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Hawaii had the highest rate of union membership in 2022
February 13, 2023
Hawaii had the highest rate of union membership in 2022, at 21.9 percent, followed by New York at 20.7 percent and Washington at 18.0 percent of employment. The rate of union membership for the United States was 10.1 percent in 2022, down from 10.3 percent in 2021.
Union membership of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2002 to 2022 annual averages
State
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total US
13.3%
12.9%
12.5%
12.5%
12.0%
12.1%
12.4%
12.3%
11.9%
11.8%
11.3%
11.3%
11.1%
11.1%
Alabama
9.1
8.1
9.7
10.2
8.8
9.5
9.8
10.9
10.1
10.0
9.2
10.7
10.8
10.2
Alaska
24.4
22.3
20.1
22.8
22.2
23.8
23.5
22.3
22.9
22.1
22.4
23.1
22.8
19.6
Arizona
5.5
5.2
6.3
6.1
7.6
8.8
8.8
6.5
6.4
6.0
5.1
5.0
5.3
5.2
Arkansas
5.9
4.8
4.8
4.8
5.1
5.4
5.9
4.2
4.0
4.2
3.2
3.5
4.7
5.1
California
17.5
16.8
16.5
16.5
15.7
16.7
18.4
17.2
17.5
17.1
17.2
16.4
16.3
15.9
Colorado
7.9
7.8
8.4
8.3
7.7
8.7
8.0
7.0
6.6
8.2
7.8
7.6
9.5
8.4
Connecticut
16.8
15.4
15.3
15.9
15.6
15.6
16.9
17.3
16.7
16.8
14.0
13.5
14.8
17.0
Delaware
10.9
11.4
12.4
11.8
10.8
12.0
13.4
11.9
11.4
10.5
10.4
10.3
9.9
9.2
District of Columbia
13.9
14.6
12.7
11.3
10.3
10.3
12.2
10.4
9.0
8.3
8.6
9.3
8.6
10.4
Florida
5.7
6.1
6.0
5.4
5.2
5.9
6.4
5.8
5.6
6.3
5.8
5.4
5.7
6.8
Georgia
6.0
6.7
6.4
5.0
4.4
4.4
3.7
4.6
4.0
3.9
4.4
5.3
4.3
4.0
Hawaii
24.5
23.8
23.7
25.8
24.7
23.4
24.3
23.5
21.8
21.5
21.6
22.1
21.8
20.4
Idaho
6.9
7.0
5.8
5.2
6.0
5.3
7.1
6.3
7.1
5.1
4.8
4.7
5.3
6.8
Illinois
19.6
17.9
16.8
16.9
16.4
14.5
16.6
17.5
15.5
16.2
14.6
15.8
15.1
15.2
Indiana
13.4
11.8
11.4
12.4
12.0
12.0
12.4
10.6
10.9
11.3
9.1
9.3
10.7
10.0
Iowa
11.1
11.5
10.5
11.5
11.3
10.5
10.6
11.1
11.4
11.2
10.4
10.1
10.7
9.6
Kansas
8.2
7.9
8.4
7.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
6.2
6.8
7.6
6.8
7.5
7.4
8.7
Kentucky
10.1
10.4
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.1
8.6
8.6
8.9
8.9
10.0
11.2
11.0
11.0
Louisiana
8.4
6.5
7.6
6.4
6.4
5.6
4.6
5.8
4.3
4.5
6.2
4.3
5.2
5.8
Maine
13.0
12.8
11.3
11.9
11.9
11.7
12.3
11.7
11.6
11.3
11.5
11.1
11.0
11.6
Maryland
14.4
14.3
10.9
13.3
13.1
12.9
12.6
12.6
11.6
12.4
10.6
11.6
11.9
10.4
Massachusetts
14.2
14.2
13.5
13.9
14.5
13.2
15.7
16.6
14.5
14.6
14.4
13.7
13.7
12.9
Michigan
21.0
21.9
21.6
20.5
19.6
19.5
18.8
18.8
16.5
17.5
16.6
16.3
14.5
15.2
Minnesota
17.6
17.0
17.5
15.7
16.0
16.3
16.1
15.1
15.6
15.1
14.2
14.3
14.2
14.2
Mississippi
6.7
5.0
4.8
7.1
5.6
6.7
5.3
4.8
4.5
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.7
5.4
Missouri
13.2
13.2
12.4
11.5
10.9
10.7
11.2
9.4
9.9
10.9
8.9
8.6
8.4
8.8
Montana
14.2
14.0
11.7
10.7
12.2
13.5
12.2
13.9
12.7
13.0
13.9
13.0
12.7
12.2
Nebraska
8.1
7.9
8.3
8.3
7.9
7.8
8.3
9.2
9.3
7.9
6.0
7.3
7.3
7.7
Nevada
15.3
14.4
12.5
13.8
14.8
15.4
16.7
15.7
15.0
14.6
14.7
14.6
14.4
14.3
New Hampshire
9.8
9.3
9.9
10.4
10.1
9.7
10.6
10.8
10.2
11.1
10.5
9.6
9.9
9.7
New Jersey
19.6
19.5
19.8
20.5
20.1
19.2
18.3
19.3
17.1
16.1
16.1
16.0
16.5
15.4
New Mexico
6.8
7.6
6.7
8.1
7.8
7.7
7.2
6.7
7.3
6.8
6.5
6.2
5.7
6.2
New York
25.3
24.6
25.3
26.1
24.4
25.2
24.9
25.2
24.2
24.1
23.2
24.4
24.6
24.7
North Carolina
3.4
3.1
2.7
2.9
3.3
3.0
3.5
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.9
3.0
1.9
3.0
North Dakota
8.2
7.3
7.7
7.3
6.8
6.4
6.1
6.8
7.4
6.3
6.1
6.4
5.0
5.4
Ohio
16.8
16.7
15.2
16.0
14.2
14.1
14.2
14.2
13.7
13.4
12.6
12.6
12.4
12.3
Oklahoma
9.0
6.8
6.1
5.4
6.4
7.1
6.6
5.7
5.5
6.4
7.5
7.5
6.0
5.6
Oregon
15.5
15.7
15.2
14.5
13.8
14.3
16.6
17.0
16.2
17.1
15.7
13.9
15.6
14.8
Pennsylvania
15.6
15.1
15.0
13.8
13.6
15.1
15.4
15.0
14.7
14.6
13.5
12.7
12.7
13.3
Rhode Island
17.3
17.0
16.3
15.9
15.3
15.0
16.5
17.9
16.4
17.4
17.8
16.9
15.1
14.2
South Carolina
4.9
4.2
3.0
2.3
3.3
4.1
3.9
4.5
4.6
3.4
3.3
3.7
2.2
2.1
South Dakota
5.6
5.4
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.5
5.0
5.5
5.6
5.1
5.6
4.8
4.9
5.9
Tennessee
9.1
7.5
6.7
5.4
6.0
5.3
5.5
5.1
4.7
4.6
4.8
6.1
5.0
5.4
Texas
5.1
5.6
5.0
5.3
4.9
4.7
4.5
5.1
5.4
5.2
5.7
4.8
4.8
4.5
Utah
6.3
5.2
5.8
4.9
5.4
5.8
5.8
6.9
6.5
5.8
5.2
3.9
3.7
3.9
Vermont
9.6
9.7
9.8
10.8
11.0
10.4
10.4
12.3
11.8
12.0
10.7
10.9
11.1
12.6
Virginia
6.0
6.5
5.3
4.8
4.0
3.7
4.1
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.4
5.0
4.9
5.4
Washington
18.5
19.7
19.3
19.1
19.8
20.2
19.8
20.2
19.4
19.0
18.5
18.9
16.8
16.8
West Virginia
13.3
13.1
14.2
14.4
14.2
13.3
13.8
13.9
14.8
13.8
12.1
12.7
10.6
12.4
Wisconsin
15.6
15.9
16.0
16.1
14.9
14.3
15.0
15.2
14.2
13.3
11.2
12.3
11.7
8.3
Wyoming
7.8
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.3
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.4
7.2
6.7
5.7
6.7
7.1
Union membership of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2012-2022 annual averages
State
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Total US
10.7%
10.7%
10.5%
10.3%
10.8%
10.3%
10.1%
Alabama
8.1
7.4
9.2
8.5
8.0
5.9
7.2
Alaska
18.5
18.1
18.5
17.1
17.7
15.8
16.0
Arizona
4.5
4.0
5.3
5.7
5.3
5.4
5.5
Arkansas
3.9
5.1
4.8
5.2
4.7
3.9
4.9
California
15.9
15.5
14.7
15.2
16.2
15.9
16.1
Colorado
9.8
9.6
11.0
9.0
7.4
6.5
6.7
Connecticut
17.5
16.9
16.0
14.5
17.1
14.6
14.2
Delaware
11.4
10.7
10.3
8.7
9.7
9.7
8.5
District of Columbia
9.5
9.8
9.9
9.3
8.6
8.9
9.1
Florida
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.2
6.4
5.2
4.5
Georgia
3.9
4.0
4.5
4.1
4.6
4.8
4.4
Hawaii
19.9
21.3
23.1
23.5
23.7
22.4
21.9
Idaho
6.1
4.8
4.7
4.9
5.6
4.7
4.7
Illinois
14.5
15.0
13.8
13.6
14.3
13.9
13.1
Indiana
10.4
8.9
8.8
8.3
8.3
9.0
7.4
Iowa
8.9
7.0
7.7
6.3
6.6
6.5
7.0
Kansas
8.6
7.8
7.0
8.7
8.9
9.2
9.8
Kentucky
11.1
9.6
8.9
8.0
7.5
7.2
7.9
Louisiana
4.2
4.4
5.0
5.3
5.9
4.7
4.2
Maine
11.4
11.4
12.9
11.8
14.7
12.4
9.2
Maryland
11.0
10.8
11.0
11.3
13.1
11.0
11.6
Massachusetts
12.1
12.4
13.7
12.0
12.0
12.6
12.7
Michigan
14.4
15.6
14.5
13.6
15.2
13.3
14.0
Minnesota
14.2
15.2
15.0
13.7
15.8
16.0
14.2
Mississippi
6.6
5.3
5.1
6.3
7.1
5.5
5.6
Missouri
9.7
8.7
9.4
11.1
9.4
9.0
9.6
Montana
11.9
11.9
11.8
10.5
12.0
11.2
11.2
Nebraska
7.4
8.2
6.6
8.4
9.6
6.8
6.5
Nevada
12.1
12.7
13.9
14.6
13.4
12.2
11.3
New Hampshire
9.4
11.3
10.2
10.3
9.8
10.1
10.1
New Jersey
16.1
16.2
14.9
15.7
16.1
16.2
14.9
New Mexico
6.3
6.7
6.8
7.1
7.1
7.5
8.8
New York
23.6
23.8
22.3
21.0
22.0
22.2
20.7
North Carolina
3.0
3.4
2.7
2.3
3.1
2.6
2.8
North Dakota
5.5
5.1
5.2
6.0
6.2
5.4
6.4
Ohio
12.4
12.5
12.6
11.9
13.2
12.0
12.8
Oklahoma
5.4
5.5
5.7
6.2
6.0
5.6
5.5
Oregon
13.5
14.9
13.9
14.4
16.2
17.8
15.5
Pennsylvania
12.1
12.0
12.6
12.0
13.5
12.9
12.7
Rhode Island
15.5
16.1
17.4
17.4
17.8
15.7
16.1
South Carolina
1.6
2.6
2.7
2.2
2.9
1.7
1.7
South Dakota
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.6
4.3
4.0
3.1
Tennessee
5.7
5.7
5.5
4.6
4.4
5.2
5.5
Texas
4.0
4.7
4.3
4.0
4.9
3.8
4.1
Utah
4.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
3.7
3.5
3.9
Vermont
11.5
11.0
10.5
11.2
11.8
12.3
12.1
Virginia
4.3
4.6
4.3
4.0
4.4
4.8
3.7
Washington
17.4
18.8
19.8
18.8
17.4
19.0
18.0
West Virginia
11.8
11.0
10.0
10.2
10.7
9.6
9.2
Wisconsin
8.1
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.7
7.9
7.1
Wyoming
6.3
6.0
6.5
7.3
7.6
5.7
5.6
The states with the lowest rates of union membership in 2022 were South Carolina (1.7 percent), North Carolina (2.8 percent), and South Dakota (3.1 percent).
Thirty states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the 2022 U.S. average, 10.1 percent, while 19 states had rates above it and 1 state (New Hampshire) had the same rate.
These data are from the Current Population Survey. To learn more, see “Union Members — 2022.” The union membership rate is calculated by dividing the number of union members by the number of wage and salary workers. Union membership data do not include self-employed workers.
United States Department of Labor
