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August 2015
|A hospice nurse in Billings, Montana, was caring for a cancer patient who began gaining weight. The nurse, concerned that the patient’s cancer was spreading, suggested an ultrasound. But the scan showed no change in her condition.
Ultimately, the nurse and the rest of the hospice team concluded that the patient’s weight gain was an indirect result of her enrollment in hospice. “She was going out more, eating meals with her family, going to movies,” says Roxanne Allen, supervisor of the patient’s hospice provider. “She was gaining weight because she was off chemo and enjoying a better quality of life.”
Helping terminally ill patients and their families enjoy quality of life is a goal of hospice workers. Hospice teams include nurses, therapists, coordinators, and others who work together to minimize a patient’s anxiety and discomfort in preparing for death. “People don’t realize all the things we do for patients,” says Allen. “We manage their symptoms so they have quality time with family and friends to accomplish goals or tasks in the time they have left.”
Keep reading to learn more about some of the occupations in hospice care that the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects to have employment growth between 2012 and 2022. This article provides an overview of hospice care, brief occupational descriptions, a glimpse of the rewards and challenges of the work, and information about preparing for a hospice career.
Hospice is a healthcare option for people of all ages who have a medical prognosis of 6 months or less to live due to a terminal illness, such as late-stage cancer, or a life-limiting injury, such as trauma from an accident. In addition to treating patients medically, the hospice team provides emotional, psychological, and spiritual support to patients and their families.
The number of people seeking hospice services continues to rise. But many people delay enrollment until their final days. This section explains the process of enrolling in and receiving hospice care.
People who meet hospice criteria may enroll in a program of their choice. Prospective patients or their family members find and contact a hospice provider, and a representative of that provider arranges for a meeting with someone from the hospice team.
A team member, such as a social worker, often makes a home visit to explain the hospice philosophy and to answer questions. The team member may enroll the patient at home, and a hospice physician certifies eligibility to complete the process. Other members of the hospice team, such as a registered nurse and a volunteer coordinator, visit to assess the patient’s and family’s needs and to prepare a treatment plan.
Hospice enrollment is voluntary and flexible, and, if the hospice physician confirms that a patient’s prognosis is 6 months or less, the patient may enroll. Patients who outlive their prognosis may be recertified for as long as they continue to meet program requirements. “If a disease runs its normal course, it’s 2 or 3 or 6 months,” says hospice volunteer coordinator Ilene Kotajarvi of Escanaba, Michigan. “But you never know. We’ve had people who’ve lived for a couple of years.”
A large component of hospice treatment is palliative care, which focuses on relief from pain and other symptoms of serious illness. But the hospice team also addresses a patient’s nonmedical needs, such as managing the stress of end-of-life decisionmaking. Hospice workers also help family members cope with their loved one’s dying and death.
Although there are inpatient facilities, hospice providers most often offer home care; some have both facilities and home care. The number and duration of visits from hospice team members, whether at home or in a facility, may increase or decrease as the patient’s condition changes.
Family members’ involvement is encouraged at all stages of hospice care. Unless a patient is incapacitated, however, the family does not make decisions about treatment. “As long as the person is alert and oriented, we respect the dignity of our patient,” says Chuck Wilcox, a hospice social worker in Peoria, Illinois. “We ask the patient, ‘What do you want to do?’ During a difficult time, this gives the person a sense of choice.”
Enrollment in hospice programs has risen steadily over the past two decades. According to the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, the number of people who received hospice services between 1990 and 2013 increased more than 7 times, from 210,000 to over 1.5 million. The number of hospice providers more than tripled during that same period, from 1,600 to 5,800.
BLS counts hospice providers as part of the health care and social assistance sector. Of all industry sectors BLS studies, this industry is projected to have the fastest employment growth and to add the largest number of jobs between 2012 and 2022. And several occupations employed by hospice providers are projected to add many jobs, grow quickly, and have many job openings. (See table 1.)
Occupation | Employment | Employment change, projected 2012-22 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Projected 2022 | Number | Percent(1) | Job openings due to growth and replacements(2) |
|
Personal care aides |
1,190,600 | 1,771,400 | 580,800 | 49 | 666,000 |
Home health aides |
875,100 | 1,299,300 | 424,200 | 49 | 590,700 |
Medical secretaries |
525,600 | 714,900 | 189,200 | 36 | 252,500 |
Physical therapists |
204,200 | 277,700 | 73,500 | 36 | 123,700 |
Occupational therapists |
113,200 | 146,100 | 32,800 | 29 | 48,200 |
Healthcare social workers |
146,200 | 185,500 | 39,200 | 27 | 70,200 |
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses |
738,400 | 921,300 | 182,900 | 25 | 363,100 |
Medical and health services managers |
315,500 | 388,800 | 73,300 | 23 | 149,900 |
Nursing assistants |
1,479,800 | 1,792,000 | 312,200 | 21 | 593,600 |
Registered nurses |
2,711,500 | 3,238,400 | 526,800 | 19 | 1,052,600 |
Footnotes: |
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. |
Hospice is often considered a last resort, and many patients enroll in what turns out to be their final days. For example, studies show that most patients spend less than a month—about 23 days, on average, in 2012—in hospice, and enrollment often follows a hospital stay in intensive care.
Hospice advocates emphasize to physicians the importance of having difficult end-of-life conversations with their patients sooner, rather than later, to inform eligible patients and their families about the hospice option. “We want to provide quality of life,” says Rachael Latta, a registered nurse for a hospice in Escanaba, Michigan. “Our job is to ease the dying process for patients and help their families get through it.”
Hospice teams may include both volunteers and paid workers who address the different needs of patients and their families. Organizational structure varies by hospice provider, but the occupations described in this section are common in many hospices. Large hospices may have several positions for these occupations; small hospices may hire part-time workers or consultants for some occupations, such as medical director.
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations and healthcare support occupations make up the largest group of hospice caregivers. These workers are responsible for medical and palliative treatment, but they also provide emotional support.
Dietitians. Hospice dietitians assist patients in meeting their nutritional needs and educate patients and their families about changes that occur during the course of illness, such as when the patient’s body no longer absorbs nutrients.
Hospice aides. Also called home health aides, hospice aides help patients with medical or personal tasks. These tasks include bathing, grooming, and completing small chores; assisting with basic movement; and, in some states, administering prescribed medications.
Medical directors. Also called hospice physicians, these workers review enrollments for certification or recertification, collaborate with the hospice team to develop patient care plans, and act as the primary physician for patients who don’t already have one.
Nurses and assistants. Different types of nursing workers may be part of the hospice team. Registered nurses serve as case managers and patient advocates; they monitor patients, record observations and changes, and administer medication and treatment. Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses assist registered nurses in monitoring patients, dispensing basic treatment, and maintaining records.
Nursing assistants help patients with tasks such as eating and bathing; measure and record vital signs, such as blood pressure; and aid patients and their families in the use of medical equipment.
Because of their advanced training, nurse practitioners may serve as the liaison between doctors and nurses. In addition, they often are responsible for completing in-person visits with patients who are still in hospice after 6 months and for providing recommendations to the medical director about whether to continue hospice services.
Therapists. These workers provide different types of therapy to relieve patients’ pain and make them feel comfortable. For example, occupational therapists help patients engage in everyday activities, and physical therapists assist with mobility and strength.
Other. Other healthcare-related hospice occupations include massage therapists, music therapists, and pharmacists.
Workers in community and social service occupations and personal care and service occupations focus on the patient’s or family’s emotional and spiritual needs.
Counselors. These workers provide spiritual and emotional support to patients and offer bereavement support to family members for up to 1 year after a hospice patient dies. Hospice counselors also may lead seminars, support groups, and workshops on grieving.
Personal care aides. Personal care aides help hospice patients with everyday tasks, such as shopping and light housekeeping; assist with personal hygiene; and provide companionship.
Social workers. Healthcare social workers help hospice patients with nonmedical needs, educate family members on caregiving and other topics, and guide patients and their families in discussing their concerns.
Other. Other community, personal, and social service occupations employed by hospice providers include clergy, social and human service assistants, and recreation workers.
Hospice providers need workers in management, business and financial operations, and administrative support occupations to ensure that their organization offers reliable, cost-effective services and complies with government regulations.
CEO or manager. The chief executive officer (CEO) or manager oversees hospice operations by supervising staff; establishing and directing the organization’s goals; reviewing documents, including policies and procedures, contracts related to the organization, and paperwork involving patients; and ensuring compliance with federal and state regulations.
CFO or finance officer. Also called financial managers, these workers develop and oversee the hospice budget; billing for Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance; and charitable giving to the hospice.
Medical secretaries. Medical secretaries compile patients’ health records and prepare reports to submit for regulatory purposes, such as to show compliance with laws regarding staffing. They also may process insurance payments.
Receptionists. The hospice receptionist greets visitors and answers the phone to direct callers to the proper staff member. A receptionist also listens to and supports patients and their families.
Volunteer coordinators. These workers are human resources specialists who screen, train, and supervise hospice volunteers. They also evaluate each patient’s needs to match him or her with volunteers, such as videographers or photographers who record patients’ stories or activities for family keepsakes.
Other. Other management, business, and administrative occupations employed by hospice providers include bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; customer service representatives; and human resources managers.
Knowing that patients are nearly certain to die in your care may be a difficult part of hospice work. But these workers say they are drawn to helping others, and that provides job satisfaction.
The median annual wage for most of the hospice occupations in table 2 was higher than the $35,540 median wage for all occupations in May 2014, according to BLS. But few hospice workers enter these careers for the earnings potential.
Occupation | Home health care services | Skilled nursing facilities | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Employment | Median annual wage | Employment | Median annual wage | |
Healthcare |
||||
Dietitians and nutritionists |
1,180 | $63,340 | 4,950 | $57,760 |
Home health aides |
348,740 | 21,160 | 27,470 | 21,670 |
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses |
78,810 | 43,670 | 212,760 | 43,790 |
Nurse practitioners |
3,090 | 92,140 | 1,270 | 78,060 |
Nursing assistants |
72,400 | 23,080 | 616,550 | 24,120 |
Occupational therapists |
10,020 | 86,010 | 10,420 | 86,690 |
Registered nurses |
168,970 | 63,810 | 148,970 | 60,180 |
Physical therapists |
24,740 | 89,310 | 12,460 | 89,130 |
Physicians and surgeons |
1,760 | 168,510 | 250 | 173,100 |
Community, personal, and social services |
||||
Counselors |
2,440 | 41,260 | 910 | 38,020 |
Healthcare social workers |
17,220 | 54,140 | 15,960 | 46,470 |
Personal care aides |
303,980 | 18,670 | 22,470 | 21,410 |
Management, business, and administrative |
||||
Financial managers |
1,340 | 95,940 | 1,210 | 91,570 |
Human resources specialists |
3,670 | 45,990 | 3,730 | 46,590 |
Medical and health services managers |
19,010 | 81,940 | 19,940 | 79,420 |
Medical secretaries |
8,090 | 32,460 | 5,700 | 31,350 |
Receptionists and information clerks |
5,210 | 26,550 | 13,180 | 23,900 |
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics survey. |
Some hospice workers find their jobs rewarding for the same reasons they would in any industry. For example, a director or supervisor may feel gratified through staff achievements. “My role is to help my staff feel successful,” says Allen, “and success means when the patients are comfortable, their symptoms are managed, and the family feels supported.”
For other workers, job satisfaction may be more specific to end-of-life care. “Working in hospice absolutely mirrors the reasons I got into social work,” Wilcox says. “I can truly make a difference in people’s lives. A good day might be when someone quietly says, ‘Thank you.’”
People often choose these careers because they enjoy helping others and find hospice work as fulfilling as they’d hoped it would be. “The reward is the satisfaction of knowing that you’ve been able to help people at a time in their lives when they’re very vulnerable and scared,” says Kotajarvi. “It’s such a positive experience.”
Another advantage of these occupations, workers say, is creating bonds with the people they support. “I love my job,” Latta says. “We not only treat the patient, we treat families. You build some unbelievable relationships.”
Among the stressors for hospice workers are the physical demands of patient care, such as standing for long periods, lifting or moving patients, and frequent travel for home visits. In addition, hospice services must be available around the clock, so some staff members need to work nights, weekends, or holidays or be on call to cover shifts.
Many hospice services are covered by Medicare, so these services have many government regulations that workers must follow. Keeping up with changes in the law may be difficult enough, but the rules sometimes leave workers feeling helpless. “The challenge is to be able to meet the needs of patients and their families,” says Kotajarvi, “especially when there are times that the law doesn’t allow it,” such as when personal care aides—who may not administer medication—cannot relieve a patient’s discomfort.
And even as hospice workers enjoy building relationships with patients and families, they acknowledge the drawbacks of getting close in these circumstances. “You do get attached,” says Latta. “It’s hard on the heart, hard on the soul.”
In some ways, the longer a relationship continues, the more stressful it may be for hospice workers. When a patient lives beyond his or her prognosis, for example, families may lose sight of the fact that the illness is terminal—and it’s the hospice workers’ job to remind them. “It’s hard having to be the one to say, ‘We’re here’ when the decline inevitably begins,” says Latta. “I see it as a positive: the long struggle for the patient is coming to an end. But it’s almost like the families forget what it means to be in hospice.”
Such challenges pale in comparison with the overall satisfaction of a hospice career, say workers. “People see a negative in working in hospice because all you do is work with dying people,” says Allen. “It’s not that it’s easy to work with dying people, but you know that your patient never felt deserted and that there was someone there to be his advocate. You know your patient was comforted by the fact that his loved ones were going to be supported even after he’s gone. It’s rewarding.”
Workers enter hospice careers from different backgrounds. Some people move into hospice seeking a change in occupational or career focus. Others decide on hospice work because of firsthand experience with its services, such as through a family member.
Regardless of their path to hospice, prospective workers typically need some education, training, or experience to enter these occupations. (See table 3.) Hospice providers may offer additional training to employees who are new to end-of-life care.
Occupation | Typical education needed for entry |
Work experience in a related occupation | Typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation |
---|---|---|---|
Healthcare |
|||
Dietitians and nutritionists |
Bachelor's degree | None | Internship/residency |
Home health aides |
Less than high school diploma | None | Short-term on-the-job training |
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses |
Postsecondary non-degree award | None | None |
Nurse practitioners |
Master's degree | None | None |
Nursing assistants |
Postsecondary non-degree award | None | None |
Occupational therapists |
Master's degree | None | None |
Registered nurses |
Associate's degree | None | None |
Physical therapists |
Doctoral or professional degree | None | None |
Physicians and surgeons |
Doctoral or professional degree | None | Internship/residency |
Community, personal, and social services |
|||
Counselors |
Master's degree | None | None |
Healthcare social workers |
Master's degree | None | None |
Personal care aides |
Less than high school diploma | None | Short-term on-the-job training |
Management, business, and administrative |
|||
Financial managers |
Bachelor's degree | 5 years or more | None |
Human resources specialists |
Bachelor's degree | None | None |
Medical and health services managers |
Bachelor's degree | None | None |
Medical secretaries |
High school diploma or equivalent | None | Moderate-term on-the-job training |
Receptionists and information clerks |
High school diploma or equivalent | None | Short-term on-the-job training |
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. |
At nearly all levels of education, hospice workers need certain skills to be successful at their jobs. Other qualifications may be recommended or required, depending on the occupation.
Skills. Hospice workers should be compassionate but able to create emotional boundaries with patients and their families. They also must be organized, responsible, and self-motivated, says Allen, especially if they make home visits. “In a facility, someone is always overseeing your work,” she says. “But when you’re out in the community, there’s no way you can be micromanaged.”
Communication skills are critical for these workers. For example, hospice workers must be able to explain medical concepts—including some that may be confusing or even frightening—to families as well as patients. Hospice workers also need to collaborate with other members of the hospice team. And, depending on the occupation, they may have to write reports or make presentations to the community.
In addition, the task of having meaningful end-of-life discussions sometimes falls to hospice workers. “Every day, we have those very hard conversations with people,” Wilcox says. “We’re going to tell you the truth, even if no one else has.”
Another important element of hospice work is making sure that patients and their families feel supported. “Part of good communication skills is the ability to listen,” says Kotajarvi, “to hear their stories, not tell yours.”
And hospice workers need to have integrity and to be confident in their abilities, says Allen: “You are the patient’s and family’s connection to healthcare, and they need to be able to trust you.”
Education. Many of the occupations shown in table 3 typically require a bachelor’s degree or more education for entry-level jobs.
Students interested in hospice work can take classes in high school to help them prepare. For example, workers in healthcare occupations often study life and physical sciences, such as biology and chemistry. Community, personal, and social service workers usually learn topics such as human behavior and psychology. Management, business, and administrative workers need to know information systems and economics.
In addition to taking required subjects, hospice workers recommend studying marketing (helpful for community outreach) and developing networking skills (to connect patients and their families with local resources). And, of course, it’s essential to hone interpersonal, oral, and written communication abilities for nearly every aspect of hospice work.
Other qualifications. Some hospice occupations typically involve on-the-job training to attain competency. Others require both a degree and training; for example, dietitians must complete a bachelor's degree and an internship to become fully qualified.
Workers in some occupations need licensure or certification in order to work in hospice care. For example, every state requires medical and health services managers of hospice facilities to be licensed, and hospice aides must have a minimum level of training and pass a competency evaluation or get certification, depending on the state. Physicians, nurses, and therapists are among the other occupations that require licensure, certification, or both.
Optional certification in hospice and palliative care is available from professional organizations. For example, the National Association of Social Workers offers certification for licensed social workers who have taken continuing education courses in hospice and palliative care and have at least 3 years of supervised experience in those fields.
Of the occupations shown in table 3, only one—financial managers—typically requires work experience in a related occupation for entry. But prospective hospice workers can learn a lot through experience, even if it’s not required. “With students, I tell them that getting experience is something they’ll never be sorry about,” says Allen. “Variety is to their benefit.”
One way to get hands-on experience in hospice work is to volunteer with a provider. “Through volunteering, you can learn so much,” says Kotajarvi. “You have one-on-one contact with people. It’s a good learning tool.”
Hospice volunteers might prepare meals for patients or offer respite for caregivers, for example. Volunteers usually receive formal training from the hospice provider before visiting patients. Some hospices allow high school students to volunteer informally, such as doing administrative tasks, but these volunteers usually do not work directly with patients.
Another way to get a feel for hospice careers is to talk to workers or shadow them for a few days. Learning what it’s like to work with patients and their families is especially valuable if you’re not sure whether hospice is right for you.
Ideally, you should observe workers both on home visits and in an inpatient facility. Although workers may have more autonomy on home visits than in a facility, they usually see patients and their families more often in a facility and build deeper relationships as a result. Required travel for home visits can be physically exhausting, and the closeness created with patients and families in a facility can be emotionally draining.
Experiential learning in hospice care may help you to solidify career plans. “If you’re someone who wants to help people and wants to be in the medical field, hospice gives you a chance to do both,” says Latta. “I’m a nurse, but I’m also kind of a therapist. I’m working with families and guiding them through a very difficult time. It’s a very rewarding career.”
The occupations described in this article are just some of the many working in hospice care. For example, inpatient hospice providers employ workers in occupations such as building and grounds maintenance, food preparation and serving, and laundry and drycleaning.
Learn more about these and hundreds of other occupations in the Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH). Published by BLS, the OOH provides detailed information about what workers do, what education and training they typically need, how much they earn, what the job outlook is, and more.
Other BLS resources include occupation profiles with employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics program and industry information from Industries at a Glance.
U.S. Department of Labor American Job Centers offer free assistance with career planning and jobseeking. Your state’s labor market information office may have additional resources.
General information about hospice and palliative care, including hospice facts, data, and career resources, is available from the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization and Hospice Foundation of America.
Information about scholarships, fellowships, and other resources for people interested in palliative-care careers is available from the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine and the Center to Advance Palliative Care.
The Hospice and Palliative Nurses Association has information about education, scholarships, certification, and more for nurses at every level.
The National Association for Home Care & Hospice has information and resources about hospice and hospice providers. To learn about employment opportunities, contact a hospice directly.
Kathleen Green, "Careers in hospice care," Career Outlook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, August 2015.