	69.4	69.2	69.0	68.8	68.6	68.9	69.3	69.7	70.1	70.1	70.1	70.1	70.1
Germany	76.4	76.5	76.9	77.4	77.2	77.4	77.3	77.3	76.9	77.6	77.1	78.4	78.6	78.3	78.1	78.4	78.8
Greece	76.6	76.8	76.9	77.1	77.3	77.5	77.8	78.0	78.3	77.9	77.6	77.2	76.9	76.9	76.9	76.9	76.9
Hungary	66.1	66.9	67.8	68.6	69.5	70.1	70.7	71.3	71.9	72.1	73.2	73.1	73.0	74.1	76.2	76.5	76.5
Ireland	86.6	87.0	87.2	87.4	87.5	86.9	87.1	86.5	86.0	85.5	84.9	84.4	83.9	81.7	83.4	84.2	82.5
Israel	84.6	84.3	84.2	84.9	84.7	84.7	84.0	84.2	84.7	83.8	83.8	83.2	85.1	84.5	83.4	82.3	82.8
Italy	66.4	66.4	68.8	68.8	68.4	68.5	68.8	68.8	68.8	69.3	70.2	70.6	71.1	71.1	71.1	71.1	71.1
Japan	84.9	84.4	84.0	83.7	83.4	83.0	82.8	82.6	82.4	82.2	82.1	82.1	82.0	82.0	81.9	81.9	81.9
Korea, Republic of	82.5	76.8	73.3	70.4	72.8	73.9	75.9	78.3	80.5	82.6	82.3	81.5	81.0	80.4	79.7	79.2	78.5
Mexico	65.1	65.8	66.3	67.2	67.3	66.6	67.5	67.9	68.6	69.3	69.0	69.3	69.0	68.9	70.0	69.9	69.8
Netherlands	NA	77.0	77.6	78.2	78.9	78.1	78.1	77.4	77.6	78.1	78.6	79.1	78.7	78.7	78.8	78.8	78.4
New Zealand	96.4	96.5	96.6	96.7	96.8	96.9	97.0	97.0	96.8	96.8	96.7	96.6	96.7	96.3	96.3	95.8	95.8
Norway	NA	85.0	85.0	85.0	85.0	84.2	83.5	82.8	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1	82.1
Philippines	90.1	90.1	90.1	90.2	90.5	90.9	91.3	91.4	91.1	91.2	91.4	91.5	91.5	91.5	91.5	91.5	91.5
Poland	NA	70.0	69.6	85.3	84.7	84.5	84.3	84.0	84.2	84.6	85.0	85.5	85.9	85.9	87.4	87.4	87.4
Portugal	78.7	79.1	79.5	79.9	80.3	80.2	80.1	79.9	79.8	79.9	80.1	80.2	80.3	80.3	80.3	80.3	80.3
Singapore	77.8	78.2	79.5	85.2	84.5	83.9	83.9	84.0	84.9	85.8	85.4	85.1	84.5	83.9	83.8	83.5	83.3
Slovakia	68.9	68.9	69.6	70.8	70.6	71.9	71.1	70.3	72.6	72.8	72.4	72.3	72.1	71.4	72.5	72.9	72.9
Spain	74.6	74.7	74.8	74.9	75.0	74.9	74.8	74.6	74.4	74.3	74.2	73.9	74.3	73.4	73.9	74.6	74.1
Sweden	69.7	69.4	69.2	68.9	68.4	68.0	67.9	67.0	66.9	66.8	67.6	66.3	67.7	66.8	67.0	67.1	66.7
Switzerland	84.6	84.6	84.6	84.6	84.6	84.5	84.4	84.5	84.6	84.5	84.5	84.5	84.5	84.6	84.7	84.7	84.7
Taiwan	86.2	86.5	86.6	86.4	85.8	86.1	86.9	87.7	87.8	87.0	86.5	85.8	85.3	85.1	85.2	85.6	85.5
United Kingdom	81.8	82.4	83.0	82.5	82.7	83.7	84.6	85.0	85.7	85.6	85.4	85.3	85.2	85.2	85.2	84.6	84.4
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	77.7	77.9	78.2	# 78.2	78.0	77.9	77.9	78.0	78.1	77.9	78.0	77.9	77.5	77.7	77.7	77.6
OECD (1)	NA	77.6	77.7	77.9	# 78.0	77.7	77.6	77.5	77.6	77.8	77.5	77.7	77.6	77.2	77.4	77.4	77.3
Europe (1)	NA	76.7	77.1	77.3	# 77.2	77.4	77.5	77.4	77.4	77.5	77.5	77.8	77.8	77.6	77.7	77.8	77.6
Euro Area (1)	NA	74.7	75.1	75.4	# 75.2	75.3	75.3	75.1	75.0	75.3	75.2	75.7	75.7	75.3	75.5	75.7	75.5
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	70.1	70.2	76.6	# 76.3	76.5	76.4	76.4	76.7	77.2	77.5	77.6	77.8	77.7	79.0	79.2	79.2
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	80.9	79.8	79.8	# 80.5	80.9	82.0	83.2	84.3	85.2	84.9	84.3	83.8	83.4	83.1	82.9	82.6
Note: Direct pay includes pay for time worked (wages and salaries) and directly-paid benefits. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.2 Hourly pay for time worked as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	70.1	70.4	70.8	71.4	71.2	70.3	70.0	69.2	69.1	68.8	68.6	67.0	67.6	67.4	67.0	66.7	67.1
Argentina	67.8	68.7	68.6	69.1	69.9	70.4	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6	68.6
Australia	72.5	72.0	71.8	71.5	71.6	71.0	69.9	69.5	69.2	69.3	69.8	70.0	70.0	70.2	70.5	70.7	70.8
Austria	52.1	52.2	52.2	52.3	52.5	53.1	53.3	53.5	53.7	53.5	53.3	53.1	52.9	52.9	52.9	52.9	52.9
Belgium	49.2	49.2	49.1	49.2	48.1	49.3	49.4	49.6	49.6	49.1	48.6	48.2	47.7	47.7	47.6	47.6	47.6
Brazil	52.2	52.6	52.2	53.2	53.4	53.2	53.4	53.1	53.7	53.2	53.5	53.6	53.4	53.7	53.8	53.1	53.1
Canada	74.0	74.2	74.6	74.7	74.9	74.2	73.0	72.3	71.7	71.5	70.8	71.2	70.8	70.1	70.1	70.1	70.2
Czech Republic	60.4	60.3	60.2	60.2	59.9	58.9	59.4	59.3	59.3	60.2	60.3	60.1	60.4	59.2	59.8	60.5	60.5
Denmark	NA	83.5	83.5	80.7	81.1	79.3	78.0	77.3	77.0	76.0	76.1	75.7	75.5	76.2	75.7	75.8	75.4
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	65.8	65.7	65.6	65.5	65.4	65.3	65.6	65.5	64.7	63.4	64.4	64.6	64.9
Finland	60.2	60.8	61.3	61.9	62.5	61.6	60.6	59.6	58.6	58.7	58.7	58.7	58.8	58.8	58.8	58.8	58.8
France	52.6	52.7	52.7	52.8	52.9	52.6	52.3	52.0	51.7	51.7	51.6	51.6	51.5	51.5	51.5	51.5	51.5
Germany	56.9	57.1	57.9	58.6	57.8	57.3	57.1	57.0	57.7	58.1	57.1	57.6	57.8	58.0	58.8	58.4	57.8
Greece	58.4	58.3	58.2	58.1	58.0	58.1	58.1	58.1	58.1	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2
Hungary	52.1	52.2	52.4	52.5	52.7	53.1	53.4	53.8	54.1	54.1	54.7	54.4	54.2	55.0	56.5	56.7	56.7
Ireland	74.0	73.8	73.4	73.1	72.8	72.9	73.6	73.8	74.0	72.7	71.5	70.3	69.2	67.2	68.5	69.0	67.5
Israel	77.0	76.8	76.7	77.9	77.8	77.1	76.6	76.9	77.3	76.6	76.5	76.4	77.2	76.4	76.3	75.5	75.6
Italy	50.8	50.8	52.7	52.8	52.6	53.0	53.6	53.9	54.2	54.7	55.5	56.0	56.5	56.5	56.5	56.5	56.5
Japan	56.1	55.8	56.1	56.8	56.5	56.5	57.3	57.1	56.7	56.1	55.9	56.1	56.0	57.3	57.2	56.5	56.9
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	57.7	58.3	58.9	59.6	59.0	58.8	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	58.2	57.4	57.4	57.5	57.5	57.2
New Zealand	85.4	85.4	85.5	85.6	85.7	85.7	85.7	85.6	85.8	85.7	85.2	84.3	84.1	84.3	84.7	84.2	84.2
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	74.1	74.1	74.1	73.6	73.4	73.2	73.0	73.3	73.2	73.5	73.8	74.2	74.2	74.2	74.2	74.2	74.2
Poland	NA	45.7	46.4	58.0	58.8	58.9	58.9	59.0	59.4	59.7	60.0	60.3	60.6	60.6	61.7	61.7	61.7
Portugal	60.6	60.3	60.0	59.7	59.5	60.1	60.8	61.5	62.2	61.9	61.7	61.4	61.1	61.1	61.1	61.1	61.1
Singapore	61.7	62.2	64.0	68.1	67.5	67.0	67.0	66.9	67.5	68.1	67.3	66.5	66.5	66.4	65.3	64.9	65.0
Slovakia	49.8	49.8	48.8	50.2	49.4	50.1	51.2	51.3	52.4	52.5	52.3	52.0	52.2	52.1	53.9	54.2	54.2
Spain	55.9	55.9	55.8	55.8	55.8	55.5	55.2	54.9	54.5	54.6	54.5	54.4	54.8	54.2	54.5	55.0	54.7
Sweden	59.8	59.5	59.2	58.8	58.4	57.9	57.7	56.7	56.5	56.4	57.1	56.0	57.2	56.4	56.6	56.6	56.3
Switzerland	66.7	66.7	66.7	66.7	66.7	66.1	65.6	65.9	66.3	65.5	64.6	64.5	64.4	65.3	66.1	66.1	66.1
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	66.9	67.2	67.4	66.7	66.7	68.5	70.3	71.7	73.4	73.0	72.6	72.3	71.9	71.9	71.9	71.4	71.3
Note: Pay for time worked is primarily base wages and salaries, overtime pay, regular bonuses and premiums (paid each pay period), and cost of living adjustments. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.3 Hourly direct benefits as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	8.9	8.6	8.5	8.3	8.4	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.6	8.9	8.9	8.9	8.9	8.6	8.5	8.9	9.0
Argentina	12.3	12.5	12.7	13.4	13.2	13.3	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0	14.0
Australia	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.6	9.4	9.4	9.3	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.5	9.5	9.5	9.6
Austria	20.9	20.8	20.7	20.7	20.6	20.9	21.0	21.0	21.1	21.2	21.3	21.4	21.5	21.5	21.5	21.5	21.5
Belgium	19.8	19.8	19.8	19.8	19.4	19.9	19.9	20.0	20.0	20.1	20.1	20.2	20.2	20.2	20.2	20.2	20.2
Brazil	13.8	13.9	13.8	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.2	14.1	14.2	14.1	14.2	14.2	14.1	14.2	14.2	14.1	14.1
Canada	10.4	10.5	10.5	10.5	10.6	10.5	10.3	10.2	10.1	10.1	10.0	10.0	10.0	9.9	9.9	9.9	9.9
Czech Republic	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.5	13.0	14.0	13.3	13.3	13.1	13.1	13.0	13.2	13.0	13.5	13.2	12.9	12.9
Denmark	NA	13.3	13.3	13.7	13.7	13.6	13.5	13.4	13.3	13.5	13.8	14.0	14.3	14.0	14.7	14.6	15.0
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	8.6	9.1	8.5	8.7	8.9	9.0	8.9	9.1	9.3	9.5	9.3	9.4	9.1
Finland	16.6	16.6	16.6	16.6	16.6	17.5	18.3	19.2	20.0	19.8	19.5	19.2	18.9	18.9	18.9	18.9	18.9
France	17.2	17.0	16.9	16.7	16.5	16.6	16.7	16.8	16.9	17.3	17.7	18.1	18.5	18.5	18.5	18.5	18.5
Germany	19.5	19.5	19.0	18.8	19.5	20.1	20.2	20.3	19.1	19.6	20.0	20.8	20.8	20.3	19.3	20.0	21.0
Greece	18.2	18.4	18.7	19.0	19.3	19.5	19.7	19.9	20.1	19.8	19.4	19.1	18.7	18.7	18.7	18.7	18.7
Hungary	14.0	14.7	15.4	16.1	16.8	17.1	17.3	17.5	17.7	18.0	18.5	18.7	18.9	19.1	19.7	19.8	19.8
Ireland	12.6	13.2	13.7	14.3	14.8	14.1	13.5	12.7	12.0	12.7	13.4	14.1	14.8	14.5	14.9	15.2	15.0
Israel	7.5	7.5	7.5	7.1	6.9	7.6	7.4	7.3	7.4	7.2	7.3	6.9	7.9	8.0	7.1	6.8	7.2
Italy	15.7	15.7	16.1	16.0	15.8	15.5	15.2	14.9	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6	14.6
Japan	28.7	28.7	28.0	26.9	26.9	26.6	25.5	25.5	25.7	26.0	26.2	26.0	26.0	24.6	24.7	25.4	25.0
Korea, Republic of	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Mexico	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Netherlands	NA	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.2	19.3	19.2	19.3	19.9	20.4	21.0	21.3	21.3	21.3	21.3	21.2
New Zealand	11.0	11.1	11.1	11.1	11.2	11.2	11.3	11.4	11.1	11.1	11.5	12.3	12.5	11.9	11.6	11.5	11.5
Norway	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Philippines	16.1	16.1	16.1	16.6	17.1	17.7	18.3	18.1	17.8	17.7	17.5	17.3	17.3	17.3	17.3	17.3	17.3
Poland	NA	24.3	23.2	27.2	25.9	25.6	25.3	25.0	24.8	25.0	25.1	25.2	25.3	25.3	25.7	25.7	25.7
Portugal	18.1	18.8	19.5	20.2	20.9	20.1	19.2	18.4	17.6	18.0	18.4	18.8	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.3	19.3
Singapore	16.1	16.0	15.5	17.1	17.0	16.9	17.0	17.0	17.4	17.7	18.2	18.6	18.1	17.5	18.6	18.6	18.3
Slovakia	19.1	19.1	20.8	20.6	21.3	21.8	19.9	19.0	20.2	20.3	20.2	20.2	19.9	19.3	18.6	18.7	18.7
Spain	18.7	18.8	19.0	19.1	19.2	19.4	19.6	19.8	19.9	19.8	19.6	19.5	19.5	19.3	19.4	19.6	19.4
Sweden	9.9	9.9	10.0	10.0	10.1	10.2	10.3	10.3	10.4	10.4	10.5	10.3	10.5	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4
Switzerland	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	18.4	18.9	18.5	18.2	19.1	19.9	20.0	20.1	19.4	18.6	18.6	18.6
Taiwan	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
United Kingdom	14.9	15.3	15.6	15.7	16.0	15.2	14.3	13.3	12.4	12.6	12.8	13.0	13.3	13.3	13.3	13.2	13.1
Note: Directly-paid benefits are primarily pay for leave time, bonuses, and pay in kind. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions and industrial classifications, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 6.4 Hourly social insurance expenditures and other labor-related taxes as a percent of total hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	21.1	21.0	20.7	20.3	20.4	21.1	21.3	22.0	22.3	22.4	22.5	24.0	23.5	24.1	24.6	24.4	23.9
Argentina	19.9	18.8	18.7	17.5	16.9	16.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4	17.4
Australia	17.7	18.3	18.5	18.9	18.7	19.5	20.7	21.2	21.5	21.3	20.8	20.6	20.6	20.3	20.0	19.8	19.7
Austria	27.0	27.0	27.1	27.1	26.9	26.0	25.7	25.4	25.1	25.2	25.4	25.5	25.6	25.7	25.7	25.7	25.7
Belgium	31.0	31.0	31.1	31.0	32.5	30.8	30.7	30.5	30.4	30.8	31.3	31.7	32.1	32.1	32.2	32.2	32.2
Brazil	33.9	33.5	34.0	32.7	32.5	32.7	32.4	32.9	32.0	32.8	32.4	32.1	32.5	32.1	32.0	32.8	32.8
Canada	15.6	15.4	14.8	14.8	14.5	15.3	16.7	17.5	18.1	18.4	19.2	18.8	19.2	20.0	20.0	20.0	19.9
Czech Republic	26.1	26.2	26.3	26.4	27.1	27.1	27.3	27.4	27.6	26.6	26.7	26.7	26.6	27.3	27.0	26.6	26.6
Denmark	NA	3.2	3.2	5.6	5.3	7.1	8.5	9.3	9.7	10.5	10.0	10.4	10.2	9.8	9.6	9.6	9.6
Estonia	NA	NA	NA	NA	25.6	25.2	25.9	25.8	25.7	25.6	25.5	25.4	26.0	27.0	26.4	26.0	26.1
Finland	23.2	22.6	22.1	21.5	20.9	21.0	21.1	21.2	21.3	21.6	21.8	22.1	22.3	22.3	22.3	22.3	22.3
France	30.2	30.3	30.4	30.5	30.6	30.8	31.0	31.2	31.4	31.1	30.7	30.3	29.9	29.9	29.9	29.9	29.9
Germany	23.6	23.5	23.1	22.6	22.8	22.6	22.7	22.7	23.1	22.4	22.9	21.6	21.4	21.7	21.9	21.6	21.2
Greece	23.4	23.2	23.1	22.9	22.7	22.5	22.2	22.0	21.7	22.1	22.4	22.8	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1
Hungary	33.9	33.1	32.2	31.4	30.5	29.9	29.3	28.7	28.1	27.9	26.8	26.9	27.0	25.9	23.8	23.5	23.5
Ireland	13.4	13.0	12.8	12.6	12.5	13.1	12.9	13.5	14.0	14.5	15.1	15.6	16.1	18.3	16.6	15.8	17.5
Israel	15.4	15.7	15.8	15.1	15.3	15.3	16.0	15.8	15.3	16.2	16.2	16.8	14.9	15.5	16.6	17.7	17.2
Italy	33.6	33.6	31.2	31.2	31.6	31.5	31.2	31.2	31.2	30.7	29.8	29.4	28.9	28.9	28.9	28.9	28.9
Japan	15.1	15.6	16.0	16.3	16.6	17.0	17.2	17.4	17.6	17.8	17.9	17.9	18.0	18.0	18.1	18.1	18.1
Korea, Republic of	17.5	23.2	26.7	29.6	27.2	26.1	24.1	21.7	19.5	17.4	17.7	18.5	19.0	19.6	20.3	20.8	21.5
Mexico	34.9	34.2	33.7	32.8	32.7	33.4	32.5	32.1	31.4	30.7	31.0	30.7	31.0	31.1	30.0	30.1	30.2
Netherlands	NA	23.0	22.4	21.8	21.1	21.9	21.9	22.6	22.4	21.9	21.4	20.9	21.3	21.3	21.2	21.2	21.6
New Zealand	3.6	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.7	3.7	4.2	4.2
Norway	NA	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.8	16.5	17.2	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9	17.9
Philippines	9.9	9.9	9.9	9.8	9.5	9.1	8.7	8.6	8.9	8.8	8.6	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5
Poland	NA	30.0	30.4	14.7	15.3	15.5	15.7	16.0	15.8	15.4	15.0	14.5	14.1	14.1	12.6	12.6	12.6
Portugal	21.3	20.9	20.5	20.1	19.7	19.8	19.9	20.1	20.2	20.1	19.9	19.8	19.7	19.7	19.7	19.7	19.7
Singapore	22.2	21.8	20.5	14.8	15.5	16.1	16.1	16.0	15.1	14.2	14.6	14.9	15.5	16.1	16.2	16.5	16.7
Slovakia	31.1	31.1	30.4	29.2	29.4	28.1	28.9	29.7	27.4	27.2	27.6	27.7	27.9	28.6	27.5	27.1	27.1
Spain	25.4	25.3	25.2	25.1	25.0	25.1	25.2	25.4	25.6	25.7	25.8	26.1	25.7	26.6	26.1	25.4	25.9
Sweden	30.3	30.6	30.8	31.1	31.6	32.0	32.1	33.0	33.1	33.2	32.4	33.7	32.3	33.2	33.0	32.9	33.3
Switzerland	15.4	15.4	15.4	15.4	15.4	15.5	15.6	15.5	15.4	15.5	15.5	15.5	15.5	15.4	15.3	15.3	15.3
Taiwan	13.8	13.5	13.4	13.6	14.2	13.9	13.1	12.3	12.2	13.0	13.5	14.2	14.7	14.9	14.8	14.4	14.5
United Kingdom	18.2	17.6	17.0	17.5	17.3	16.3	15.4	15.0	14.3	14.4	14.6	14.7	14.8	14.8	14.8	15.4	15.6
Trade-Weighted Measures
All Foreign Countries (1)	NA	22.3	22.1	21.8	# 21.8	22.0	22.1	22.1	22.0	21.9	22.1	22.0	22.1	22.5	22.3	22.3	22.4
OECD (1)	NA	22.4	22.3	22.1	# 22.0	22.3	22.4	22.5	22.4	22.2	22.5	22.3	22.4	22.8	22.6	22.6	22.7
Europe (1)	NA	23.3	22.9	22.7	# 22.8	22.6	22.5	22.6	22.6	22.5	22.5	22.2	22.2	22.4	22.3	22.2	22.4
Euro Area (1)	NA	25.3	24.9	24.6	# 24.8	24.7	24.7	24.9	25.0	24.7	24.8	24.3	24.3	24.7	24.5	24.3	24.5
Eastern Europe (1)	NA	29.9	29.8	23.4	# 23.7	23.5	23.6	23.6	23.3	22.8	22.5	22.4	22.2	22.3	21.0	20.8	20.8
East Asia ex-Japan	NA	19.1	20.2	20.2	# 19.5	19.1	18.0	16.8	15.7	14.8	15.1	15.7	16.2	16.6	16.9	17.1	17.4
Note: Employer social insurance expenditures are legally required, private, and contractual social benefit costs, and labor-related taxes minus subsidies. Except for Argentina, Japan, Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan, data relate to manufacturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) Revision 4. For complete information on definitions, industrial classifications, and trade-weighted measures, see the technical notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichcctn.pdf and country notes at www.bls.gov/ilc/ichccsources.pdf. 'NA' means data not available. # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. (1) 1997-1999 data exclude Estonia Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013

Table 7.1 Exchange rates, National currency units per U.S. dollar, 1996-2012
Country or Area	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
United States	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000
Argentina	0.9997	0.9995	0.9995	0.9995	0.9995	0.9995	3.0633	2.9006	2.9233	2.9037	3.0543	3.0956	3.1442	3.7101	3.8963	4.1101	4.5369
Australia	1.2775	1.3446	1.5896	1.5494	1.7197	1.9346	1.8392	1.5328	1.3578	1.3111	1.3271	1.1918	1.1714	1.2615	1.0870	0.9679	0.9653
Austria	10.5890	12.2060	12.3790	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Belgium	30.9700	35.8100	36.3100	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Brazil	1.0051	1.0779	1.1605	1.8207	1.8301	2.3527	2.9213	3.0750	2.9262	2.4352	2.1738	1.9461	1.8326	1.9976	1.7600	1.6723	1.9535
Canada	1.3638	1.3849	1.4836	1.4858	1.4855	1.5487	1.5704	1.4008	1.3017	1.2115	1.1340	1.0734	1.0660	1.1412	1.0298	0.9887	0.9995
Czech Republic	27.1450	31.6980	32.2810	34.5690	38.5980	38.0350	32.7390	28.2090	25.7000	23.9574	22.5956	20.2937	17.0717	19.0630	19.0983	17.6959	19.5775
Denmark	5.8003	6.6092	6.7030	6.9900	8.0953	8.3323	7.8862	6.5774	5.9891	5.9953	5.9422	5.4413	5.0885	5.3574	5.6265	5.3535	5.7922
Estonia	-	-	-	-	16.9690	17.4780	16.6120	13.8560	12.5960	12.5838	12.4655	11.4339	10.6944	11.2574	11.8068	0.7178	0.7777
Finland	4.5936	5.1914	5.3441	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
France	5.1158	5.8393	5.8995	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Germany	1.5049	1.7348	1.7597	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Greece	240.7000	273.1000	295.5000	306.7000	365.4000	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Hungary	152.6470	186.7890	214.4020	237.1460	282.1790	286.4900	257.8870	224.3070	202.7500	199.5825	210.3900	183.6258	172.1133	202.3417	207.9442	201.0550	225.1042
Ireland	0.6248	0.6588	0.7014	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Israel	3.1920	3.4490	3.8000	4.1400	4.0770	4.2060	4.7380	4.5540	4.4820	4.4877	4.4558	4.1081	3.5880	3.9323	3.7390	3.5781	3.8559
Italy	1542.7600	1703.8100	1736.8500	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Japan	108.7800	121.0581	130.9892	113.7342	107.8040	121.5680	125.2204	115.9387	108.1508	110.1069	116.3121	117.7623	103.3906	93.6827	87.7817	79.6967	79.8180
Korea, Republic of	804.9968	953.1904	1400.4036	1189.8361	1130.8975	1292.0149	1250.3140	1192.0817	1145.2364	1023.7492	954.3210	928.9717	1098.7061	1274.6252	1155.7389	1106.9400	1126.1621
Mexico	7.6004	7.9177	9.1521	9.5533	9.4586	9.3366	9.6633	10.7925	11.2897	10.8938	10.9056	10.9281	11.1425	13.4979	12.6237	12.4270	13.1539
Netherlands	1.6863	1.9525	1.9837	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
New Zealand	1.4541	1.5094	1.8653	1.8896	2.1891	2.3798	2.1529	1.7176	1.5053	1.4186	1.5404	1.3578	1.3984	1.5728	1.3858	1.2626	1.2338
Norway	6.4594	7.0857	7.5521	7.8071	8.8131	8.9964	7.9839	7.0803	6.7399	6.4412	6.4095	5.8557	5.6365	6.2908	6.0451	5.6022	5.8181
Philippines	26.1260	29.4710	40.8930	39.0890	44.1920	50.9930	51.6040	54.2030	56.0400	55.0855	51.3143	46.1484	44.3233	47.6797	45.1097	43.3131	42.2288
Poland	-	3.2800	3.4800	3.9700	4.3500	4.0939	4.0800	3.8891	3.6576	3.2355	3.1032	2.7679	2.4092	3.1201	3.0153	2.9628	3.2565
Portugal	154.2800	175.4400	180.2500	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Singapore	1.4100	1.4857	1.6722	1.6951	1.7250	1.7930	1.7908	1.7429	1.6902	1.6639	1.5882	1.5065	1.4140	1.4543	1.3629	1.2565	1.2492
Slovakia	30.6540	33.6160	35.2330	41.3630	46.0350	48.3550	45.3270	36.7730	32.2570	31.0183	29.6973	24.6943	21.3614	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Spain	126.6800	146.5300	149.4100	0.9387	1.0832	1.1171	1.0578	0.8833	0.8040	0.8033	0.7960	0.7293	0.6791	0.7176	0.7541	0.7178	0.7777
Sweden	6.7082	7.6447	7.9522	8.2740	9.1735	10.3425	9.7233	8.0787	7.3480	7.4710	7.3718	6.7550	6.5846	7.6539	7.2053	6.4878	6.7721
Switzerland	1.2361	1.4514	1.4506	1.5045	1.6904	1.6891	1.5567	1.3450	1.2428	1.2459	1.2532	1.1999	1.0816	1.0860	1.0432	0.8862	0.9377
Taiwan	27.4680	28.7751	33.5473	32.3222	31.2599	33.8243	34.5363	34.4047	33.3719	32.1312	32.5065	32.8547	31.5205	33.0200	31.4974	29.3822	29.5581
United Kingdom	0.6407	0.6106	0.6034	0.6184	0.6598	0.6946	0.6656	0.6117	0.5456	0.5493	0.5425	0.4995	0.5392	0.6385	0.6472	0.6233	0.6308
Note: National currency units are United States, dollar; Argentina, peso; Australia, dollar; Austria, schilling (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); # Break in series. Data are not comparable with data from the previous year. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, International Labor Comparisons, August 2013 Belgium, franc (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Brazil, real; Canada, dollar; Czech Republic, koruna; Denmark, krone; Estonia, kroon (1996-2010), euro (2011-2012); Finland, markka (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); France, franc (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Germany, mark (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Greece, drachma (1996-2000), euro (2001-2012); Hungary, forint; Ireland, pound (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Israel, new shekel; Italy, lira (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Japan, yen; Korea, Republic of, won; Mexico, peso; Netherlands, guilder (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); New Zealand, dollar; Norway, kroner; Philippines, peso; Poland, zloty; Portugal, escudo (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Singapore, dollar; Slovakia, koruna (1996-2008), euro (2009-2012); Spain, peseta (1996-1998), euro (1999-2012); Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; Taiwan, dollar; United Kingdom, pound. 'NA' means data not available.

Last updated: August 15, 2013