About the Author

Meredith Miller is an economist in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

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Article

July 2020

Examining industry composition effects in state employment

Using Current Employment Statistics data, this article examines employment for all 50 states and the District from 2007 to 2016 to determine whether an industry composition effect slowed the post-Great Recession recovery of six states—Alabama, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The industry composition of these states was analyzed first at a macrolevel (from goods producing to service providing) and then at a more detailed industry supersector level. Based on industry shares over a decade, the industry composition of the six states that were slower to recover was little different from the composition of the states that did recover. However, the six states had higher rates of employment in goods-producing industries before the recession and higher rates of employment in service-providing industries following the recession.

The Great Recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, as determined by the National Bureau of Economic Research.[1] The effects of the recession were still evident a decade later in the employment levels of six states, although national employment had rebounded. This slow recovery raises some questions:

1. Did these states have a different industry composition that resulted in different recessionary impacts?

2. Did these states shift to a mix of industries that was different from that of other states?

Using data from the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program, this article analyzes industry composition, focusing on how employment was affected by the Great Recession at the state level.[2] In particular, this article looks at the nonrecovered states that did not recover their employment from each of the major industry supersectors.[3] Although the Great Recession officially lasted only 18 months, total private employment (total nonfarm employment less government) at the national level did not recover until early 2014.[4] Forty-three states and the District of Columbia took at least 18 months to recover to their prerecession employment levels. Meanwhile, by December 2016, nonrecovered states had yet to recover all of their prerecession peak employment: Alabama, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, West Virginia, and Wyoming. (Henceforth, the six states will be referred to as nonrecovered states.) Figure 1 shows the employment of these nonrecovered states, indexed to December 2007, which was the first month of the recession. All states in this group began seeing declines in the early months of 2008.

⁠

Figure 1. Indexes of total private employment for unrecovered states, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016 (Dec 2007 = 100)
Date	Alabama index	Connecticut index	Mississippi index	New Mexico index	West Virginia index	Wyoming index
Jan 2007	99.3	99.4	99.6	98.6	99.4	96.2
Feb 2007	99.6	99.3	99.6	99.0	99.0	96.7
Mar 2007	99.8	99.3	99.2	99.5	99.7	97.4
Apr 2007	99.4	99.4	99.4	99.1	99.3	97.1
May 2007	99.5	99.7	99.4	99.2	99.3	97.8
Jun 2007	99.6	99.9	99.5	99.4	99.7	97.9
Jul 2007	99.5	99.8	99.5	99.4	99.5	98.0
Aug 2007	99.6	99.8	99.7	99.5	99.7	98.1
Sep 2007	99.7	99.8	99.7	99.5	99.7	98.3
Oct 2007	99.8	99.9	99.8	99.7	99.8	98.8
Nov 2007	99.8	99.9	99.8	99.8	99.8	99.5
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	99.7	100.3	100.1	99.7	100.3	100.6
Feb 2008	99.6	100.4	100.1	100.0	100.5	100.9
Mar 2008	99.4	100.4	99.7	100.1	100.1	100.9
Apr 2008	99.4	100.2	99.7	100.0	99.9	100.9
May 2008	99.1	100.1	99.5	99.7	99.8	101.1
Jun 2008	98.8	99.9	99.0	99.8	99.7	101.6
Jul 2008	98.7	99.6	98.5	99.5	100.0	101.9
Aug 2008	98.4	99.4	98.2	99.6	99.8	101.9
Sep 2008	98.1	99.1	97.8	99.6	99.9	101.8
Oct 2008	97.4	98.7	97.4	99.1	100.0	102.0
Nov 2008	96.5	98.3	96.9	98.5	99.7	101.6
Dec 2008	95.9	97.8	96.1	97.7	99.4	100.9
Jan 2009	94.6	97.2	95.3	96.7	98.9	99.9
Feb 2009	93.8	96.7	94.7	95.9	98.4	98.7
Mar 2009	93.1	96.0	93.8	95.0	97.8	97.9
Apr 2009	92.6	94.9	93.1	94.2	97.0	96.3
May 2009	92.3	94.9	92.8	94.0	96.9	96.5
Jun 2009	91.8	94.5	92.6	93.7	96.4	95.2
Jul 2009	91.7	94.1	92.4	93.4	95.8	94.7
Aug 2009	91.3	94.1	92.1	93.4	95.8	94.2
Sep 2009	91.0	94.1	91.9	93.4	95.7	94.0
Oct 2009	90.6	93.8	91.4	92.8	95.6	93.1
Nov 2009	90.8	93.8	91.6	92.6	95.7	93.2
Dec 2009	90.6	93.7	91.4	92.5	96.0	92.8
Jan 2010	90.6	92.7	91.4	92.6	95.6	93.0
Feb 2010	90.4	92.7	91.3	92.5	95.3	93.0
Mar 2010	90.6	92.9	91.5	92.4	95.9	92.9
Apr 2010	90.7	93.5	92.2	92.4	96.1	93.9
May 2010	90.9	93.8	92.4	92.4	96.0	93.7
Jun 2010	91.1	93.8	92.7	92.8	96.5	93.7
Jul 2010	91.2	94.1	92.8	92.8	96.8	93.8
Aug 2010	91.1	94.3	92.6	92.5	96.9	94.4
Sep 2010	90.9	94.3	92.6	92.1	96.8	94.6
Oct 2010	91.3	94.6	92.9	92.3	97.2	94.9
Nov 2010	91.2	94.5	92.5	92.3	97.1	94.4
Dec 2010	91.1	94.6	92.5	92.6	96.9	94.4
Jan 2011	90.8	94.7	92.5	92.6	96.8	94.4
Feb 2011	91.0	94.9	92.5	92.8	97.3	94.4
Mar 2011	91.1	94.8	92.7	92.9	97.3	94.7
Apr 2011	91.1	95.3	92.7	93.1	97.7	94.8
May 2011	91.1	95.2	92.7	93.2	97.8	95.2
Jun 2011	90.9	95.1	92.7	93.2	97.8	95.4
Jul 2011	91.3	95.4	92.7	93.5	98.3	95.7
Aug 2011	91.3	95.4	92.6	93.4	98.4	96.2
Sep 2011	91.6	95.4	92.8	93.2	98.4	96.9
Oct 2011	91.5	95.3	92.9	92.8	98.7	96.8
Nov 2011	91.6	95.4	92.8	92.9	99.1	97.1
Dec 2011	91.6	95.6	92.8	92.8	99.3	97.3
Jan 2012	92.0	95.9	93.2	93.0	99.4	97.1
Feb 2012	92.0	96.1	93.5	93.2	99.7	97.2
Mar 2012	92.3	96.3	93.7	93.7	99.8	97.4
Apr 2012	92.4	95.9	93.6	93.4	99.8	98.0
May 2012	92.3	96.1	93.5	93.4	99.6	97.4
Jun 2012	92.4	96.2	93.6	93.8	99.5	97.0
Jul 2012	92.3	96.1	93.7	93.4	99.3	96.5
Aug 2012	92.6	96.2	93.9	93.5	99.2	96.9
Sep 2012	92.7	96.4	93.9	93.8	99.3	97.0
Oct 2012	92.8	96.5	93.8	94.8	99.2	97.0
Nov 2012	92.9	96.5	93.9	94.7	98.6	97.1
Dec 2012	92.9	96.7	94.0	94.5	98.8	97.3
Jan 2013	93.0	96.6	94.0	94.7	99.1	97.4
Fe 2013	93.2	96.6	94.4	94.8	99.3	97.3
Mar 2013	93.3	96.9	94.5	94.7	99.3	97.6
Apr 2013	93.4	97.1	94.4	95.0	99.2	97.6
May 2013	93.6	97.0	94.4	95.0	99.2	97.8
Jun 2013	93.8	97.2	94.7	95.0	98.9	98.3
Jul 2013	93.5	97.3	94.7	95.0	99.0	98.2
Aug 2013	93.7	97.5	94.8	95.1	99.0	98.0
Sep 2013	93.8	97.4	95.1	95.1	98.8	97.9
Oct 2013	93.8	97.3	95.1	95.2	98.7	98.1
Nov 2013	93.9	97.4	95.4	95.3	98.7	98.1
Dec 2013	94.2	97.3	95.4	95.5	98.6	98.4
Jan 2014	94.0	97.4	95.7	95.7	98.4	98.7
Feb 2014	93.9	97.3	95.2	95.5	98.3	98.9
Mar 2014	94.2	97.5	95.4	95.6	98.4	98.9
Apr 2014	94.5	97.8	95.6	95.8	98.8	99.4
May 2014	94.5	97.9	95.6	96.1	98.8	100.3
Jun 2014	94.7	97.8	95.8	96.1	98.9	100.9
Jul 2014	94.8	98.0	95.8	96.4	98.8	100.5
Aug 2014	95.0	98.1	95.9	96.6	98.8	100.6
Sep 2014	95.2	98.2	96.0	96.6	98.8	100.7
Oct 2014	95.3	98.2	96.2	97.2	99.0	101.1
Nov 2014	95.4	98.4	96.5	97.3	98.9	100.6
Dec 2014	95.6	98.5	96.6	97.4	98.9	101.0
Jan 2015	95.6	98.6	96.5	97.4	98.9	101.1
Feb 2015	95.8	98.6	96.7	97.4	98.8	101.0
Mar 2015	95.7	98.6	96.4	97.4	98.3	100.6
Apr 2015	95.9	98.7	96.9	97.4	98.3	100.4
May 2015	96.3	99.0	97.3	97.6	98.6	99.8
Jun 2015	96.3	99.2	97.3	97.5	98.0	99.3
Jul 2015	96.4	98.8	97.4	97.7	97.8	99.2
Aug 2015	96.7	98.8	97.6	97.7	97.7	99.1
Sep 2015	96.8	98.9	97.8	97.7	97.6	99.1
Oct 2015	97.1	99.2	98.2	97.8	97.5	98.4
Nov 2015	97.2	99.2	98.2	97.9	97.5	98.0
Dec 2015	97.4	99.1	98.4	97.6	97.5	97.6
Jan 2016	97.4	99.1	98.5	97.7	96.8	97.0
Feb 2016	97.5	99.4	98.8	98.0	96.7	96.3
Mar 2016	97.6	99.6	98.7	97.7	96.8	96.1
Apr 2016	97.9	99.2	98.5	97.7	96.5	95.5
May 2016	97.9	99.2	98.4	97.8	96.0	94.8
Jun 2016	97.8	99.2	98.3	97.4	95.3	94.2
Jul 2016	98.1	99.6	99.0	97.9	95.4	94.2
Aug 2016	98.1	99.6	98.9	97.9	95.4	93.8
Sep 2016	98.3	99.6	99.0	97.9	95.8	93.4
Oct 2016	98.2	99.5	98.9	97.9	95.6	93.5
Nov 2016	98.2	99.5	99.0	97.8	95.6	93.5
Dec 2016	98.5	99.6	99.0	98.0	95.8	93.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

In December 2016, five of the nonrecovered states were nearly at or above their December 2007 employment levels, if not at their prerecession peak employment. At first, West Virginia and Wyoming rebounded from the effects of the recession, but then West Virginia in July 2013 and Wyoming in January 2015 began to experience further employment declines.

Declines in employment and changes in the industry composition of the American economy are nothing new. Over the last 30 years, goods-producing jobs (mining and logging, construction, and manufacturing industries) have declined overall. (In this article, mining, logging, and construction [MLC] will be considered one industry based on the guaranteed publication criteria under the CES State and Area program.)[5] Conversely, the share of private service-providing jobs in the economy has steadily increased over the same period. (See figure 2.) These jobs include those in trade, transportation, and utilities; information; financial activities; professional and business services; education and health services; leisure and hospitality; and other services sectors (other services is its own industry supersector and includes industries such as repair and maintenance and religious and civic organizations).[6] Following the recessions of 1990–91 and 2001, establishments, particularly goods-producing establishments, were more likely to lay off workers permanently, which led to a structural economic change toward more service-based jobs. In previous recessions, workers were often laid off temporarily and then rehired to the same establishment once economic conditions improved.[7] Each of the two recessions was followed by what was termed a “jobless recovery,” in which gross domestic product growth occurred without a corresponding return or growth in employment or payroll. This condition was caused by productivity gains resulting from technological change.

⁠

Figure 2. Employment in total private, private service-providing, and goods-producing industries, seasonally adjusted, in thousands, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Total private	Private service	Goods producing
Jan 1990	91,048	67,066	23,982
Feb 1990	91,258	67,187	24,071
Mar 1990	91,350	67,327	24,023
Apr 1990	91,309	67,343	23,966
May 1990	91,240	67,352	23,888
Jun 1990	91,300	67,451	23,849
Jul 1990	91,264	67,518	23,746
Aug 1990	91,159	67,511	23,648
Sep 1990	91,081	67,510	23,571
Oct 1990	90,924	67,451	23,473
Nov 1990	90,764	67,481	23,283
Dec 1990	90,698	67,495	23,203
Jan 1991	90,581	67,520	23,061
Feb 1991	90,252	67,352	22,900
Mar 1991	90,086	67,307	22,779
Apr 1991	89,879	67,192	22,687
May 1991	89,751	67,133	22,618
Jun 1991	89,773	67,202	22,571
Jul 1991	89,694	67,187	22,507
Aug 1991	89,743	67,250	22,493
Sep 1991	89,793	67,327	22,466
Oct 1991	89,764	67,346	22,418
Nov 1991	89,669	67,353	22,316
Dec 1991	89,687	67,413	22,274
Jan 1992	89,681	67,468	22,213
Feb 1992	89,622	67,480	22,142
Mar 1992	89,650	67,523	22,127
Apr 1992	89,780	67,648	22,132
May 1992	89,896	67,761	22,135
Jun 1992	89,953	67,856	22,097
Jul 1992	89,976	67,902	22,074
Aug 1992	90,042	67,997	22,045
Sep 1992	90,130	68,110	22,020
Oct 1992	90,311	68,282	22,029
Nov 1992	90,431	68,389	22,042
Dec 1992	90,617	68,541	22,076
Jan 1993	90,893	68,760	22,133
Feb 1993	91,142	68,954	22,188
Mar 1993	91,087	68,945	22,142
Apr 1993	91,358	69,227	22,131
May 1993	91,617	69,428	22,189
Jun 1993	91,780	69,615	22,165
Jul 1993	91,995	69,812	22,183
Aug 1993	92,178	69,975	22,203
Sep 1993	92,407	70,155	22,252
Oct 1993	92,691	70,385	22,306
Nov 1993	92,916	70,569	22,347
Dec 1993	93,205	70,792	22,413
Jan 1994	93,448	70,983	22,465
Feb 1994	93,631	71,180	22,451
Mar 1994	94,052	71,502	22,550
Apr 1994	94,363	71,722	22,641
May 1994	94,657	71,953	22,704
Jun 1994	94,964	72,200	22,764
Jul 1994	95,309	72,502	22,807
Aug 1994	95,590	72,714	22,876
Sep 1994	95,910	72,962	22,948
Oct 1994	96,114	73,140	22,974
Nov 1994	96,502	73,452	23,050
Dec 1994	96,777	73,682	23,095
Jan 1995	97,104	73,957	23,147
Feb 1995	97,290	74,187	23,103
Mar 1995	97,480	74,329	23,151
Apr 1995	97,635	74,461	23,174
May 1995	97,631	74,511	23,120
Jun 1995	97,841	74,704	23,137
Jul 1995	97,943	74,824	23,119
Aug 1995	98,205	75,041	23,164
Sep 1995	98,445	75,237	23,208
Oct 1995	98,567	75,361	23,206
Nov 1995	98,712	75,512	23,200
Dec 1995	98,854	75,645	23,209
Jan 1996	98,866	75,670	23,196
Feb 1996	99,254	75,974	23,280
Mar 1996	99,461	76,185	23,276
Apr 1996	99,643	76,327	23,316
May 1996	99,957	76,599	23,358
Jun 1996	100,241	76,842	23,399
Jul 1996	100,468	77,050	23,418
Aug 1996	100,695	77,216	23,479
Sep 1996	100,843	77,346	23,497
Oct 1996	101,111	77,565	23,546
Nov 1996	101,396	77,812	23,584
Dec 1996	101,572	77,974	23,598
Jan 1997	101,770	78,152	23,618
Feb 1997	102,077	78,391	23,686
Mar 1997	102,382	78,643	23,739
Apr 1997	102,683	78,918	23,765
May 1997	102,945	79,136	23,809
Jun 1997	103,154	79,320	23,834
Jul 1997	103,425	79,563	23,862
Aug 1997	103,476	79,524	23,952
Sep 1997	103,906	79,910	23,996
Oct 1997	104,191	80,138	24,053
Nov 1997	104,474	80,362	24,112
Dec 1997	104,783	80,599	24,184
Jan 1998	105,042	80,780	24,262
Feb 1998	105,230	80,947	24,283
Mar 1998	105,372	81,108	24,264
Apr 1998	105,626	81,286	24,340
May 1998	105,969	81,608	24,361
Jun 1998	106,197	81,810	24,387
Jul 1998	106,275	82,037	24,238
Aug 1998	106,585	82,165	24,420
Sep 1998	106,767	82,348	24,419
Oct 1998	106,953	82,547	24,406
Nov 1998	107,187	82,793	24,394
Dec 1998	107,517	83,063	24,454
Jan 1999	107,618	83,217	24,401
Feb 1999	107,976	83,542	24,434
Mar 1999	108,059	83,681	24,378
Apr 1999	108,360	83,935	24,425
May 1999	108,579	84,134	24,445
Jun 1999	108,817	84,383	24,434
Jul 1999	109,075	84,601	24,474
Aug 1999	109,194	84,727	24,467
Sep 1999	109,368	84,883	24,485
Oct 1999	109,720	85,215	24,505
Nov 1999	109,970	85,409	24,561
Dec 1999	110,232	85,650	24,582
Jan 2000	110,434	85,806	24,628
Feb 2000	110,525	85,916	24,609
Mar 2000	110,863	86,158	24,705
Apr 2000	111,086	86,398	24,688
May 2000	110,958	86,311	24,647
Jun 2000	111,174	86,502	24,672
Jul 2000	111,369	86,652	24,717
Aug 2000	111,393	86,710	24,683
Sep 2000	111,618	86,976	24,642
Oct 2000	111,608	86,970	24,638
Nov 2000	111,796	87,173	24,623
Dec 2000	111,905	87,330	24,575
Jan 2001	111,863	87,330	24,533
Feb 2001	111,883	87,409	24,474
Mar 2001	111,802	87,393	24,409
Apr 2001	111,471	87,217	24,254
May 2001	111,381	87,262	24,119
Jun 2001	111,162	87,197	23,965
Jul 2001	110,992	87,155	23,837
Aug 2001	110,810	87,143	23,667
Sep 2001	110,529	86,992	23,537
Oct 2001	110,179	86,801	23,378
Nov 2001	109,816	86,607	23,209
Dec 2001	109,627	86,533	23,094
Jan 2002	109,475	86,514	22,961
Feb 2002	109,346	86,470	22,876
Mar 2002	109,286	86,500	22,786
Apr 2002	109,180	86,491	22,689
May 2002	109,120	86,516	22,604
Jun 2002	109,135	86,557	22,578
Jul 2002	109,046	86,525	22,521
Aug 2002	108,998	86,549	22,449
Sep 2002	108,955	86,558	22,397
Oct 2002	109,069	86,744	22,325
Nov 2002	109,034	86,752	22,282
Dec 2002	108,884	86,695	22,189
Jan 2003	108,954	86,808	22,146
Feb 2003	108,820	86,797	22,023
Mar 2003	108,622	86,677	21,945
Apr 2003	108,582	86,718	21,864
May 2003	108,629	86,797	21,832
Jun 2003	108,588	86,800	21,788
Jul 2003	108,558	86,850	21,708
Aug 2003	108,593	86,887	21,706
Sep 2003	108,750	87,050	21,700
Oct 2003	108,896	87,205	21,691
Nov 2003	108,939	87,251	21,688
Dec 2003	109,042	87,339	21,703
Jan 2004	109,231	87,516	21,715
Feb 2004	109,275	87,582	21,693
Mar 2004	109,554	87,796	21,758
Apr 2004	109,797	87,995	21,802
May 2004	110,080	88,199	21,881
Jun 2004	110,192	88,307	21,885
Jul 2004	110,242	88,342	21,900
Aug 2004	110,311	88,367	21,944
Sep 2004	110,458	88,501	21,957
Oct 2004	110,791	88,787	22,004
Nov 2004	110,811	88,814	21,997
Dec 2004	110,931	88,926	22,005
Jan 2005	111,039	89,081	21,958
Feb 2005	111,288	89,252	22,036
Mar 2005	111,416	89,350	22,066
Apr 2005	111,764	89,628	22,136
May 2005	111,909	89,737	22,172
Jun 2005	112,179	89,994	22,185
Jul 2005	112,439	90,234	22,205
Aug 2005	112,635	90,407	22,228
Sep 2005	112,721	90,495	22,226
Oct 2005	112,826	90,534	22,292
Nov 2005	113,134	90,777	22,357
Dec 2005	113,270	90,894	22,376
Jan 2006	113,582	91,115	22,467
Feb 2006	113,859	91,324	22,535
Mar 2006	114,144	91,572	22,572
Apr 2006	114,286	91,655	22,631
May 2006	114,318	91,721	22,597
Jun 2006	114,403	91,805	22,598
Jul 2006	114,547	91,957	22,590
Aug 2005	114,683	92,111	22,572
Sep 2006	114,761	92,224	22,537
Oct 2006	114,784	92,328	22,456
Nov 2006	114,980	92,572	22,408
Dec 2006	115,161	92,756	22,405
Jan 2007	115,382	92,943	22,439
Feb 2007	115,427	93,093	22,334
Mar 2007	115,644	93,253	22,391
Apr 2007	115,667	93,317	22,350
May 2007	115,800	93,477	22,323
Jun 2007	115,862	93,539	22,323
Jul 2007	115,867	93,590	22,277
Aug 2007	115,789	93,624	22,165
Sep 2007	115,816	93,723	22,093
Oct 2007	115,877	93,821	22,056
Nov 2007	115,950	93,935	22,015
Dec 2007	116,016	94,040	21,976
Jan 2008	116,015	94,068	21,947
Feb 2008	115,907	94,010	21,897
Mar 2008	115,832	94,012	21,820
Apr 2008	115,585	93,904	21,681
May 2008	115,375	93,776	21,599
Jun 2008	115,170	93,687	21,483
Jul 2008	114,923	93,563	21,360
Aug 2008	114,646	93,396	21,250
Sep 2008	114,216	93,115	21,101
Oct 2008	113,723	92,828	20,895
Nov 2008	112,985	92,362	20,623
Dec 2008	112,283	91,961	20,322
Jan 2009	111,476	91,587	19,889
Feb 2009	110,736	91,161	19,575
Mar 2009	109,952	90,725	19,227
Apr 2009	109,140	90,246	18,894
May 2009	108,858	90,203	18,655
Jun 2009	108,432	90,010	18,422
Jul 2009	108,147	89,869	18,278
Aug 2009	107,948	89,797	18,151
Sep 2009	107,793	89,750	18,043
Oct 2009	107,521	89,606	17,915
Nov 2009	107,524	89,655	17,869
Dec 2009	107,306	89,514	17,792
Jan 2010	107,299	89,592	17,707
Feb 2010	107,222	89,595	17,627
Mar 2010	107,361	89,689	17,672
Apr 2010	107,541	89,812	17,729
May 2010	107,654	89,912	17,742
Jun 2010	107,771	90,008	17,763
Jul 2010	107,858	90,081	17,777
Aug 2010	108,002	90,209	17,793
Sep 2010	108,110	90,323	17,787
Oct 2010	108,328	90,527	17,801
Nov 2010	108,463	90,636	17,827
Dec 2010	108,556	90,760	17,796
Jan 2011	108,583	90,799	17,784
Feb 2011	108,838	90,994	17,844
Mar 2011	109,096	91,190	17,906
Apr 2011	109,418	91,461	17,957
May 2011	109,574	91,567	18,007
Jun 2011	109,775	91,730	18,045
Jul 2011	109,950	91,856	18,094
Aug 2011	110,108	91,988	18,120
Sep 2011	110,375	92,208	18,167
Oct 2011	110,564	92,376	18,188
Nov 2011	110,723	92,536	18,187
Dec 2011	110,942	92,698	18,244
Jan 2012	111,304	93,000	18,304
Feb 2012	111,565	93,231	18,334
Mar 2012	111,809	93,437	18,372
Apr 2012	111,903	93,519	18,384
May 2012	112,023	93,637	18,386
Jun 2012	112,077	93,666	18,411
Jul 2012	112,246	93,799	18,447
Aug 2012	112,415	93,956	18,459
Sep 2012	112,593	94,132	18,461
Oct 2012	112,774	94,302	18,472
Nov 2012	112,950	94,473	18,477
Dec 2012	113,185	94,653	18,532
Jan 2013	113,394	94,814	18,580
Feb 2013	113,660	95,022	18,638
Mar 2013	113,810	95,150	18,660
Apr 2013	114,002	95,349	18,653
May 2013	114,229	95,538	18,691
Jun 2013	114,434	95,710	18,724
Jul 2013	114,571	95,866	18,705
Aug 2013	114,797	96,041	18,756
Sep 2013	114,980	96,170	18,810
Oct 2013	115,210	96,353	18,857
Nov 2013	115,461	96,550	18,911
Dec 2013	115,553	96,672	18,881
Jan 2014	115,734	96,797	18,937
Feb 2014	115,889	96,901	18,988
Mar 2014	116,135	97,098	19,037
Apr 2014	116,440	97,336	19,104
May 2014	116,679	97,537	19,142
Jun 2014	116,942	97,747	19,195
Jul 2014	117,168	97,904	19,264
Aug 2014	117,402	98,086	19,316
Sep 2014	117,669	98,298	19,371
Oct 2014	117,901	98,482	19,419
Nov 2014	118,177	98,721	19,456
Dec 2014	118,430	98,949	19,481
Jan 2015	118,608	99,108	19,500
Feb 2015	118,861	99,324	19,537
Mar 2015	118,940	99,435	19,505
Apr 2015	119,189	99,636	19,553
May 2015	119,513	99,933	19,580
Jun 2015	119,684	100,093	19,591
Jul 2015	119,951	100,325	19,626
Aug 2015	120,066	100,437	19,629
Sep 2015	120,241	100,600	19,641
Oct 2015	120,531	100,851	19,680
Nov 2015	120,743	101,032	19,711
Dec 2015	121,000	101,262	19,738
Jan 2016	121,052	101,322	19,730
Feb 2016	121,289	101,561	19,728
Mar 2016	121,482	101,766	19,716
Apr 2016	121,663	101,935	19,728
May 2016	121,694	102,005	19,689
Jun 2016	121,974	102,265	19,709
Jul 2016	122,227	102,470	19,757
Aug 2016	122,379	102,647	19,732
Sep 2016	122,613	102,851	19,762
Oct 2016	122,769	102,980	19,789
Nov 2016	122,922	103,114	19,808
Dec 2016	123,134	103,309	19,825
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Comparing goods-producing jobs with service-providing jobs

Nationally, private service-providing (henceforth referred to as service-providing) jobs increased steadily throughout the 1990s, increased more modestly in the 2000s, and then increased sharply following the end of the Great Recession. The number of goods-producing jobs, however, remained relatively stable throughout the 1990s and 2000s, dropped sharply during the Great Recession, and stabilized, but then slowly increased from mid-2011 to 2016. The proportion of goods-producing employment as a percentage of total private employment fell from 26.3 percent in 1990 to 16.1 percent in 2016.

Most of the shift from goods-producing jobs to service-providing jobs in each state occurred just before and immediately following the Great Recession. From 2007 to 2010, employment in goods-producing industries declined in 49 states as employment in service-providing jobs grew, with only North Dakota gaining slightly in goods-producing jobs. (North Dakota also had the fastest recovery in total private employment in the nation at 22 months.) After 2010, goods-producing jobs in most states continued to decline or did not change. In the District of Columbia, goods-producing jobs declined and then rebounded, so from 2007 to 2016, industry composition had no net change. In the District, goods-producing jobs composed only 3.1 percent of total private employment. From 2007 to 2016, goods-producing jobs declined an average of 14.8 percent as a share of total private employment statewide. Most of this decline, however, was from 2007 to 2010 (−13.5 percent), with a decline of −1.5 percent from 2010 to 2016. In contrast, the number of service-providing jobs in each state increased an average of 3.6 percent over the decade. Again, most of this growth occurred between 2007 and 2010 (+3.3 percent) and was essentially unchanged from 2010 to 2016 (+0.3 percent).

Figure 3 shows the percent change from December 2007 to December 2016 of employment in manufacturing and education and health services. Nationwide, manufacturing employment declined 10 percent over that period, while employment in education and health services increased by 21 percent. Each of the nonrecovered states experienced double-digit percentage declines in manufacturing employment. Employment in education and health services increased in these nonrecovered states over the decade. Healthcare jobs, in particular, fared well—previous research has determined that these types of jobs are “recession proof.”[8]

⁠

Figure 3. Percent change in manufacturing and education and health services, of unrecovered states and national average, December 2007–December 2016
State	Manufacturing	Education and health services
National average	–10	21
Wyoming	–10	23
West Virginia	–19	16
New Mexico	–27	23
Mississippi	–14	12
Connecticut	–15	14
Alabama	–11	12
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Looking at the nonrecovered states

As stated earlier, the unrecovered states that had not recovered their prerecession total private employment by December 2016 were Alabama, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, West Virginia, and Wyoming. These nonrecovered states experienced a greater decrease in the number of goods-producing jobs from 2007 to 2016 than did other states (−18.2 percent versus −14.3 percent), but they also experienced a greater increase in the share of service-providing jobs over the same period (+5.5 percent versus +3.4 percent). Employment in goods-producing jobs in the other 44 states and the District declined in the recessionary years and stabilized afterward. However, for the nonrecovered states, employment in goods-producing jobs continued to decline throughout the postrecession years. When industry supersectors of each of the nonrecovered states are indexed as a share of total private employment to December 2007 (the start of the Great Recession), figures 4 through 9 show the recovery across each of the nonrecovered states by industry.

Alabama

As figure 4 shows, Alabama’s employment declined primarily in MLC, manufacturing, and information. Manufacturing slowly increased through the end of 2016 from a trough in January 2011, but employment in December 2016 was a 12.6-percent decrease from January 2007. In contrast, MLC and information continued to decline over the 10-year period. Alabama’s share of this industry was the same as the average of the recovered states, 7.6 percent. Because Alabama’s share of employment in MLC is smaller, roughly half the size of the share of nonrecovered states New Mexico, West Virginia, and Wyoming, the decline in this industry in Alabama appears greater compared with that of the other nonrecovered states. Employment in this industry declined 25.9 percent from December 2007 to December 2016.

⁠

Figure 4. Indexes of Alabama employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	99.3	102.0	99.1	101.1	100.2	97.8	97.6	99.1	98.3
Feb 2007	99.8	102.0	99.4	101.8	100.0	98.4	98.0	99.7	98.7
Mar 2007	100.2	101.7	99.7	101.8	100.2	99.1	98.1	99.7	99.1
Apr 2007	99.2	101.3	99.6	101.8	99.6	98.1	98.1	99.3	98.8
May 2007	99.0	101.0	100.1	102.2	99.8	98.3	98.2	99.0	98.9
Jun 2007	99.0	101.0	100.1	101.4	99.9	98.2	98.7	99.1	98.8
Jul 2007	98.6	100.8	100.1	101.1	99.8	97.7	98.8	99.4	98.7
Aug 2007	99.2	100.5	99.9	100.7	99.8	98.2	99.5	99.5	98.7
Sep 2007	99.9	100.4	100.1	100.7	99.9	98.7	99.2	99.7	98.9
Oct 2007	100.2	100.5	99.9	100.7	99.9	98.6	99.5	100.0	99.6
Nov 2007	99.8	100.3	100.0	100.7	100.1	99.2	99.0	100.1	99.8
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	99.3	99.7	99.8	99.6	100.0	99.6	99.3	99.7	100.1
Feb 2008	99.0	99.3	99.7	99.3	100.1	99.6	99.5	99.8	100.7
Mar 2008	97.9	98.9	99.5	98.9	99.7	99.4	99.6	99.7	100.4
Apr 2008	97.9	98.6	99.3	98.9	99.6	99.8	99.7	101.0	100.4
May 2008	97.1	98.2	99.1	98.6	99.3	99.0	99.8	100.9	100.4
Jun 2008	96.8	97.8	98.8	97.1	99.1	98.4	99.9	100.6	100.1
Jul 2008	96.7	97.5	98.7	97.5	99.3	98.3	100.0	100.4	100.3
Aug 2008	95.5	96.6	98.6	96.8	99.2	97.7	100.2	100.2	100.2
Sep 2008	95.2	96.1	98.4	95.7	99.1	97.5	100.0	99.8	100.3
Oct 2008	93.0	94.6	97.6	94.9	99.0	97.5	100.0	99.1	100.1
Nov 2008	92.1	92.9	96.9	94.6	98.5	96.1	99.5	98.7	100.0
Dec 2008	91.1	92.1	96.2	94.2	98.1	95.2	99.7	98.5	99.7
Jan 2009	86.8	89.9	95.0	93.5	97.9	93.3	99.6	98.4	99.7
Feb 2009	85.4	88.4	94.3	93.1	97.4	92.4	99.4	98.2	99.3
Mar 2009	84.5	87.2	93.4	92.1	97.1	91.7	99.4	97.8	99.1
Apr 2009	83.2	85.8	92.8	91.7	96.8	91.5	99.6	97.5	98.8
May 2009	82.6	84.6	92.8	91.0	96.8	90.9	99.8	97.7	99.0
Jun 2009	82.1	83.0	92.6	91.0	96.4	90.8	99.4	97.4	98.9
Jul 2009	81.1	82.8	92.4	89.9	95.9	91.4	99.9	97.2	99.0
Aug 2009	80.3	82.2	91.9	89.9	95.6	90.6	100.1	96.8	98.9
Sep 2009	79.5	81.7	92.0	89.5	95.0	89.7	99.9	96.9	98.7
Oct 2009	78.8	81.2	91.4	89.5	94.3	89.7	100.0	96.8	98.8
Nov 2009	79.7	81.1	91.3	89.2	93.9	90.1	100.9	96.7	98.7
Dec 2009	80.0	80.8	90.8	89.2	93.5	90.1	100.4	97.0	99.0
Jan 2010	79.2	80.6	91.2	88.8	93.0	90.5	100.6	96.5	99.0
Feb 2010	78.5	80.4	91.2	88.1	92.8	90.5	100.9	95.5	99.2
Mar 2010	78.9	80.5	91.3	87.7	92.9	91.0	100.7	96.0	98.9
Apr 2010	79.5	80.6	91.3	87.4	92.3	91.6	101.1	95.8	98.8
May 2010	79.5	80.8	91.5	87.0	92.3	92.5	101.3	95.8	99.2
Jun 2010	80.2	80.6	91.4	87.4	92.2	93.4	101.4	95.8	99.4
Jul 2010	79.2	80.7	91.4	86.3	91.7	94.0	102.3	95.6	99.7
Aug 2010	78.9	80.4	91.4	86.3	91.6	93.9	102.4	95.5	99.6
Sep 2010	78.1	80.4	91.3	86.3	91.3	93.7	101.9	95.5	99.4
Oct 2010	78.0	80.4	91.9	86.3	91.8	94.4	102.5	96.2	100.3
Nov 2010	76.9	80.4	91.7	85.6	91.8	94.7	102.3	96.4	99.6
Dec 2010	75.8	80.2	91.7	84.8	91.9	94.8	102.1	96.6	99.4
Jan 2011	73.3	80.0	91.7	84.8	92.2	95.0	102.3	95.9	99.1
Feb 2011	73.9	80.6	92.0	84.5	92.3	95.2	101.7	96.3	99.1
Mar 2011	74.0	80.6	91.8	84.1	92.1	95.0	102.7	96.5	98.9
Apr 2011	73.9	80.7	92.0	83.8	92.5	94.6	102.1	96.9	99.1
May 2011	74.2	80.8	91.8	83.8	93.6	94.6	102.3	95.9	99.1
Jun 2011	73.9	80.8	91.9	83.4	92.2	94.3	102.1	96.2	98.9
Jul 2011	73.6	80.9	92.3	83.4	92.7	94.7	102.7	97.2	99.0
Aug 2011	73.5	81.1	92.4	83.4	92.4	94.7	102.5	97.4	99.1
Sep 2011	73.9	80.9	92.4	83.8	93.4	95.6	102.7	97.4	99.3
Oct 2011	73.5	81.1	92.4	82.7	92.2	95.5	102.9	97.4	99.6
Nov 2011	73.7	81.4	92.4	82.3	92.1	95.4	103.0	97.5	100.2
Dec 2011	73.8	81.8	92.3	82.3	91.9	95.6	102.7	97.5	99.8
Jan 2012	73.4	82.0	92.5	83.0	91.7	96.0	103.7	98.1	100.4
Feb 2012	73.2	82.0	92.5	82.7	92.0	96.5	102.8	98.6	100.7
Mar 2012	73.2	82.2	92.6	83.0	92.0	96.8	103.8	99.0	101.1
Apr 2012	73.8	82.7	92.6	82.7	91.9	96.9	103.8	99.3	101.0
May 2012	72.8	82.8	92.7	81.9	92.0	97.2	103.2	99.4	100.9
Jun 2012	72.7	82.9	92.5	81.6	92.1	97.1	103.8	99.9	101.0
Jul 2012	72.8	83.1	92.3	81.6	93.0	96.9	103.2	99.4	101.1
Aug 2012	73.0	83.3	92.3	81.6	93.2	97.8	103.8	99.6	100.9
Sep 2012	73.0	83.3	92.5	81.6	93.7	98.0	103.9	99.8	100.7
Oct 2012	73.2	83.8	92.7	80.9	93.6	97.4	103.9	99.9	101.1
Nov 2012	73.1	83.9	93.0	80.5	93.9	97.4	104.3	100.1	100.4
Dec 2012	72.7	84.1	92.8	80.5	93.8	96.9	104.7	100.2	100.4
Jan 2013	72.8	84.3	92.4	81.2	94.3	97.2	104.6	100.8	100.6
Feb 2013	72.3	84.5	92.9	80.9	94.1	97.6	105.4	100.9	100.4
Mar 2013	73.1	84.7	92.8	80.5	94.3	97.7	104.8	101.1	100.7
Apr 2013	73.5	84.8	92.9	81.2	94.0	97.8	104.7	101.6	100.6
May 2013	72.7	84.8	93.1	81.9	93.8	97.7	106.1	102.1	100.6
Jun 2013	72.7	84.9	93.4	82.3	94.1	98.0	105.4	102.5	100.9
Jul 2013	72.1	84.9	93.3	82.3	94.2	97.5	104.6	102.7	100.7
Aug 2013	72.3	85.1	93.5	81.9	94.6	97.3	105.2	102.5	101.0
Sep 2013	72.0	85.2	93.4	81.6	94.3	97.3	105.6	103.1	101.1
Oct 2013	72.0	85.4	93.4	82.3	94.7	97.3	105.3	103.4	101.1
Nov 2013	71.6	85.5	93.5	81.9	94.7	97.2	106.1	103.6	100.9
Dec 2013	72.0	85.5	94.0	82.3	94.9	97.8	106.1	103.7	101.1
Jan 2014	71.6	85.6	93.8	80.9	94.6	98.0	105.3	103.8	100.9
Feb 2014	71.8	85.5	93.8	79.8	94.6	97.6	105.5	103.4	101.0
Mar 2014	71.9	85.6	94.1	79.8	94.6	97.8	105.7	104.4	101.3
Apr 2014	72.2	85.8	94.2	80.1	94.9	98.6	106.0	104.7	101.5
May 2014	72.2	86.0	94.1	79.4	95.1	98.9	105.3	104.8	101.7
Jun 2014	72.6	86.2	94.3	79.1	95.2	99.1	105.7	105.3	101.5
Jul 2014	72.8	86.2	94.4	79.1	94.9	99.8	105.6	105.3	101.7
Aug 2014	73.0	86.4	94.3	79.1	95.1	100.3	105.9	105.7	101.7
Sep 2014	73.2	86.7	94.5	79.4	94.4	100.5	106.2	105.8	101.7
Oct 2014	73.5	86.8	94.5	78.7	94.7	100.7	106.6	106.0	101.7
Nov 2014	73.4	87.0	94.9	78.7	94.8	100.8	106.4	105.9	101.7
Dec 2014	73.1	87.2	95.0	78.7	95.0	101.0	106.9	106.6	101.8
Jan 2015	72.7	87.2	94.9	78.3	95.1	100.8	107.1	107.0	102.0
Feb 2015	72.9	87.4	94.9	79.4	95.1	100.8	107.3	107.7	101.8
Mar 2015	72.0	87.6	95.1	78.7	95.3	100.7	106.8	107.5	101.8
Apr 2015	72.7	87.4	95.2	78.0	95.5	100.7	107.5	107.8	102.1
May 2015	73.0	87.9	95.5	78.7	95.8	101.4	107.7	108.4	102.6
Jun 2015	73.5	87.8	95.7	77.3	95.8	101.1	107.8	108.5	102.5
Jul 2015	73.4	87.7	95.8	76.9	95.9	101.2	108.0	109.0	102.3
Aug 2015	73.9	87.9	95.9	76.9	95.8	101.9	108.4	109.2	102.4
Sep 2015	73.9	88.1	95.9	76.5	95.4	102.4	108.3	109.8	102.3
Oct 2015	74.1	88.2	96.2	76.5	95.1	102.8	108.6	110.4	102.5
Nov 2015	74.0	88.2	96.2	76.2	95.4	103.2	109.0	110.9	102.4
Dec 2015	74.6	88.2	96.2	76.2	95.6	103.5	109.1	111.3	102.4
Jan 2016	74.7	88.2	96.3	75.5	96.0	103.6	109.3	111.3	102.5
Feb 2016	73.9	88.2	96.4	75.1	96.1	103.6	109.4	112.1	102.8
Mar 2016	74.3	88.3	96.3	74.4	96.2	103.4	109.5	112.3	103.0
Apr 2016	74.9	88.5	96.3	75.1	96.2	104.0	110.0	112.7	103.4
May 2016	74.2	88.7	96.2	75.1	96.2	104.1	110.1	113.1	103.3
Jun 2016	74.1	88.8	96.2	75.1	96.1	103.5	110.1	112.9	103.6
Jul 2016	74.1	89.1	96.3	74.7	96.1	103.6	111.2	113.1	104.4
Aug 2016	73.6	89.0	96.2	74.7	96.4	103.5	111.2	113.4	104.5
Sep 2016	74.1	89.2	96.3	74.7	96.5	103.7	111.3	114.0	104.6
Oct 2016	73.6	89.1	96.3	75.5	95.9	103.7	111.4	113.9	104.5
Nov 2016	73.4	89.1	96.1	75.5	96.3	104.0	111.1	114.4	104.6
Dec 2016	74.1	89.2	96.1	75.5	96.7	104.2	111.9	114.3	105.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Connecticut

As shown in figure 5, goods-producing employment declined in Connecticut in both MLC and manufacturing; however, by the end of 2016, decline had slowed. Employment in education and health services showed no decline as a share of total private employment over the decade. Among the nonrecovered states in 2007, Connecticut had a higher share of employment in financial activities than the average share of recovered states (10.0 percent versus 7.0 percent). Connecticut also had a higher share of employment in financial activities in 2016 (9.0 percent versus 6.7 percent). The average share of financial activities as a share of total private employment for all states was largely stable from 2007 to 2016, from 6.9 percent to 6.6 percent.

⁠

Figure 5. Indexes of Connecticut employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	99.9	101.9	99.4	99.2	101.3	98.3	97.5	98.5	100.8
Feb 2007	98.6	101.9	99.4	99.7	101.0	98.5	97.7	98.3	100.6
Mar 2007	99.1	101.8	99.4	99.7	100.6	98.3	97.9	98.1	100.6
Apr 2007	99.6	101.1	99.3	100.3	101.0	98.8	98.3	98.2	100.5
May 2007	100.3	101.0	99.7	102.6	100.8	99.3	98.4	98.5	100.3
Jun 2007	100.7	101.0	99.8	101.0	101.0	99.4	99.1	98.9	100.5
Jul 2007	100.4	100.9	99.8	101.8	100.8	99.0	99.0	99.6	100.5
Aug 2007	100.4	100.8	99.6	101.6	100.5	99.2	99.1	100.1	100.3
Sep 2007	99.7	100.5	99.5	103.4	100.4	99.0	99.3	99.4	100.5
Oct 2007	100.4	100.2	99.6	103.1	100.2	99.5	99.5	99.6	100.0
Nov 2007	100.6	100.2	99.7	100.0	99.9	99.6	99.7	100.6	99.8
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	100.4	100.3	100.5	100.3	100.1	100.3	100.4	100.4	99.7
Feb 2008	100.4	100.0	100.3	100.5	100.3	100.0	100.9	100.7	99.8
Mar 2008	100.0	99.8	100.1	100.3	100.6	100.0	101.3	101.0	99.7
Apr 2008	98.4	99.9	99.9	101.8	100.3	99.7	101.3	100.7	99.5
May 2008	97.0	99.9	99.4	101.6	100.2	99.3	101.5	101.1	99.5
Jun 2008	95.8	99.6	99.0	101.3	100.2	99.3	101.9	101.0	99.2
Jul 2008	95.0	99.3	98.9	99.5	99.8	98.9	101.9	100.2	98.1
Aug 2008	94.1	99.0	98.7	99.5	99.9	98.3	102.1	100.3	98.4
Sep 2008	92.8	98.8	98.5	97.6	99.6	97.8	102.2	100.1	98.1
Oct 2008	91.5	98.3	97.8	97.6	99.0	96.7	102.5	99.9	98.0
Nov 2008	89.6	97.6	97.2	96.9	99.0	96.0	103.1	99.3	97.8
Dec 2008	87.9	96.7	96.7	96.9	98.5	95.2	103.2	98.8	97.3
Jan 2009	85.9	95.4	96.0	96.1	98.0	94.7	103.3	98.1	97.5
Feb 2009	84.4	94.1	95.4	95.8	97.6	93.4	103.8	98.1	97.0
Mar 2009	82.7	93.0	94.7	94.0	97.2	92.6	103.5	97.8	96.7
Apr 2009	80.1	91.9	93.2	92.4	96.4	91.3	103.0	96.9	96.1
May 2009	80.4	91.1	93.6	91.1	96.0	91.0	103.3	98.0	95.9
Jun 2009	79.7	90.3	93.3	90.6	95.4	90.4	103.4	97.7	95.6
Jul 2009	78.5	89.3	92.9	89.8	95.1	89.8	103.8	97.4	94.8
Aug 2009	78.0	88.8	92.8	88.7	94.9	90.1	104.2	97.3	95.0
Sep 2009	77.7	88.7	92.8	87.7	94.7	90.1	104.0	98.0	95.8
Oct 2009	76.7	88.1	92.5	86.6	94.7	90.1	104.1	97.5	95.0
Nov 2009	76.2	87.7	92.5	86.1	94.6	90.4	104.2	97.5	95.1
Dec 2009	75.8	87.6	92.2	84.5	94.4	90.7	104.5	97.2	95.5
Jan 2010	70.9	87.2	92.0	84.0	93.9	88.5	104.3	95.2	94.5
Feb 2010	69.9	87.1	91.7	83.7	93.9	89.4	104.2	95.5	94.2
Mar 2010	69.9	87.1	91.9	83.5	93.9	89.7	104.4	95.8	94.5
Apr 2010	73.6	87.2	91.9	83.2	93.8	91.2	105.0	97.4	94.4
May 2010	73.5	87.4	92.5	83.5	93.8	91.3	105.1	97.4	94.7
Jun 2010	73.5	87.4	92.6	82.9	93.9	91.6	105.2	96.9	94.7
Jul 2010	73.3	87.7	93.0	82.7	94.1	91.9	105.5	97.9	94.8
Aug 2010	73.6	87.6	93.0	83.5	94.4	92.0	105.6	98.2	95.1
Sep 2010	73.5	87.8	92.7	84.0	94.2	92.0	105.7	98.9	95.0
Oct 2010	73.6	87.8	93.1	83.7	94.2	92.5	106.3	99.1	95.0
Nov 2010	73.8	87.7	93.0	83.2	94.4	92.3	106.4	99.3	94.8
Dec 2010	74.1	87.7	93.2	83.7	94.4	92.4	106.6	99.2	94.8
Jan 2011	73.2	87.7	92.9	83.5	94.7	93.0	107.2	98.2	94.5
Feb 2011	73.9	87.9	93.3	83.2	94.7	93.3	107.0	99.0	94.5
Mar 2011	73.6	87.9	93.2	83.2	94.4	93.0	107.2	98.6	94.4
Apr 2011	74.8	88.0	94.4	82.9	94.4	93.7	107.5	99.5	94.8
May 2011	75.1	87.9	93.6	82.2	94.2	93.8	107.6	99.2	94.8
Jun 2011	75.5	87.9	93.5	82.4	93.5	93.7	107.6	99.3	94.7
Jul 2011	75.6	87.9	93.6	82.4	94.0	94.2	107.7	100.7	94.5
Aug 2011	75.5	88.2	93.7	81.9	93.9	94.1	107.7	100.8	94.5
Sep 2011	75.6	87.7	93.6	82.2	93.5	94.5	107.7	101.5	94.1
Oct 2011	75.5	87.6	93.3	82.2	93.2	94.9	107.3	101.8	93.3
Nov 2011	75.9	87.6	93.1	82.2	93.3	95.6	107.4	101.5	93.9
Dec 2011	75.6	87.5	93.6	81.9	93.1	95.8	107.7	102.0	94.2
Jan 2012	75.6	87.5	94.1	82.7	93.0	96.1	108.1	102.7	95.5
Feb 2012	75.8	87.7	94.2	82.7	92.9	95.9	108.7	103.1	95.9
Mar 2012	75.6	87.4	94.5	81.6	92.9	97.1	108.7	103.5	95.3
Apr 2012	74.6	87.2	93.9	81.6	92.9	96.8	108.1	102.9	95.5
May 2012	73.9	87.2	94.2	82.2	92.9	96.8	108.7	103.3	95.5
Jun 2012	74.2	87.1	94.2	81.6	92.9	96.8	108.9	103.8	95.6
Jul 2012	74.2	86.8	94.0	81.6	92.6	97.1	108.8	103.6	96.2
Aug 2012	74.5	86.8	94.1	82.4	92.4	97.2	108.8	104.0	96.4
Sep 2012	74.5	86.6	94.3	82.7	92.6	97.6	109.2	104.0	96.7
Oct 2012	75.5	86.7	94.5	83.2	92.3	97.3	109.2	104.6	97.5
Nov 2012	75.1	86.6	94.7	83.5	92.1	97.3	109.2	104.6	97.7
Dec 2012	76.1	86.6	94.4	82.4	91.9	97.3	109.9	105.8	97.3
Jan 2013	76.7	86.6	94.4	83.5	92.1	97.2	109.3	105.4	96.6
Feb 2013	76.9	86.6	94.5	84.8	91.8	97.6	109.2	104.5	97.0
Mar 2013	77.1	86.5	94.8	84.5	91.5	97.4	109.8	106.1	97.2
Apr 2013	77.4	86.5	95.2	83.5	91.4	97.6	110.0	107.2	97.2
May 2013	77.8	86.4	95.0	84.5	90.8	97.9	109.8	107.5	97.0
Jun 2013	78.0	86.2	95.2	84.8	91.0	98.4	110.0	107.7	96.9
Jul 2013	78.2	86.2	95.3	85.0	90.9	98.6	110.0	107.7	96.9
Aug 2013	78.4	85.9	95.5	84.3	90.7	99.4	110.3	108.0	96.9
Sep 2013	78.7	85.8	95.3	84.0	90.3	99.4	110.4	107.9	96.9
Oct 2013	78.2	85.8	95.4	84.3	90.0	99.3	110.4	107.9	96.6
Nov 2013	78.4	85.4	95.3	84.0	89.9	99.4	110.8	108.5	96.9
Dec 2013	78.1	85.3	95.5	84.3	89.9	99.2	110.0	108.5	97.2
Jan 2014	77.8	85.2	95.5	84.3	89.7	99.3	110.4	109.4	97.5
Feb 2014	78.4	85.1	95.5	83.7	89.6	99.4	110.1	108.8	97.5
Mar 2014	78.1	84.8	95.6	84.5	89.3	99.7	110.4	109.6	97.8
Apr 2014	79.8	84.7	95.9	84.5	89.3	100.4	111.1	109.3	98.4
May 2014	80.7	84.4	95.7	84.3	89.5	101.1	111.0	109.3	98.1
Jun 2014	81.1	84.1	95.6	84.3	89.4	100.9	111.2	109.3	98.3
Jul 2014	81.6	84.1	95.7	84.5	89.5	100.9	111.5	109.3	98.6
Aug 2014	82.0	84.2	95.7	84.3	89.6	100.9	111.8	109.4	98.7
Sep 2014	82.1	84.2	95.7	83.7	89.7	101.0	111.9	109.7	98.9
Oct 2014	82.4	84.4	95.7	83.2	89.8	101.0	111.9	109.9	99.4
Nov 2014	82.4	84.3	95.8	85.3	89.9	101.3	112.0	110.1	99.4
Dec 2014	82.9	84.2	95.8	85.3	90.0	101.7	111.9	110.1	99.5
Jan 2015	82.7	84.2	95.8	85.0	90.2	102.3	112.1	110.2	99.5
Feb 2015	83.0	84.1	95.7	85.0	90.3	102.5	111.9	109.9	99.5
Mar 2015	82.6	84.3	95.8	85.0	90.4	102.5	111.6	110.1	99.8
Apr 2015	83.6	84.4	95.8	85.3	90.5	102.3	111.7	110.4	99.5
May 2015	84.6	84.5	96.1	85.3	90.7	103.0	111.8	111.0	99.8
Jun 2015	85.0	84.5	96.5	85.8	90.7	103.0	112.4	110.6	99.4
Jul 2015	84.3	84.4	96.0	85.6	90.6	102.3	112.1	110.2	99.5
Aug 2015	84.1	84.3	96.1	85.3	90.6	102.4	112.2	109.8	100.6
Sep 2015	84.4	84.7	96.4	85.6	90.5	102.3	111.8	110.5	100.5
Oct 2015	85.2	84.1	96.5	86.1	90.5	102.9	112.3	110.9	100.3
Nov 2015	85.4	84.1	96.7	85.6	90.5	102.9	112.4	110.7	100.6
Dec 2015	86.5	84.1	96.5	85.3	90.5	102.8	112.2	110.8	100.5
Jan 2016	86.7	84.0	96.4	85.3	90.5	102.5	112.3	110.9	100.6
Feb 2016	86.9	84.1	96.7	85.8	90.4	102.5	112.7	111.8	101.1
Mar 2016	88.0	84.0	96.9	84.8	90.7	102.8	113.0	112.1	101.3
Apr 2016	86.9	83.9	96.7	84.5	90.5	102.6	112.3	111.6	101.3
May 2016	86.5	83.9	96.5	84.8	90.5	102.5	112.3	112.3	100.9
Jun 2016	85.9	83.9	96.2	84.8	90.2	102.8	112.7	111.9	101.4
Jul 2016	85.9	84.0	96.5	85.3	89.9	102.5	113.8	112.6	101.6
Aug 2016	85.9	84.1	96.6	86.1	89.8	102.8	113.7	112.9	101.1
Sep 2016	85.3	84.2	96.5	85.0	89.8	102.7	113.8	112.9	101.1
Oct 2016	85.0	84.3	96.4	85.0	89.7	102.5	113.9	113.1	101.4
Nov 2016	85.2	84.2	96.3	84.8	89.5	102.1	114.0	113.4	101.3
Dec 2016	84.7	84.6	96.1	84.3	89.4	102.5	114.2	113.5	101.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Connecticut’s share of employment in MLC remained relatively stable over the 10-year period, only declining by 0.7 percentage point. Employment in this industry declined 15.3 percent from December 2007 to December 2016. While the recovered states saw a 14.4-percent decrease in the share of MLC employment as a proportion of total private employment, the nonrecovered states experienced a 21.8-percent decrease, showing that they were affected more than recovered states.

Mississippi

In Mississippi, declines in the share of MLC employment were greater than the declines in shares of MLC employment in the other nonrecovered states, a decline of 24.6-percent versus an average decline of 15.6 percent from 2007 to 2016. This difference was driven by declines in both mining and logging starting in January 2015 and construction starting in November 2013. (See figure 6.) Employment in education and health services steadily increased over the 10-year period, declining for only a few months in 2007. Professional and business services employment declined from 2008 to 2011 but, after that period, increased through the end of 2016, for an increase in employment of +12.6 percent from December 2007 to December 2016. Trade, transportation, and utilities and leisure and hospitality had slightly greater employment in December 2016 than in December 2007, +2.0 percent and +5.2 percent, respectively.

⁠

Figure 6. Indexes of Mississippi employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	96.1	104.3	99.7	98.5	99.1	96.5	98.5	98.7	100.2
Feb 2007	96.5	103.8	99.7	99.3	99.6	96.8	98.7	98.3	99.8
Mar 2007	97.7	100.6	100.1	99.3	99.6	97.1	99.1	98.0	100.2
Apr 2007	95.1	103.2	100.1	99.3	99.8	96.4	99.2	97.9	99.5
May 2007	94.2	102.8	100.2	99.3	100.0	96.3	99.8	98.2	99.5
Jun 2007	93.9	102.2	100.4	99.3	100.0	97.1	99.9	98.7	99.5
Jul 2007	95.1	101.7	100.0	100.7	99.6	97.6	99.9	99.1	99.8
Aug 2007	95.5	101.4	99.9	100.7	100.2	97.9	100.6	99.3	99.8
Sep 2007	96.6	101.4	100.0	100.7	100.0	98.2	100.2	99.2	99.8
Oct 2007	96.8	101.0	100.2	100.0	100.4	98.6	100.2	99.4	99.5
Nov 2007	98.0	100.5	100.2	100.7	100.2	98.8	100.0	99.7	100.0
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	101.0	99.6	100.1	100.0	100.2	100.3	99.7	100.4	100.2
Feb 2008	101.1	99.4	100.2	100.7	100.2	100.2	99.9	99.9	100.5
Mar 2008	101.0	98.6	100.1	100.7	100.4	99.4	99.8	99.4	100.7
Apr 2008	102.3	98.1	99.6	100.7	100.0	100.5	99.8	99.5	100.5
May 2008	102.1	97.5	99.1	100.7	99.8	100.6	99.6	99.4	100.7
Jun 2008	100.8	96.8	98.9	100.7	99.8	100.1	100.1	98.7	100.0
Jul 2008	98.0	95.4	98.7	100.7	99.8	100.0	100.2	98.5	99.5
Aug 2008	95.9	95.2	98.9	100.0	99.4	99.4	100.2	98.3	99.5
Sep 2008	96.1	94.2	98.3	99.3	99.1	99.4	100.4	97.7	99.5
Oct 2008	96.8	93.1	97.6	98.5	100.0	98.7	100.5	97.4	99.3
Nov 2008	94.8	92.4	97.3	100.0	99.4	98.1	100.4	97.0	98.3
Dec 2008	93.1	90.8	97.0	100.0	99.1	96.2	100.5	96.5	97.8
Jan 2009	90.6	89.2	96.4	99.3	98.9	95.6	100.6	96.4	96.6
Feb 2009	89.8	87.9	95.9	98.5	98.7	94.2	100.6	96.3	96.1
Mar 2009	87.3	86.6	95.1	97.8	98.3	92.8	100.6	95.8	95.6
Apr 2009	85.3	85.5	94.5	97.0	97.6	91.4	100.7	95.4	95.6
May 2009	84.9	84.8	94.6	96.3	97.6	90.8	100.9	95.1	95.1
Jun 2009	85.0	83.8	94.7	95.5	97.2	90.7	101.1	94.6	95.4
Jul 2009	83.9	84.1	94.4	93.3	96.4	90.2	102.1	93.9	95.1
Aug 2009	82.7	83.7	94.1	94.0	96.6	90.9	101.9	93.6	94.6
Sep 2009	81.1	83.7	94.1	94.0	96.4	89.8	102.1	93.3	94.4
Oct 2009	79.0	82.7	93.9	94.0	96.1	90.1	102.1	92.8	94.1
Nov 2009	79.5	82.8	93.7	92.5	96.1	91.0	102.4	92.9	94.1
Dec 2009	79.0	82.8	93.4	91.0	96.1	91.3	102.5	92.8	93.9
Jan 2010	79.3	82.4	93.4	90.3	95.7	91.6	102.6	92.5	93.9
Feb 2010	79.3	82.1	93.4	91.0	95.9	92.0	102.5	92.5	93.9
Mar 2010	80.1	81.9	93.6	91.8	95.9	91.8	102.7	92.8	93.9
Apr 2010	82.9	82.4	93.9	90.3	95.5	94.1	102.8	93.1	94.4
May 2010	82.1	82.4	94.1	91.0	95.7	96.5	103.1	92.8	94.1
Jun 2010	81.4	82.0	94.1	91.0	95.9	100.2	103.0	93.1	93.6
Jul 2010	82.2	82.2	94.0	91.0	95.7	101.2	103.2	92.7	93.4
Aug 2010	83.1	81.7	94.1	91.8	95.5	98.9	103.2	93.1	93.6
Sep 2010	83.1	81.3	93.9	94.0	95.1	99.5	103.6	93.1	93.9
Oct 2010	83.6	81.3	94.5	95.5	94.8	98.8	103.9	93.4	93.9
Nov 2010	83.8	80.8	94.1	91.8	94.8	98.1	104.0	93.2	93.2
Dec 2010	83.2	80.8	94.3	91.0	94.6	98.4	104.1	93.2	92.9
Jan 2011	82.4	81.0	94.4	89.6	94.6	98.2	104.3	93.2	92.2
Feb 2011	82.4	81.2	94.5	89.6	95.1	97.9	104.3	93.0	91.9
Mar 2011	82.8	81.5	94.9	89.6	94.8	98.3	104.3	93.3	91.9
Apr 2011	81.7	81.3	94.9	89.6	95.1	98.6	104.3	93.6	91.4
May 2011	81.7	81.6	94.8	90.3	94.4	98.2	104.2	93.8	91.9
Jun 2011	81.5	81.5	94.6	90.3	95.1	98.2	104.7	93.6	92.2
Jul 2011	81.7	81.3	94.7	90.3	94.8	98.3	104.5	93.9	91.9
Aug 2011	80.8	81.4	94.8	90.3	94.8	97.8	104.1	94.1	91.7
Sep 2011	81.5	81.5	94.8	90.3	94.6	98.1	105.1	94.2	91.9
Oct 2011	81.7	81.3	94.8	91.0	94.6	98.2	105.0	94.5	92.2
Nov 2011	81.1	81.3	94.8	90.3	94.8	98.3	105.0	94.5	92.2
Dec 2011	80.7	81.5	94.9	91.0	94.6	97.6	105.1	94.8	92.2
Jan 2012	81.4	82.0	95.2	94.0	94.8	97.7	105.1	95.1	92.7
Feb 2012	82.2	82.1	95.3	93.3	94.4	98.8	105.5	95.3	92.2
Mar 2012	82.5	82.2	95.2	93.3	94.8	100.1	105.6	95.4	92.4
Apr 2012	83.2	82.2	95.2	94.0	94.8	99.6	105.3	95.3	92.9
May 2012	81.5	82.1	95.2	94.0	94.8	100.2	104.8	95.6	92.7
Jun 2012	80.5	82.5	95.1	93.3	94.8	100.5	105.2	95.5	93.2
Jul 2012	79.8	82.7	95.3	94.0	95.1	100.7	105.5	95.8	93.6
Aug 2012	80.8	82.6	95.1	92.5	95.1	101.7	105.3	96.3	94.1
Sep 2012	81.2	82.4	95.2	92.5	94.8	102.1	105.3	95.8	94.1
Oct 2012	80.7	82.6	95.0	92.5	94.2	102.4	105.4	95.8	93.9
Nov 2012	80.8	82.6	94.9	93.3	94.2	102.7	105.4	95.9	94.1
Dec 2012	81.2	82.7	94.9	93.3	94.2	102.4	105.5	96.2	94.6
Jan 2013	81.5	82.1	94.7	94.8	94.2	102.9	105.7	96.6	94.6
Feb 2013	83.4	82.0	94.9	95.5	94.4	104.5	105.9	96.5	95.1
Mar 2013	82.8	82.1	94.8	94.8	94.6	105.3	106.2	97.1	95.1
Apr 2013	82.9	82.1	94.9	95.5	94.4	103.6	106.5	96.8	94.9
May 2013	84.2	82.0	95.0	94.8	93.8	103.5	105.9	96.9	94.6
Jun 2013	85.2	81.8	95.5	95.5	93.8	103.7	105.9	97.5	95.1
Jul 2013	86.2	81.8	95.7	94.8	93.8	102.9	105.5	97.7	94.9
Aug 2013	86.3	82.0	95.9	94.8	93.8	103.6	104.9	97.9	94.9
Sep 2013	86.9	82.3	96.2	95.5	93.6	102.9	106.3	98.2	94.9
Oct 2013	87.2	82.7	96.0	95.5	94.0	102.6	105.9	98.3	95.1
Nov 2013	86.3	83.2	96.4	94.8	94.0	102.9	106.0	98.7	95.1
Dec 2013	84.9	83.3	96.7	97.0	94.0	103.6	106.1	98.5	94.9
Jan 2014	85.0	83.6	96.5	103.0	93.1	105.7	105.9	98.7	94.9
Feb 2014	83.4	83.8	96.5	97.0	93.1	103.7	105.9	98.2	94.9
Mar 2014	84.1	83.8	96.7	97.8	93.1	103.8	105.9	98.7	94.9
Apr 2014	83.4	83.9	96.7	96.3	92.7	104.9	106.3	99.1	94.9
May 2014	83.4	83.9	96.7	96.3	93.1	105.1	106.3	99.3	95.1
Jun 2014	83.5	83.8	97.0	95.5	92.9	105.6	106.6	99.2	95.4
Jul 2014	82.7	83.6	97.2	95.5	92.9	106.4	107.2	98.7	95.4
Aug 2014	81.7	83.8	97.4	97.0	93.3	106.6	107.4	98.0	95.8
Sep 2014	80.5	83.8	97.4	97.0	93.1	107.5	107.7	98.8	95.6
Oct 2014	80.4	84.3	97.7	97.0	93.1	107.2	107.4	99.4	95.8
Nov 2014	79.8	84.2	97.9	98.5	93.6	109.1	107.9	99.4	96.3
Dec 2014	79.7	84.4	98.2	97.8	93.3	109.0	108.1	99.6	96.6
Jan 2015	78.6	84.2	98.1	96.3	93.6	108.6	108.3	99.7	96.6
Feb 2015	78.8	84.5	98.3	95.5	93.1	108.3	108.7	100.2	97.1
Mar 2015	76.6	84.4	98.3	95.5	93.3	108.0	108.8	99.8	96.8
Apr 2015	77.2	84.8	98.8	94.8	93.3	109.3	108.9	100.7	97.6
May 2015	76.6	85.3	99.1	95.5	93.8	110.4	109.3	101.1	97.3
Jun 2015	75.5	85.6	99.2	94.8	93.3	110.6	109.3	101.2	97.3
Jul 2015	75.9	85.5	99.1	94.8	93.6	111.2	109.3	101.7	97.3
Aug 2015	75.9	85.6	99.2	93.3	93.8	112.8	108.8	101.7	97.3
Sep 2015	75.7	85.8	99.4	94.0	93.6	112.4	109.5	102.1	97.3
Oct 2015	75.2	85.7	99.7	94.0	94.2	114.1	110.0	102.8	97.6
Nov 2015	74.6	85.7	100.0	93.3	94.4	114.3	110.0	102.8	97.8
Dec 2015	75.0	85.6	100.1	94.0	95.1	114.4	110.0	103.5	97.8
Jan 2016	74.9	86.1	100.4	93.3	94.4	114.2	110.1	103.5	98.3
Feb 2016	75.0	86.2	100.7	92.5	94.4	114.7	110.4	103.9	98.5
Mar 2016	74.5	86.2	100.7	91.0	94.4	114.4	110.6	103.9	98.3
Apr 2016	72.5	86.0	100.9	91.0	94.8	113.2	110.9	104.1	98.3
May 2016	71.4	85.8	101.0	91.0	94.6	113.0	111.1	104.2	97.8
Jun 2016	71.2	85.6	100.9	91.0	94.2	112.8	110.8	104.2	97.8
Jul 2016	71.9	86.3	101.5	91.8	94.8	114.7	111.0	105.0	98.5
Aug 2016	71.5	86.3	101.4	91.0	94.8	113.7	111.3	105.3	98.3
Sep 2016	71.8	86.3	101.8	90.3	94.6	113.4	111.1	105.6	98.3
Oct 2016	71.7	86.1	102.0	90.3	94.8	113.0	111.2	105.3	98.3
Nov 2016	72.2	86.1	102.0	89.6	94.6	112.5	111.4	105.5	98.5
Dec 2016	71.9	86.3	102.0	88.8	94.4	112.6	112.0	105.2	98.8
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

New Mexico

In addition to New Mexico experiencing employment declines in MLC and manufacturing, the state experienced employment declines in the information industry throughout the 10-year period. (See figure 7.) Trade, transportation, and utilities; financial activities; and professional and business services declined modestly, between 4.3 and 5.3 percent from 2007 to 2016. New Mexico had a higher share in professional and business services than did the other nonrecovered states in 2007, or an average of 16.2 percent of total private employment. Therefore, the decline in employment in this industry over the 10-year period brought the share of professional and business services down to 15.9 percent. This percentage is still higher than that of the other five states but is similar to the share of Connecticut for this industry in 2016 (15.2 percent). Education and health services increased by 22.7 percent, whereas manufacturing decreased by 21.8 percent.

⁠

Figure 7. Indexes of New Mexico employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	98.1	107.2	97.6	88.2	100.0	99.8	97.2	99.4	99.3
Feb 2007	98.6	106.9	98.0	91.2	100.3	100.5	97.4	99.4	99.3
Mar 2007	99.4	106.9	98.4	93.5	101.1	101.1	97.9	99.7	99.7
Apr 2007	99.4	106.9	98.2	86.5	100.6	100.6	98.3	99.3	99.3
May 2007	99.7	106.6	98.5	87.1	100.6	100.8	98.5	99.1	99.3
Jun 2007	100.0	106.0	98.5	92.9	100.9	100.5	98.5	99.4	99.3
Jul 2007	100.3	105.7	98.6	90.6	100.9	100.8	98.6	99.3	99.3
Aug 2007	100.0	105.4	98.6	96.5	100.6	101.0	98.6	99.4	99.0
Sep 2007	99.5	105.1	98.6	100.6	100.6	100.6	98.5	99.5	99.0
Oct 2007	99.6	101.8	99.4	98.8	100.9	100.0	99.2	100.1	99.7
Nov 2007	99.7	101.2	99.9	99.4	100.6	100.1	99.4	99.9	99.7
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	100.0	96.4	100.1	95.3	99.7	100.0	99.4	99.4	100.7
Feb 2008	100.5	94.0	100.3	95.9	100.0	100.4	100.3	99.4	101.0
Mar 2008	100.6	91.9	100.2	95.9	99.7	100.5	100.5	99.3	101.0
Apr 2008	101.1	90.7	99.9	90.6	99.4	100.5	101.3	99.0	101.4
May 2008	100.8	89.6	99.3	89.4	99.1	100.3	101.5	98.5	101.7
Jun 2008	100.4	89.3	98.7	92.9	99.1	100.6	102.0	98.4	102.4
Jul 2008	99.4	88.7	98.4	94.7	99.1	100.5	102.1	98.2	101.7
Aug 2008	99.6	88.1	98.2	92.4	98.6	100.8	102.6	98.1	102.0
Sep 2008	99.5	87.2	97.8	95.3	98.9	100.9	102.9	98.0	101.7
Oct 2008	98.4	87.2	97.1	95.3	98.3	100.5	103.3	98.0	102.4
Nov 2008	97.1	86.9	96.4	94.1	97.7	99.4	103.4	97.7	102.4
Dec 2008	95.1	87.5	95.8	91.2	97.4	98.9	103.9	96.8	99.3
Jan 2009	92.2	87.2	95.2	86.5	96.6	98.2	104.1	96.6	99.0
Feb 2009	89.6	86.9	94.4	86.5	96.6	96.9	104.4	96.3	98.6
Mar 2009	86.6	86.6	93.7	85.3	95.1	95.8	104.6	95.8	98.3
Apr 2009	83.8	86.6	92.6	85.3	96.6	95.0	104.4	95.6	97.6
May 2009	82.8	87.2	92.5	86.5	96.9	94.8	104.6	95.8	97.6
Jun 2009	81.7	86.9	92.4	86.5	96.3	94.6	104.3	95.4	97.0
Jul 2009	80.8	86.6	92.0	87.1	96.0	94.6	104.5	95.4	97.0
Aug 2009	80.9	86.9	91.8	88.2	96.0	94.6	104.8	95.5	96.3
Sep 2009	79.6	87.2	92.1	90.0	95.7	94.5	105.0	95.1	97.0
Oct 2009	79.1	87.8	91.4	87.6	96.0	93.7	104.8	94.7	95.6
Nov 2009	78.8	87.5	90.9	86.5	95.7	93.5	105.0	94.6	97.0
Dec 2009	78.4	87.8	90.7	84.1	96.0	93.3	105.0	94.7	96.6
Jan 2010	78.3	87.8	90.7	87.6	95.4	93.6	105.3	94.3	96.3
Feb 2010	78.1	87.8	90.5	87.6	95.1	93.4	105.4	94.6	95.9
Mar 2010	77.6	88.4	90.7	87.6	95.7	92.8	105.5	94.6	95.6
Apr 2010	78.1	88.1	90.7	89.4	94.0	93.0	105.2	94.8	95.6
May 2010	78.3	87.8	90.7	85.9	96.3	92.6	105.1	94.9	95.6
Jun 2010	78.3	87.8	90.8	85.9	94.3	93.1	106.3	95.5	98.0
Jul 2010	79.0	88.1	90.8	82.4	94.0	93.0	106.5	95.0	99.0
Aug 2010	78.4	89.0	90.9	82.9	94.0	92.7	105.7	94.8	99.7
Sep 2010	78.1	89.3	90.5	82.4	93.4	92.6	105.7	94.7	94.3
Oct 2010	78.5	88.7	90.6	81.2	93.4	93.1	105.9	94.8	94.6
Nov 2010	78.8	89.0	90.5	80.6	93.4	93.1	106.2	94.9	93.9
Dec 2010	79.4	88.7	90.7	82.9	93.4	93.1	106.4	95.1	93.9
Jan 2011	79.3	89.0	90.6	84.7	93.4	92.8	106.4	95.5	94.6
Feb 2011	78.5	89.0	90.5	80.6	93.1	94.7	106.4	95.7	94.6
Mar 2011	80.4	89.0	90.5	81.2	92.9	93.2	106.6	96.0	95.3
Apr 2011	80.4	88.7	91.1	84.1	93.4	92.8	107.1	95.9	95.3
May 2011	81.0	89.0	91.2	84.7	92.9	93.0	107.1	95.6	95.3
Jun 2011	80.8	88.7	91.1	81.2	92.6	92.6	107.5	95.5	99.3
Jul 2011	81.7	88.4	90.8	80.0	93.1	93.0	108.5	95.5	100.0
Aug 2011	81.3	88.4	90.9	77.1	93.1	92.5	108.2	95.9	99.7
Sep 2011	81.0	88.4	91.3	72.4	93.1	93.2	108.0	96.3	94.9
Oct 2011	80.2	89.0	91.4	74.7	93.1	91.8	107.8	96.3	93.6
Nov 2011	80.5	88.7	91.6	74.7	92.9	91.6	107.7	96.1	94.6
Dec 2011	80.8	88.1	91.6	72.9	92.9	91.3	107.3	96.5	94.9
Jan 2012	80.5	87.5	92.0	80.6	92.9	90.6	107.5	95.9	95.6
Feb 2012	81.2	87.8	92.1	81.2	93.1	90.5	108.0	96.4	95.9
Mar 2012	82.0	86.9	92.4	85.9	93.7	90.9	107.9	96.6	96.3
Apr 2012	81.4	87.5	92.2	81.8	93.4	91.1	107.7	96.7	96.6
May 2012	82.0	87.5	92.1	78.8	92.9	90.9	107.7	97.1	96.3
Jun 2012	82.9	87.5	92.4	74.1	93.7	91.5	108.6	98.0	95.9
Jul 2012	82.2	86.9	92.1	78.2	93.7	89.7	109.3	97.3	94.6
Aug 2012	82.3	86.9	92.0	81.8	93.4	89.8	108.6	98.0	94.6
Sep 2012	82.4	86.6	92.4	77.1	93.7	90.7	108.7	98.1	95.9
Oct 2012	84.6	86.6	93.1	77.1	95.4	91.5	108.9	99.9	98.0
Nov 2012	84.1	85.4	93.1	81.2	94.9	91.6	109.0	99.5	97.3
Dec 2012	84.2	85.4	93.0	77.1	94.6	90.8	109.5	99.3	97.3
Jan 2013	84.8	85.1	92.8	80.0	94.6	91.8	109.3	99.3	96.6
Feb 2013	85.3	84.8	93.0	80.6	94.3	91.9	109.2	99.4	95.9
Mar 2013	85.5	84.5	92.6	78.2	94.3	91.8	109.6	99.3	96.3
Apr 2013	85.7	84.5	92.9	79.4	94.6	92.0	110.0	99.9	95.9
May 2013	85.8	84.2	93.0	81.2	94.6	91.9	109.9	99.5	95.6
Jun 2013	86.1	83.0	93.3	78.2	94.6	91.7	109.8	99.9	95.3
Jul 2013	86.3	83.9	93.5	77.1	94.6	91.5	109.4	100.7	94.9
Aug 2013	87.1	83.6	93.6	74.7	94.9	91.4	109.8	100.8	95.3
Sep 2013	87.4	83.0	93.2	72.4	95.1	91.5	110.2	100.8	95.3
Oct 2013	87.5	82.4	93.6	74.1	95.1	91.5	110.1	100.8	94.9
Nov 2013	87.5	83.0	93.7	72.9	95.1	91.3	110.6	101.4	95.3
Dec 2013	87.1	83.0	93.8	72.4	96.0	91.5	110.7	101.9	95.6
Jan 2014	88.1	84.2	93.7	71.2	94.9	92.1	111.2	102.0	95.6
Feb 2014	87.4	83.6	93.9	72.4	94.9	91.8	111.3	101.6	95.6
Mar 2014	87.5	83.6	93.9	73.5	95.1	91.2	111.5	101.9	95.9
Apr 2014	87.6	83.0	94.2	71.8	94.9	91.9	111.7	102.4	95.9
May 2014	88.7	83.0	94.2	73.5	94.9	91.9	112.0	103.1	96.3
Jun 2014	89.1	83.3	94.1	72.9	95.1	91.8	112.0	103.1	96.6
Jul 2014	89.8	83.0	94.4	72.4	95.1	91.7	112.6	103.4	96.3
Aug 2014	89.9	82.7	94.3	74.7	95.1	92.0	113.3	103.5	96.6
Sep 2014	90.3	82.1	94.5	70.0	94.9	91.6	114.1	103.7	96.6
Oct 2014	92.0	83.6	94.6	74.1	94.9	91.8	114.6	104.0	97.6
Nov 2014	91.5	82.7	94.5	75.9	94.9	91.9	114.9	104.4	97.3
Dec 2014	92.0	82.7	94.8	77.1	94.9	92.1	115.0	103.7	97.0
Jan 2015	91.2	81.5	95.0	73.5	94.9	92.0	115.4	104.3	96.3
Feb 2015	90.3	81.8	95.3	72.9	95.1	92.0	115.7	104.5	96.6
Mar 2015	88.7	81.2	95.3	75.3	95.1	92.1	116.2	104.9	96.3
Apr 2015	88.1	81.5	95.3	74.1	94.9	92.0	116.8	105.2	95.9
May 2015	87.7	81.2	95.4	77.6	95.1	92.2	117.5	105.3	95.9
Jun 2015	87.4	80.3	95.2	74.7	95.1	92.1	117.7	105.3	95.9
Jul 2015	87.1	79.7	95.2	77.6	95.1	92.4	117.9	105.6	96.6
Aug 2015	86.9	79.1	95.1	80.0	95.4	92.4	118.3	105.4	96.3
Sep 2015	86.6	79.1	95.1	75.9	95.1	92.5	118.9	105.8	95.9
Oct 2015	85.3	79.1	95.1	74.7	95.1	92.8	119.7	106.2	95.6
Nov 2015	85.0	78.8	95.0	72.9	95.4	93.1	120.4	106.7	95.6
Dec 2015	84.3	79.1	94.9	70.0	95.7	92.8	119.7	107.0	95.6
Jan 2016	83.2	81.8	94.9	72.9	95.7	92.7	121.0	107.3	95.6
Feb 2016	82.9	81.8	94.8	76.5	96.3	92.9	121.6	107.9	95.9
Mar 2016	81.4	81.2	94.6	73.5	96.0	93.0	121.6	107.8	95.9
Apr 2016	80.0	81.2	94.8	77.1	96.0	93.3	122.1	106.3	96.3
May 2016	79.4	81.2	94.6	74.7	96.0	93.5	122.2	108.4	96.3
Jun 2016	78.4	80.3	94.2	73.5	95.7	93.6	121.9	108.0	96.3
Jul 2016	78.4	80.0	94.7	77.1	95.4	94.5	122.5	109.0	96.6
Aug 2016	78.4	79.4	94.6	77.1	95.7	94.4	123.0	108.8	96.3
Sep 2016	78.3	79.4	94.5	78.2	96.0	94.4	122.5	108.7	96.6
Oct 2016	78.6	79.1	94.3	78.8	96.0	94.4	122.6	108.6	96.3
Nov 2016	78.9	78.8	94.3	79.4	96.0	94.4	122.0	108.5	96.3
Dec 2016	79.4	78.8	94.1	78.2	95.7	94.5	122.7	109.0	96.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

West Virginia

West Virginia’s MLC employment increased 8.0 percent during the recessionary months, from December 2007 to November 2008. (See figure 8.) From November 2008 to February 2010, employment decreased 17.1 percent; from February 2010 to February 2012, it increased 19.1 percent; and from February 2012 to December 2016, it decreased 29.3 percent. This pattern is noticeably different from the pattern for the other five states, in which employment declined steadily over the 10-year period, with no return to prerecession employment levels. West Virginia’s employment in mining and logging, on the one hand, and construction, on the other, reveals almost identical patterns of growth and decline over the 10-year period. (See figure 9.) Employment saw modest increases in professional and business services, education and health services, and leisure and hospitality from December 2007 to December 2016 (+6.1 percent, +13.2 percent, and +1.2 percent, respectively). In contrast, employment in trade, transportation, and utilities; financial activities; and other services decreased slightly over the same period (–7.7 percent, –8.5 percent, and –2.8 percent, respectively), similar to employment trends in those industries in New Mexico.

⁠

Figure 8. Indexes of West Virginia employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	103.0	103.3	99.7	100.0	99.4	96.6	97.7	97.0	100.8
Feb 2007	100.4	102.9	99.7	100.0	99.4	96.0	97.9	96.7	100.8
Mar 2007	102.2	103.1	100.1	99.1	99.7	97.3	98.2	97.5	100.8
Apr 2007	100.3	102.2	99.7	100.0	99.4	97.9	98.0	98.4	100.4
May 2007	100.3	102.1	99.6	100.0	100.0	97.9	98.3	98.1	100.0
Jun 2007	100.6	102.1	99.7	100.9	99.7	97.9	99.2	98.5	100.4
Jul 2007	100.4	102.1	99.6	100.9	99.4	98.1	99.1	97.5	100.0
Aug 2007	100.4	101.4	99.8	100.0	100.0	98.4	99.5	98.8	99.6
Sep 2007	99.6	101.6	99.8	100.0	100.0	98.5	99.8	98.8	99.6
Oct 2007	99.9	101.0	100.1	100.0	99.7	98.4	100.1	99.0	100.0
Nov 2007	99.6	100.7	100.1	100.0	99.7	98.5	100.4	99.3	100.0
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	101.8	100.2	100.0	99.1	100.0	98.4	101.0	100.3	101.2
Feb 2008	101.8	99.3	100.3	100.0	100.6	98.5	101.3	100.7	101.2
Mar 2008	101.0	98.6	100.1	99.1	100.3	98.4	100.9	100.0	100.8
Apr 2008	102.1	98.4	99.2	99.1	100.0	99.0	100.9	99.9	100.0
May 2008	102.8	98.1	99.0	98.2	99.7	98.4	100.7	100.0	100.4
Jun 2008	103.0	97.8	98.8	98.2	99.4	98.7	100.9	99.5	100.0
Jul 2008	104.3	97.4	98.9	97.4	99.4	98.9	101.2	99.9	100.4
Aug 2008	105.2	97.1	98.5	97.4	99.1	98.1	101.0	99.6	100.0
Sep 2008	106.7	96.7	98.3	96.5	99.1	97.9	101.3	100.0	100.0
Oct 2008	108.0	96.7	97.8	97.4	98.7	98.1	101.1	100.1	100.4
Nov 2008	108.0	95.9	97.3	96.5	98.7	98.1	101.1	100.0	100.8
Dec 2008	107.0	95.3	96.9	94.7	98.4	98.4	100.9	99.7	100.8
Jan 2009	103.9	93.8	96.2	95.6	98.1	98.7	101.7	99.5	101.2
Feb 2009	103.6	91.5	95.7	94.7	97.5	98.4	102.0	99.0	101.2
Mar 2009	102.7	88.9	95.2	94.7	97.2	97.3	102.1	99.3	100.0
Apr 2009	96.6	89.6	94.9	93.9	97.2	96.8	102.6	98.2	100.4
May 2009	96.3	87.7	94.8	92.1	97.2	96.9	102.8	99.0	100.8
Jun 2009	93.3	86.4	95.0	91.2	97.2	96.6	103.4	98.6	100.0
Jul 2009	91.7	84.6	94.4	89.5	96.5	95.8	103.6	98.6	100.0
Aug 2009	90.9	85.3	94.4	88.6	95.9	96.5	103.8	98.5	99.6
Sep 2009	90.2	84.8	94.4	89.5	95.6	96.6	103.9	98.2	100.0
Oct 2009	90.2	84.8	93.9	88.6	95.6	96.6	104.2	97.9	99.6
Nov 2009	90.6	84.8	93.7	89.5	95.3	97.4	104.3	98.1	100.0
Dec 2009	92.7	84.6	93.4	89.5	94.6	98.9	104.4	98.2	100.0
Jan 2010	90.2	84.5	93.4	89.5	95.3	98.1	104.4	98.2	99.6
Feb 2010	89.6	84.3	93.2	88.6	95.6	97.6	104.3	97.4	99.2
Mar 2010	92.4	84.3	93.7	88.6	95.9	98.1	104.5	97.9	98.8
Apr 2010	92.6	84.8	93.7	86.8	95.9	98.4	104.5	98.6	99.2
May 2010	92.4	84.8	94.0	88.6	95.6	97.6	104.2	98.5	99.6
Jun 2010	93.5	84.8	93.9	90.4	96.5	98.1	104.9	99.5	100.0
Jul 2010	94.6	85.1	94.0	93.0	95.3	99.0	105.3	99.2	99.2
Aug 2010	95.1	85.5	93.9	93.0	94.9	99.2	105.2	99.5	99.6
Sep 2010	96.0	85.0	93.5	92.1	94.9	98.9	105.2	99.6	99.6
Oct 2010	96.3	85.1	94.2	92.1	95.9	99.5	105.2	99.9	99.6
Nov 2010	95.7	85.1	94.5	92.1	95.9	99.2	105.2	99.6	99.2
Dec 2010	94.2	85.3	94.1	92.1	94.9	99.4	105.2	99.6	99.2
Jan 2011	93.8	85.1	94.1	92.1	94.6	100.3	105.5	99.0	98.8
Feb 2011	95.4	85.5	94.2	92.1	94.0	101.3	106.1	99.2	98.8
Mar 2011	95.7	85.7	94.1	91.2	93.4	101.8	106.1	99.3	99.2
Apr 2011	96.7	85.5	94.6	91.2	93.0	101.8	106.5	99.9	98.4
May 2011	98.1	85.3	94.3	89.5	93.4	101.5	106.7	100.1	99.2
Jun 2011	98.7	85.5	94.1	89.5	93.0	101.8	106.9	100.0	98.8
Jul 2011	100.1	85.5	94.4	88.6	94.3	102.3	107.0	100.1	99.6
Aug 2011	100.7	85.5	94.6	89.5	93.4	102.7	107.0	100.5	99.6
Sep 2011	101.0	85.5	94.6	87.7	93.4	103.5	106.9	100.0	99.6
Oct 2011	101.6	85.5	94.4	87.7	94.3	103.7	107.8	100.3	99.6
Nov 2011	102.7	85.7	94.6	86.8	94.0	104.5	108.0	100.5	100.0
Dec 2011	105.5	85.7	94.6	86.0	94.0	104.5	108.0	100.4	100.0
Jan 2012	106.0	86.2	94.8	84.2	94.0	103.9	107.8	100.8	100.0
Feb 2012	106.7	86.2	94.7	84.2	94.3	104.2	108.2	101.4	100.4
Mar 2012	106.4	85.8	94.8	83.3	94.6	104.2	108.6	102.3	100.4
Apr 2012	104.6	85.7	94.6	84.2	94.6	105.0	109.3	102.2	101.2
May 2012	103.3	85.3	94.5	84.2	94.9	105.0	109.1	102.1	100.8
Jun 2012	103.3	85.0	94.4	85.1	94.9	104.8	109.3	101.8	100.4
Jul 2012	102.1	84.5	94.4	84.2	95.3	103.9	109.6	102.2	100.4
Aug 2012	101.8	83.2	94.5	84.2	95.6	103.9	109.7	102.2	100.0
Sep 2012	101.6	83.2	94.7	84.2	95.3	104.4	109.9	102.2	100.0
Oct 2012	100.7	84.3	94.4	84.2	94.9	104.5	109.8	102.2	100.0
Nov 2012	98.7	83.8	93.7	84.2	94.9	103.7	109.6	101.9	100.4
Dec 2012	99.6	84.5	93.8	82.5	95.3	103.7	109.7	101.9	100.0
Jan 2013	100.1	83.8	94.6	81.6	95.6	104.0	109.1	103.6	100.4
Feb 2013	100.6	83.8	94.8	83.3	95.6	104.7	109.8	102.3	100.4
Mar 2013	99.7	83.6	94.6	83.3	96.5	105.2	109.7	102.6	101.2
Apr 2013	99.7	83.4	94.4	84.2	96.2	104.7	109.5	102.5	102.4
May 2013	100.1	83.4	94.4	84.2	95.9	105.0	109.5	102.5	101.2
Jun 2013	98.2	83.6	94.6	84.2	95.6	105.0	109.3	102.5	100.8
Jul 2013	99.0	83.8	94.6	85.1	96.2	104.5	109.3	102.3	101.2
Aug 2013	98.5	83.6	94.4	85.1	95.9	105.0	109.5	102.2	100.8
Sep 2013	97.3	83.9	94.4	85.1	95.9	104.8	109.5	101.5	101.2
Oct 2013	96.6	83.8	94.5	85.1	96.2	103.5	109.7	102.1	100.4
Nov 2013	96.3	83.9	94.4	85.1	96.2	103.9	109.8	102.2	100.8
Dec 2013	95.4	83.2	94.6	85.1	96.2	103.5	109.9	102.5	100.8
Jan 2014	94.8	83.1	94.4	85.1	95.9	104.7	109.7	101.6	100.4
Feb 2014	94.2	82.6	94.3	85.1	95.9	105.0	109.5	101.8	100.0
Mar 2014	95.2	82.7	94.0	85.1	95.9	105.2	109.8	101.9	100.4
Apr 2014	96.1	82.6	94.3	85.1	94.6	106.6	110.0	101.9	101.2
May 2014	96.3	82.9	94.3	84.2	94.6	107.4	110.1	101.8	100.4
Jun 2014	96.0	82.7	94.3	84.2	94.3	108.1	110.1	102.1	100.4
Jul 2014	95.4	82.7	94.0	84.2	94.6	108.4	110.1	101.9	100.0
Aug 2014	95.1	82.6	94.2	84.2	94.3	108.7	110.1	101.9	100.0
Sep 2014	95.5	82.6	93.9	84.2	94.0	109.2	110.2	101.8	100.4
Oct 2014	95.1	82.6	94.6	83.3	93.0	110.0	110.1	102.3	100.0
Nov 2014	94.2	82.4	94.7	83.3	93.4	110.5	110.1	102.1	100.0
Dec 2014	93.2	82.4	94.6	84.2	93.0	111.3	110.3	102.3	100.0
Jan 2015	92.1	82.6	94.4	85.1	92.7	110.2	111.9	102.2	100.0
Feb 2015	91.2	83.1	94.3	85.1	92.4	109.4	111.9	102.1	100.0
Mar 2015	90.3	82.9	94.2	85.1	92.4	108.4	111.6	101.4	99.2
Apr 2015	89.9	82.4	94.2	86.0	93.4	107.6	111.7	102.1	98.8
May 2015	90.8	82.4	94.6	86.0	93.4	107.7	111.9	102.2	98.8
Jun 2015	87.6	82.4	94.6	85.1	93.4	107.9	111.0	102.1	98.8
Jul 2015	86.2	82.2	94.6	84.2	93.7	107.7	110.7	102.3	99.2
Aug 2015	85.0	82.2	94.2	85.1	93.4	108.2	111.0	102.2	98.8
Sep 2015	83.6	82.0	94.2	84.2	93.0	107.6	111.6	102.7	98.8
Oct 2015	82.6	82.0	94.3	85.1	93.0	107.4	112.3	102.5	98.4
Nov 2015	82.0	82.4	94.0	84.2	93.0	107.7	112.5	102.6	98.0
Dec 2015	81.4	81.9	94.0	84.2	92.7	107.7	112.8	103.4	98.0
Jan 2016	78.7	81.5	93.7	85.1	93.0	105.8	112.5	102.9	98.0
Feb 2016	78.4	81.3	93.5	85.1	93.0	106.5	112.2	102.6	98.0
Mar 2016	79.3	81.2	93.7	84.2	93.0	106.5	112.3	102.5	98.0
Apr 2016	77.7	81.3	93.7	84.2	92.1	106.0	112.9	101.9	97.6
May 2016	74.3	80.8	93.4	83.3	92.1	105.3	112.9	102.1	97.6
Jun 2016	72.3	80.7	93.0	83.3	91.8	105.2	111.3	102.1	97.2
Jul 2016	72.5	81.0	93.2	83.3	91.5	106.8	111.2	101.8	96.8
Aug 2016	72.3	80.7	93.1	83.3	91.8	106.0	111.7	101.8	97.2
Sep 2016	71.7	81.0	93.2	83.3	91.8	106.0	113.5	102.2	96.8
Oct 2016	72.6	80.5	92.5	83.3	91.5	106.6	112.8	102.1	96.8
Nov 2016	73.7	80.7	92.3	83.3	91.5	106.3	113.1	101.6	97.2
Dec 2016	75.4	80.8	92.3	82.5	91.5	106.1	113.2	101.2	97.2
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

⁠

Figure 9. West Virginia employment in mining, logging, and construction; mining and logging; and construction, in thousands, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining and logging	Construction	Mining, logging, and construction
Jan 2007	28.3	40.9	69.2
Feb 2007	28.2	39.3	67.5
Mar 2007	28.2	40.5	68.7
Apr 2007	28.3	39.1	67.4
May 2007	28.4	39.0	67.4
Jun 2007	28.7	38.9	67.6
Jul 2007	28.9	38.6	67.5
Aug 2007	29.2	38.3	67.5
Sep 2007	28.8	38.1	66.9
Oct 2007	28.8	38.3	67.1
Nov 2007	28.7	38.2	66.9
Dec 2007	28.8	38.4	67.2
Jan 2008	28.9	39.5	68.4
Feb 2008	29.1	39.3	68.4
Mar 2008	29.4	38.5	67.9
Apr 2008	30.0	38.6	68.6
May 2008	30.7	38.4	69.1
Jun 2008	31.1	38.1	69.2
Jul 2008	31.4	38.7	70.1
Aug 2008	31.8	38.9	70.7
Sep 2008	32.4	39.3	71.7
Oct 2008	33.1	39.5	72.6
Nov 2008	33.1	39.5	72.6
Dec 2008	33.0	38.9	71.9
Jan 2009	32.8	37.0	69.8
Feb 2009	32.3	37.3	69.6
Mar 2009	32.0	37.0	69.0
Apr 2009	31.1	33.8	64.9
May 2009	30.2	34.5	64.7
Jun 2009	29.3	33.4	62.7
Jul 2009	28.6	33.0	61.6
Aug 2009	28.4	32.7	61.1
Sep 2009	28.4	32.2	60.6
Oct 2009	28.2	32.4	60.6
Nov 2009	28.2	32.7	60.9
Dec 2009	28.5	33.8	62.3
Jan 2010	28.4	32.2	60.6
Feb 2010	28.7	31.5	60.2
Mar 2010	29.0	33.1	62.1
Apr 2010	29.4	32.8	62.2
May 2010	29.7	32.4	62.1
Jun 2010	30.0	32.8	62.8
Jul 2010	30.6	33.0	63.6
Aug 2010	30.8	33.1	63.9
Sep 2010	30.9	33.6	64.5
Oct 2010	31.0	33.7	64.7
Nov 2010	31.3	33.0	64.3
Dec 2010	31.4	31.9	63.3
Jan 2011	31.7	31.3	63.0
Feb 2011	32.4	31.7	64.1
Mar 2011	32.4	31.9	64.3
Apr 2011	32.8	32.2	65.0
May 2011	33.2	32.7	65.9
Jun 2011	33.6	32.7	66.3
Jul 2011	33.9	33.4	67.3
Aug 2011	34.3	33.4	67.7
Sep 2011	34.6	33.3	67.9
Oct 2011	34.8	33.5	68.3
Nov 2011	35.0	34.0	69.0
Dec 2011	35.5	35.4	70.9
Jan 2012	35.4	35.8	71.2
Feb 2012	35.3	36.4	71.7
Mar 2012	35.0	36.5	71.5
Apr 2012	34.2	36.1	70.3
May 2012	33.9	35.5	69.4
Jun 2012	33.5	35.9	69.4
Jul 2012	33.1	35.5	68.6
Aug 2012	32.8	35.6	68.4
Sep 2012	32.7	35.6	68.3
Oct 2012	32.4	35.3	67.7
Nov 2012	32.1	34.2	66.3
Dec 2012	31.9	35.0	66.9
Jan 2013	31.8	35.5	67.3
Feb 2013	31.9	35.7	67.6
Mar 2013	31.9	35.1	67.0
Apr 2013	32.0	35.0	67.0
May 2013	32.3	35.0	67.3
Jun 2013	32.2	33.8	66.0
Jul 2013	32.0	34.5	66.5
Aug 2013	31.9	34.3	66.2
Sep 2013	31.5	33.9	65.4
Oct 2013	31.3	33.6	64.9
Nov 2013	31.1	33.6	64.7
Dec 2013	30.9	33.2	64.1
Jan 2014	30.5	33.2	63.7
Feb 2014	30.6	32.7	63.3
Mar 2014	30.6	33.4	64.0
Apr 2014	30.7	33.9	64.6
May 2014	30.6	34.1	64.7
Jun 2014	30.5	34.0	64.5
Jul 2014	30.2	33.9	64.1
Aug 2014	30.1	33.8	63.9
Sep 2014	30.0	34.2	64.2
Oct 2014	29.6	34.3	63.9
Nov 2014	29.5	33.8	63.3
Dec 2014	28.8	33.8	62.6
Jan 2015	28.7	33.2	61.9
Feb 2015	28.0	33.3	61.3
Mar 2015	27.7	33.0	60.7
Apr 2015	27.3	33.1	60.4
May 2015	27.0	34.0	61.0
Jun 2015	25.9	33.0	58.9
Jul 2015	25.5	32.4	57.9
Aug 2015	24.9	32.2	57.1
Sep 2015	24.9	31.3	56.2
Oct 2015	24.6	30.9	55.5
Nov 2015	23.9	31.2	55.1
Dec 2015	23.3	31.4	54.7
Jan 2016	21.8	31.1	52.9
Feb 2016	21.6	31.1	52.7
Mar 2016	21.2	32.1	53.3
Apr 2016	20.8	31.4	52.2
May 2016	19.9	30.0	49.9
Jun 2016	19.8	28.8	48.6
Jul 2016	19.5	29.2	48.7
Aug 2016	19.6	29.0	48.6
Sep 2016	19.6	28.6	48.2
Oct 2016	19.9	28.9	48.8
Nov 2016	20.1	29.4	49.5
Dec 2016	20.5	30.2	50.7
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Wyoming

Wyoming experienced a large increase in employment, both in education and health services and in other services. (See figure 10.) When indexed to its respective December 2007 level, employment in the other services sector increased more than that in education and health services, +22.3 percent versus +16.5 percent. By March 2016, the employment level of other services increased as high as 25.4 percent above its prerecession level, compared with the +17.3-percent increase in education and health services (the increase occurred in both March and July 2016). Leisure and hospitality was the only other service-providing industry to have employment above its prerecession level by the end of 2016. From December 2007 to the end of 2016, MLC experienced the worst decline—31.2 percent—among industries in Wyoming. As with West Virginia’s employment experience, Wyoming's employment in mining and logging, on the one hand, and construction, on the other, followed similar patterns of growth and decline over the 10-year period. (See figure 11.)

⁠

Figure 10. Indexes of Wyoming employment by industry, seasonally adjusted, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Mining, logging, and construction	Manufacturing	Trade, transportation, and utilities	Information	Financial activities	Professional and business services	Education and health services	Leisure and hospitality	Other services
Jan 2007	94.1	103.0	96.3	97.6	96.5	97.8	97.0	97.4	92.3
Feb 2007	94.4	102.0	97.0	97.6	97.4	98.9	97.0	98.0	93.1
Mar 2007	95.5	105.0	97.9	97.6	97.4	100.5	97.0	97.7	93.8
Apr 2007	95.5	101.0	97.2	97.6	98.3	99.5	97.5	97.7	94.6
May 2007	96.1	102.0	97.5	97.6	98.3	101.6	97.9	97.7	96.9
Jun 2007	96.6	100.0	97.9	97.6	99.1	102.7	98.3	97.1	96.2
Jul 2007	96.4	100.0	98.2	100.0	99.1	101.6	98.7	97.4	96.2
Aug 2007	96.6	99.0	98.4	100.0	99.1	101.6	99.2	97.1	96.9
Sep 2007	96.1	99.0	98.8	97.6	100.0	101.6	99.6	98.0	97.7
Oct 2007	97.5	99.0	99.3	100.0	100.0	101.6	99.6	97.4	98.5
Nov 2007	99.5	99.0	99.3	97.6	100.0	100.0	100.8	99.1	99.2
Dec 2007	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Jan 2008	101.6	100.0	100.0	97.6	100.9	100.0	101.3	100.6	99.2
Feb 2008	102.2	100.0	99.8	97.6	100.9	100.5	102.1	100.9	100.8
Mar 2008	102.3	97.0	99.8	97.6	100.0	101.1	101.7	101.5	100.8
Apr 2008	101.3	100.0	99.6	97.6	100.9	101.1	102.5	101.5	101.5
May 2008	102.5	99.0	99.5	97.6	100.9	102.2	102.1	101.5	101.5
Jun 2008	103.2	99.0	99.5	97.6	100.9	103.3	103.4	101.8	102.3
Jul 2008	104.3	99.0	99.5	100.0	101.7	102.7	104.2	100.9	102.3
Aug 2008	104.3	98.0	99.5	97.6	101.7	102.7	104.2	100.6	103.8
Sep 2008	104.1	97.0	99.6	97.6	101.7	102.2	105.1	100.0	104.6
Oct 2008	104.3	99.0	99.6	97.6	101.7	101.6	105.9	100.6	103.8
Nov 2008	102.9	99.0	99.5	97.6	101.7	101.6	105.1	100.3	105.4
Dec 2008	101.3	97.0	99.3	97.6	100.9	101.1	105.1	99.7	105.4
Jan 2009	98.4	95.0	98.6	97.6	99.1	100.0	107.2	98.8	106.2
Feb 2009	95.7	93.1	97.9	97.6	100.0	98.9	106.8	98.0	106.2
Mar 2009	93.9	92.1	97.0	97.6	98.3	97.3	107.6	98.0	106.2
Apr 2009	90.7	90.1	95.6	95.1	98.3	95.6	107.2	97.1	106.2
May 2009	90.1	90.1	95.6	97.6	98.3	95.1	108.4	97.7	108.5
Jun 2009	88.0	88.1	95.0	97.6	97.4	93.4	108.0	96.2	106.2
Jul 2009	86.6	89.1	94.5	97.6	96.5	92.9	108.4	96.2	105.4
Aug 2009	85.3	88.1	94.5	97.6	96.5	92.9	108.4	95.6	105.4
Sep 2009	84.2	89.1	94.0	95.1	96.5	92.9	108.4	96.8	105.4
Oct 2009	83.7	87.1	93.2	95.1	95.7	92.3	108.9	94.2	104.6
Nov 2009	83.2	86.1	92.9	95.1	95.7	93.4	110.1	94.4	105.4
Dec 2009	83.2	86.1	92.3	95.1	95.7	92.3	110.5	93.3	105.4
Jan 2010	83.7	86.1	92.3	95.1	93.9	93.4	109.7	94.2	105.4
Feb 2010	84.1	85.1	92.2	95.1	94.8	92.3	110.1	94.4	105.4
Mar 2010	84.4	87.1	91.5	95.1	93.9	92.9	110.1	93.6	106.2
Apr 2010	85.5	85.1	92.0	95.1	94.8	94.0	111.0	95.3	108.5
May 2010	85.1	85.1	92.0	95.1	94.8	93.4	110.5	95.3	107.7
Jun 2010	84.6	85.1	92.3	95.1	93.9	94.0	111.4	95.6	106.9
Jul 2010	84.6	86.1	92.2	95.1	93.0	95.1	111.0	95.6	108.5
Aug 2010	86.2	87.1	92.0	95.1	92.2	96.2	111.4	96.2	109.2
Sep 2010	86.0	88.1	92.2	95.1	93.0	95.6	111.8	96.8	109.2
Oct 2010	87.1	87.1	92.5	92.7	93.9	94.5	113.1	96.2	110.0
Nov 2010	85.3	88.1	92.3	92.7	93.9	95.1	113.5	95.3	110.8
Dec 2010	85.1	88.1	92.3	92.7	93.0	94.5	112.7	95.9	111.5
Jan 2011	84.4	88.1	92.3	92.7	93.9	95.6	113.5	95.6	111.5
Feb 2011	84.6	88.1	92.7	92.7	93.0	95.6	113.5	95.3	112.3
Mar 2011	85.1	88.1	92.5	92.7	93.0	95.6	114.3	95.6	113.1
Apr 2011	85.1	89.1	93.1	92.7	93.9	95.6	113.1	95.3	114.6
May 2011	85.5	90.1	93.4	95.1	93.0	96.7	113.5	95.6	113.8
Jun 2011	86.4	90.1	93.2	92.7	92.2	97.3	112.2	96.2	115.4
Jul 2011	87.3	89.1	93.4	92.7	92.2	97.8	111.8	96.8	116.2
Aug 2011	87.3	91.1	94.0	95.1	93.0	99.5	112.2	97.1	115.4
Sep 2011	88.7	91.1	94.5	92.7	93.9	98.4	112.7	98.5	115.4
Oct 2011	89.6	92.1	94.0	92.7	93.0	98.4	112.2	97.7	116.2
Nov 2011	89.8	92.1	94.1	92.7	93.9	100.0	111.8	98.0	116.2
Dec 2011	90.1	93.1	94.1	95.1	92.2	100.0	112.7	98.0	116.2
Jan 2012	89.6	92.1	94.5	95.1	93.0	99.5	111.8	98.0	116.9
Feb 2012	89.4	93.1	94.5	95.1	93.0	99.5	111.8	98.5	116.9
Mar 2012	89.6	93.1	94.8	95.1	93.9	99.5	111.4	98.5	116.9
Apr 2012	91.9	93.1	95.0	95.1	93.0	98.9	111.8	98.8	117.7
May 2012	89.4	92.1	95.2	95.1	93.0	97.8	111.8	98.8	118.5
Jun 2012	88.0	92.1	94.7	95.1	93.9	99.5	112.2	98.8	117.7
Jul 2012	86.7	92.1	94.5	95.1	93.0	97.3	111.8	99.4	117.7
Aug 2012	87.5	91.1	94.7	95.1	93.9	98.4	112.7	99.1	118.5
Sep 2012	87.5	92.1	94.8	95.1	93.9	98.4	112.7	99.1	119.2
Oct 2012	87.1	93.1	95.0	92.7	94.8	98.4	112.2	99.7	117.7
Nov 2012	87.1	92.1	95.0	95.1	93.9	98.9	112.7	100.0	117.7
Dec 2012	86.7	92.1	95.4	95.1	93.9	98.9	113.5	100.6	118.5
Jan 2013	87.1	94.1	95.0	92.7	95.7	98.4	113.5	100.3	118.5
Feb 2013	86.9	94.1	95.2	92.7	95.7	98.4	112.7	100.6	118.5
Mar 2013	87.3	93.1	95.2	92.7	95.7	99.5	113.9	100.6	118.5
Apr 2013	86.7	94.1	95.2	90.2	96.5	99.5	113.9	100.9	120.0
May 2013	87.3	93.1	95.9	92.7	96.5	99.5	113.5	100.9	119.2
Jun 2013	87.8	94.1	96.1	92.7	97.4	100.5	113.9	101.5	119.2
Jul 2013	87.3	94.1	96.3	92.7	97.4	99.5	113.9	101.5	120.0
Aug 2013	86.9	94.1	96.4	92.7	97.4	98.9	113.9	101.2	119.2
Sep 2013	85.7	95.0	96.3	92.7	98.3	98.9	113.5	102.3	119.2
Oct 2013	86.4	96.0	96.6	92.7	97.4	100.0	112.7	101.8	120.8
Nov 2013	86.9	95.0	96.4	92.7	97.4	102.2	112.7	101.2	116.9
Dec 2013	88.0	96.0	96.6	92.7	97.4	99.5	113.5	102.0	116.2
Jan 2014	88.7	96.0	96.6	92.7	96.5	100.0	113.9	102.3	116.9
Feb 2014	89.4	96.0	96.6	90.2	96.5	101.1	113.5	102.6	116.2
Mar 2014	89.6	98.0	96.6	90.2	96.5	101.1	113.5	102.3	116.2
Apr 2014	90.0	97.0	97.0	90.2	96.5	101.1	113.5	103.5	119.2
May 2014	92.1	97.0	97.5	92.7	97.4	101.6	114.3	103.2	119.2
Jun 2014	94.3	98.0	97.3	92.7	98.3	101.6	113.9	103.8	119.2
Jul 2014	93.4	97.0	97.5	92.7	97.4	101.6	113.5	103.2	120.0
Aug 2014	92.5	97.0	98.0	92.7	98.3	101.1	113.5	104.1	120.0
Sep 2014	93.0	97.0	98.0	92.7	99.1	101.6	113.5	103.5	120.8
Oct 2014	92.7	97.0	98.8	92.7	99.1	101.6	114.3	104.1	121.5
Nov 2014	91.6	98.0	98.6	92.7	98.3	101.6	113.1	103.8	121.5
Dec 2014	91.6	98.0	99.3	92.7	98.3	102.2	112.7	105.3	122.3
Jan 2015	90.9	99.0	99.6	92.7	98.3	102.2	113.5	105.6	123.1
Feb 2015	90.0	99.0	99.8	92.7	98.3	102.2	113.1	105.8	123.8
Mar 2015	88.7	96.0	100.2	92.7	97.4	101.6	113.1	105.8	124.6
Apr 2015	87.5	96.0	100.0	92.7	97.4	101.6	113.5	106.4	123.8
May 2015	85.3	98.0	99.6	92.7	95.7	101.6	114.3	105.8	124.6
Jun 2015	83.7	97.0	99.3	92.7	95.7	101.1	114.3	106.1	124.6
Jul 2015	83.7	96.0	98.9	92.7	96.5	101.6	114.3	105.8	124.6
Aug 2015	83.3	96.0	99.1	92.7	96.5	101.6	114.8	105.3	124.6
Sep 2015	82.8	96.0	98.8	92.7	96.5	102.2	115.2	106.4	123.8
Oct 2015	81.9	96.0	98.6	90.2	94.8	100.5	115.6	105.3	123.8
Nov 2015	79.9	95.0	98.6	90.2	95.7	101.6	115.2	105.0	124.6
Dec 2015	78.5	94.1	98.4	92.7	94.8	100.0	116.5	105.0	125.4
Jan 2016	77.2	94.1	98.4	92.7	95.7	99.5	115.2	104.4	124.6
Feb 2016	75.8	93.1	97.7	92.7	95.7	98.4	116.0	104.1	123.8
Mar 2016	75.1	92.1	97.2	90.2	94.8	97.8	117.3	104.4	125.4
Apr 2016	74.6	91.1	95.9	90.2	94.8	97.8	117.3	103.8	124.6
May 2016	72.6	91.1	95.6	90.2	93.9	97.3	116.5	104.4	124.6
Jun 2016	70.4	91.1	95.0	90.2	94.8	97.3	116.5	105.6	120.8
Jul 2016	70.1	91.1	94.8	92.7	93.9	97.3	117.7	105.3	121.5
Aug 2016	69.5	91.1	94.5	92.7	93.9	96.7	116.5	105.3	121.5
Sep 2016	68.8	90.1	93.8	90.2	93.9	96.7	116.9	105.0	122.3
Oct 2016	68.8	90.1	94.1	90.2	93.0	97.3	116.9	105.0	122.3
Nov 2016	69.2	91.1	93.8	90.2	93.0	97.3	116.9	105.0	122.3
Dec 2016	68.8	90.1	93.4	90.2	93.0	98.4	116.5	105.0	122.3
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

⁠

Figure 11. Wyoming employment in mining, logging, and construction; mining and logging; and construction, seasonally adjusted, in thousands, January 2007–December 2016
Date	Construction	Mining and logging	Mining, logging, and construction
Jan 2007	25.1	27.4	52.5
Feb 2007	25.3	27.4	52.7
Mar 2007	26.0	27.3	53.3
Apr 2007	26.0	27.3	53.3
May 2007	26.1	27.5	53.6
Jun 2007	26.5	27.4	53.9
Jul 2007	26.6	27.2	53.8
Aug 2007	26.8	27.1	53.9
Sep 2007	26.5	27.1	53.6
Oct 2007	27.1	27.3	54.4
Nov 2007	27.9	27.6	55.5
Dec 2007	28.2	27.6	55.8
Jan 2008	28.5	28.2	56.7
Feb 2008	28.7	28.3	57.0
Mar 2008	28.6	28.5	57.1
Apr 2008	28.0	28.5	56.5
May 2008	28.2	29.0	57.2
Jun 2008	28.3	29.3	57.6
Jul 2008	28.5	29.7	58.2
Aug 2008	28.3	29.9	58.2
Sep 2008	28.1	30.0	58.1
Oct 2008	28.0	30.2	58.2
Nov 2008	27.3	30.1	57.4
Dec 2008	26.6	29.9	56.5
Jan 2009	25.7	29.2	54.9
Feb 2009	25.0	28.4	53.4
Mar 2009	24.7	27.7	52.4
Apr 2009	24.3	26.3	50.6
May 2009	24.7	25.6	50.3
Jun 2009	24.2	24.9	49.1
Jul 2009	23.8	24.5	48.3
Aug 2009	23.4	24.2	47.6
Sep 2009	22.9	24.1	47.0
Oct 2009	22.8	23.9	46.7
Nov 2009	22.6	23.8	46.4
Dec 2009	22.6	23.8	46.4
Jan 2010	22.6	24.1	46.7
Feb 2010	22.5	24.4	46.9
Mar 2010	22.5	24.6	47.1
Apr 2010	22.9	24.8	47.7
May 2010	22.5	25.0	47.5
Jun 2010	22.1	25.1	47.2
Jul 2010	21.9	25.3	47.2
Aug 2010	22.5	25.6	48.1
Sep 2010	22.3	25.7	48.0
Oct 2010	22.7	25.9	48.6
Nov 2010	21.6	26.0	47.6
Dec 2010	21.4	26.1	47.5
Jan 2011	20.9	26.2	47.1
Feb 2011	20.8	26.4	47.2
Mar 2011	20.9	26.6	47.5
Apr 2011	20.6	26.9	47.5
May 2011	20.5	27.2	47.7
Jun 2011	20.8	27.4	48.2
Jul 2011	21.0	27.7	48.7
Aug 2011	20.9	27.8	48.7
Sep 2011	21.4	28.1	49.5
Oct 2011	21.8	28.2	50.0
Nov 2011	21.9	28.2	50.1
Dec 2011	21.9	28.4	50.3
Jan 2012	21.6	28.4	50.0
Feb 2012	21.5	28.4	49.9
Mar 2012	21.6	28.4	50.0
Apr 2012	23.0	28.3	51.3
May 2012	21.7	28.2	49.9
Jun 2012	21.0	28.1	49.1
Jul 2012	20.7	27.7	48.4
Aug 2012	21.4	27.4	48.8
Sep 2012	21.6	27.2	48.8
Oct 2012	21.5	27.1	48.6
Nov 2012	21.5	27.1	48.6
Dec 2012	21.5	26.9	48.4
Jan 2013	22.0	26.6	48.6
Feb 2013	21.9	26.6	48.5
Mar 2013	22.0	26.7	48.7
Apr 2013	21.6	26.8	48.4
May 2013	22.0	26.7	48.7
Jun 2013	22.2	26.8	49.0
Jul 2013	21.9	26.8	48.7
Aug 2013	21.8	26.7	48.5
Sep 2013	21.2	26.6	47.8
Oct 2013	21.7	26.5	48.2
Nov 2013	22.1	26.4	48.5
Dec 2013	22.5	26.6	49.1
Jan 2014	22.9	26.6	49.5
Feb 2014	23.1	26.8	49.9
Mar 2014	22.9	27.1	50.0
Apr 2014	22.9	27.3	50.2
May 2014	23.9	27.5	51.4
Jun 2014	24.9	27.7	52.6
Jul 2014	24.4	27.7	52.1
Aug 2014	23.9	27.7	51.6
Sep 2014	24.2	27.7	51.9
Oct 2014	24.1	27.6	51.7
Nov 2014	23.5	27.6	51.1
Dec 2014	23.7	27.4	51.1
Jan 2015	23.7	27.0	50.7
Feb 2015	23.7	26.5	50.2
Mar 2015	23.7	25.8	49.5
Apr 2015	23.8	25.0	48.8
May 2015	23.3	24.3	47.6
Jun 2015	23.0	23.7	46.7
Jul 2015	23.2	23.5	46.7
Aug 2015	23.3	23.2	46.5
Sep 2015	23.3	22.9	46.2
Oct 2015	23.1	22.6	45.7
Nov 2015	22.9	21.7	44.6
Dec 2015	22.5	21.3	43.8
Jan 2016	22.2	20.9	43.1
Feb 2016	21.9	20.4	42.3
Mar 2016	22.0	19.9	41.9
Apr 2016	22.2	19.4	41.6
May 2016	21.8	18.7	40.5
Jun 2016	21.0	18.3	39.3
Jul 2016	20.9	18.2	39.1
Aug 2016	20.8	18.0	38.8
Sep 2016	20.4	18.0	38.4
Oct 2016	20.3	18.1	38.4
Nov 2016	20.4	18.2	38.6
Dec 2016	20.2	18.2	38.4
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Conclusion

Before the Great Recession, the nonrecovered states had higher shares of employment overall in MLC, education and health services, leisure and hospitality, and other services industries than did the recovered states. This finding was still true in 2016. MLC had the biggest decline in the share of employment among the nonrecovered states over the decade, with Wyoming showing the greatest decline among the nonrecovered states. Over the decade, nonrecovered states saw gains in education and health services, followed by leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, and other services. In contrast, recovered states declined the most in shares of employment in manufacturing, MLC, and trade, transportation, and utilities. In addition, they experienced gains in the same service industries as the nonrecovered states, but at smaller shares of employment. In most states, not just the nonrecovered states, goods-producing jobs made up a smaller share of total private employment in 2016 than in 2007, with most of this structural shift occurring by the end of 2010.

Employment growth since the Great Recession in 2007–09 has been almost exclusively in service-providing industries at both the national level and the state level. This article has examined how the nonrecovered states with the slowest recovery from the Great Recession differed from all other states. The nonrecovered states started the recession with a larger share of employment in goods-producing industries than did other states and saw slightly larger gains in service-providing industries over the following decade than other states saw. However, for these nonrecovered states, the losses in goods-producing industries were greater than the subsequent gains in service-providing industries.

Suggested citation:

Meredith Miller, "Examining industry composition effects in state employment," Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, July 2020, https://doi.org/10.21916/mlr.2020.13

Notes

¹ The official length of the Great Recession is defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

² For more information on state and metro area employment, hours, and earnings that the Current Employment Statistics (CES) program produces, see https://www.bls.gov/sae/.

³ The supersectors are mining, logging, and construction; manufacturing; trade, transportation, and utilities; information; financial activities; professional and business services; education and health services; leisure and hospitality; and other services.

⁴ John P. Mullins and Brittney E. Forbes, “CES employment recovers in 2014,” Monthly Labor Review, April 2015, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/ces-employment-recovers-in-2014.htm.

⁵ For more information on guaranteed publication levels for the CES State and Area program, see https://www.bls.gov/sae/additional-resources/guaranteed-publication-levels-and-the-ces-small-domain-model-sdm.htm.

⁶ Examples of industries that fall under other services (North American Industry Classification System code 81) include repair and maintenance, personal services, and religious and civic organizations.

⁷ Erica L. Groshen and Simon Potter, “Has structural change contributed to a jobless recovery?” Current Issues in Economics and Finance, vol. 9, no. 8 (New York City, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, August 2003), p. 6, https://www.newyorkfed.org/medialibrary/media/research/current_issues/ci9-8.pdf.

⁸ Michael L. Dolfman, Matthew Insco, and Richard J. Holden, “Healthcare jobs and the Great Recession,” Monthly Labor Review, June 2018, https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2018/article/healthcare-jobs-and-the-great-recession.htm.