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1. What are the Consumer Expenditure Surveys?
The Consumer Expenditure Surveys (CE) collect information from the Nation's households and families on their buying habits (expenditures), income, and household characteristics. The strength of the surveys is that it allows data users to relate the expenditures and income of consumers to the characteristics of those consumers. The surveys consist of two components, a quarterly Interview Survey and a weekly Diary Survey, each with its own questionnaire and sample.
2. How are the Consumer Expenditure Surveys used?
Data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys are used in a number of different ways by a variety of users. One important use of the surveys is for the periodic revision of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index. The Bureau uses survey results to select new market baskets of goods and services for the Consumer Price Index, to determine the relative importance of Consumer Price Index components, and to derive new cost weights for the market baskets. Market researchers find the data useful in analyzing the demand for groups of goods and services. The data allow them to track spending trends of different types of consumer units (see the response to question 27 for the definition of a consumer unit). Government and private agencies use the data to study the welfare of particular segments of the population, such as those consumer units with a reference person aged 65 and older or under age 25, or for low-income consumer units (see the response to question 29 for the definition of a reference person). Economic policymakers use the data to study the impact of policy changes on the welfare of different socioeconomic groups. Researchers use the data in a variety of studies, including those that focus on the spending behavior of different family types, trends in expenditures on various expenditure components including new types of goods and services, gift-giving behavior, consumption studies, and historical spending trends.
3. How do I contact the staff of the Consumer Expenditure Surveys?
Consumer Expenditure Surveys contact information is provided here.
4. How do the Census Bureau and BLS handle respondent confidentiality?
The information that respondents provide is used solely for statistical purposes. All Census Bureau data collectors and BLS CE staff take an oath of confidentiality and are subject to fines or imprisonment for improperly disclosing information provided by respondents. Names and addresses are removed from all forms, and are not included in any statistical release. As a further precaution, the Bureau of Labor Statistics applies certain restrictions to the public-use microdata. These include geographical and value restrictions that prevent the identification of respondents.
5. How did the COVID-19 Pandemic impact the Consumer Expenditure Surveys?
6. What types of data are available and in what form?
The CE program provides its data primarily in the form of news releases, tables, reports, and Public-Use Microdata (PUMD). For a complete list of the data products, see Introduction to CE products.
7. What is the most recent Annual Report about the Consumer Expenditure Surveys data?
The latest Annual Report is posted here.
8. Are historical data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys available?
Yes. Tables are available for 1961 and 1972-73, with annual tables beginning in 1984. The program also provides historical Public Use Microdata (PUMD). PUMD are available as far back as 1980 via the data page. Caution should be used when comparing data over time due to changes in survey questions and data collection protocols. For more information on survey question and data collection protocol changes by year, please see the Improvements and protocol changes page.
9. How are Consumer Expenditure data used to estimate experimental poverty thresholds?
CE data are used to estimate experimental poverty thresholds based on recommendations by the National Academy of Sciences and observations of a 2010 Interagency Technical Working Group. The most recent measure, referred to as the Supplemental Poverty Measure, is not designed to replace the current, official poverty estimates published each year by the U.S. Census Bureau, but rather is intended to provide additional information on poverty in the U.S. Details on the experimental poverty measures can be obtained from the BLS Division of Price and Index Number Research.
10. How are the data from the Interview and Diary Surveys integrated?
Detailed expenditure data for some items, such as food items, are unique to the Diary Survey. Data for other items, such as third-party reimbursements for medical care expenses or the cost of auto repairs, are collected only in the Interview Survey. However, there is considerable overlap in coverage between the surveys. Because of this overlap, integrating the data presents the problem of determining the appropriate survey component from which to select the expenditure items. When data are available from both survey sources, the more reliable of the two, as determined by statistical methods, is selected. As a result, some estimates are selected from the Interview Survey and others, from the Diary Survey. A 2011 Consumer Expenditure Surveys Anthology article describing the process is available (PDF) as well as a list showing which survey was used as the source for items in each year's published estimates (XLSX).
11. Do the published data come from both surveys?
Yes. Starting with the 1972–73 tables, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has published data integrated from the Interview and Diary components of the survey. Because the two components are designed to capture different types of expenditures, integrating data from them combines the important features of both. The integrated data provide a complete accounting of consumer expenditures and income, which neither survey component alone is designed to do.
12. Are meals and rent as pay included in the CE program’s definition of income?
Yes, meals and rent as pay are both included in the program’s definition of income. Estimates of each can be found as separate line items in the tables. PUMD users attempting to replicate the published estimate of total income with FMLI data should be aware that the summary income variables stored on FMLI (FINCBTAX and FINATXEM) do not include meals or rent as pay. To include meals and rent as pay, data from JMLPAYQV and JRTPAYQV need to be combined with either FINCBTAX or FINATXEM to create the final income before or after-tax value for each record. For more information on these variables please see the PUMD data dictionary.
13. What are the differences between total expenditures and total outlays?
Both expenditures and outlays measure how many dollars consumers spend for various goods and services. However, they differ in how some purchases are treated.
Starting with their similarities, total expenditures and total outlays both include the transaction cost for goods and services, excise and sales taxes, personal insurance, social security, retirement and pension payments, gifts (for persons inside and outside of the consumer unit), cash contributions (to organizations, or persons outside of the consumer unit), and home mortgage interest payments.
What makes them different is that total outlays include principal payments for home mortgages, while these payments are excluded from expenditures. In addition, total expenditures for cars and other vehicles include the full purchase price (less trade-in allowance) for vehicles purchased during the three months prior to the interview, regardless of whether or not that vehicle is financed. If financed, subsequent interviews collect only interest payments and other fees (e.g., late fees) paid during the three months prior to those interviews. In contrast, outlays for vehicles purchased within the three months prior to the interview include the “cash” down payment (if any), and any loan payments (including both principal and interest, and any other fees) that take place in this period. Thereafter, the outlay includes the full loan payments (principal, interest, and other fees) made in the three months prior to the interview).
Total outlays better reflect information that a typical consumer units would use in planning a regular budget, feasibility of purchase of “big ticket” items, etc. (For example, a family considering affordability of a vacation would undoubtedly first subtract payments for nonnegotiable expenses—e.g., total mortgage and vehicle loan payments—from net income. Expenses that are more flexible, but necessary items, such as food at home, would presumably come next, etc.).
In contrast, total expenditures exclude mortgage principal as the portion of the housing expenditure that is considered an investment. (The owner expects a capital gain when selling the home.) The interest can be thought of as a transaction fee required to make the investment, rather than being part of the investment itself. Because vehicles generally depreciate in value once purchased, the full price is considered an expense, rather than an investment, and therefore is included in its entirety, as would the purchase price of any other durable good (e.g., a major appliance).
Published CE tables show results according to the total expenditure approach. The first spending item in these tables is called “average annual expenditures” for this reason. However, information on mortgage principal payments is available on some tables for those who want to estimate housing outlays for homeowners.
In addition, the CE public use microdata include summary variables for both outlays and expenditures for various categories (total, housing, transportation, etc.), for researchers who want to understand patterns by demographic groups or groupings not on the published tables, or who want to estimate outlays for groups shown on these tables. are intended to represent total expenditures. For more information on outlays and how they can be used to analyze economic well-being, please see https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1994/12/art4full.pdf.
14. Is sales tax included in expenditures?
Sales taxes collected at the point of purchase for goods and services are included in expenditures published as part of the CE tables and Public use Microdata (PUMD) available online. In instances where sales tax was expected, but not included as part of the reported expenditure, taxes are added to the reported value. Sales tax amounts are calculated by multiplying the item cost by the sales tax rate associated with the state from which the consumer unit resides. For more information on how sales tax updates are handled in processing, please see Sales Tax in Consumer Expenditure Data.
15. Some data products on the website are designated as "Research Products." What does that mean?
Official BLS data products meet criteria specified in the OMB Standards and Guidelines for Statistical Surveys (September 2006) and the OMB Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies (February 2002). Research data products do not meet all of those criteria but still provide users with valuable information. Through transparency regarding data inputs, methods, and results, BLS can receive feedback from stakeholders on research data products in an effort to improve them and, hopefully, advance them into official data products.
16. Do the Consumer Expenditure Surveys include information on assets and liabilities?
Information on assets and liabilities is collected from respondents to the surveys; however, like the income data, the assets and liabilities data are not as reliable as the expenditure data. Respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide accurate information on their assets and liabilities. Net changes in assets and liabilities are published in the CE tables. The public-use microdata also include information on assets and liabilities. An alternative source of data on assets, liabilities, and other financial information of consumers is the Survey of Consumer Finances, conducted by the Federal Reserve Board.
17. Does BLS have information about household spending on cell phone services?
Information on spending on cellular phone services is found here.
18. Is income information available from other sources?
If you want to relate the expenditures of consumers to their income and characteristics, the Consumer Expenditure Surveys are the primary source of data. However, for users interested only in income information, data published by the Census Bureau of the U.S. Department of Commerce may be a better source of information. Data from the Current Population Survey are based on a much larger sample size. The Census Bureau also can provide income information from its Survey of Income and Program Participation, which focuses on low-income households. For information on this survey, visit the Survey of Income and Program Participation page.
19. Do the data show cost-of-living differences among areas?
No. The CE data in published tables show average expenditures and incomes of consumer units. The expenditure levels may vary across areas for a number of reasons. These include demographic and economic differences in age levels, income levels, size of consumer units, tastes, and personal preferences. A commonly used method of comparing the cost of living among areas involves developing an estimate of the cost of a similar bundle of goods and services for each area. The CE program makes no attempt to measure the cost of a standard bundle of goods and services, but instead provides actual expenditure levels of consumer units.
20. How can I convert Consumer Expenditure Surveys text data tables into Excel format?
The CE data tables in Text format can be converted into XLS format (which can be used in Microsoft Excel or other spreadsheet applications) by taking the following steps:
21. What coverage of expenditures does each survey have?
The Interview Survey collects expenditures for overnight travel, as well as detailed financial information (assets and liabilities) that are not collected as part of the Diary. Furthermore, additional details related to expenditures on insurance reimbursements for medical care costs, automobiles, and mortgages, are also not collected as part of the Diary Survey. On the other hand, the Interview Survey does not collect expenditures on nonprescription drugs, and while the Interview Survey does collect food and clothing expenditures, they are not nearly at the same level of detail obtained in the Diary Survey. For example, most food and clothing expenditures in the integrated data tables are only collected as part of the Diary Survey, which includes detailed items (e.g., rice, strip steak, coats and jackets) not collected in the Interview Survey.
The surveys in combination aim to cover all household expenses, while separately they do not. For example, in 2020 the Diary captured average annual expenditures of $40,500 and the Interview Survey captured average annual expenditures of $59,500, both of which fall short of the Integrated table estimate of $61,300. For the Integrated tables published on the BLS website, around 80 percent of the total expenditures come from the Interview Survey, while the other 20 percent come from the Diary. In order to see more specifically the areas each survey covers in more detail please refer to the Diary to Interview section in the CE Profile.
22. What are the CE Public-Use Microdata files?
The Public-Use Microdata (PUMD) files include the actual responses to the Interview and Diary surveys along with derived values, allowing researchers to analyze expenditures, income, and demographic trends beyond what the published tables show. If you are new to the CE PUMD, you may want to explore the PUMD methodology with the CE PUMD Getting Started Guide and check the availability of data with the Dictionary for Interview and Diary Surveys (XLSX).
23. Where are the CE PUMD files located?
The CE PUMD files are located on the PUMD data files page. PUMD are available in four formats: SAS, SPSS, STATA, and Comma Delimited (ASCII). Each format presents the data for each year in two zipped files. Data collected with the Interview Survey are in the "Interview" file and those with the Diary Survey are in the "Diary" file.
24. How do I link data for a given quarter across PUMD files?
You can link data between different PUMD files with the variable NEWID. NEWID is a concatenation of the Consumer Unit (CU) identifier and the interview/diary wave in which the data are collected. This variable is the only PUMD variable that is consistent across every PUMD file. Note some files require additional variables to link between files. See the CE PUMD Getting Started Guide for more detail on the PUMD file structure.
25. How do I link data for a given CU across PUMD files?
You can link data for a given CU across PUMD files by removing the last digit from the variable NEWID. Doing so identifies the CU. Starting in 2002, the variable CUID was added to the FMLI and FMLD files to link a CU across different interviews or diaries for a given CU.
NEWID: 01234562
CUID: 0123456
Note: CUID follows the address not the CU, which may hurt the efficacy of quarterly longitudinal analyses that follow CUs, if the residents change.
26. How can I identify the Interview or Diary Survey wave for a given data point?
You can identify the Interview or Diary Survey wave for a given data point with the last digit of the variable NEWID. For the Interview Survey, the digits range from 1 to 4, depending on the interview quarter. For example, a "1" corresponds to the first quarter after the CE program dropped the bounding interview in 2014. For the Diary survey, the last digit is 1 or 2 for the first or second diary week.
27. Why can't I find a record of the first interview for CUs in the Interview Survey?
Prior to April 2015, the Interview Survey included a preliminary bounding interview, and each CU could be contacted up to five times over five quarters. This preliminary bounding interview collected household roster data and inventory information, which was meant to minimize errors in reporting information out of scope in future interviews. As a result, expenditures collected in this first interview were not released as part of the PUMD files. The bounding interview was dropped beginning in the second quarter of calendar year 2015.
28. Can I link a CU across the Interview and Diary Survey?
No, you cannot link CUs across both surveys because the surveys use different samples.
29. How does the Consumer Expenditure program protect the respondents' confidentiality in PUMD files?
The CE program protects respondents' confidentiality by adjusting responses that may reveal the respondents' identity. For more information, see our PUMD disclosure page.
The number of quarters you use to calculate annual estimates depends on the kind of annual estimate you chose. For example, a 2016 collection year estimate, that is, an estimate from all interviews conducted in 2016, requires files from Q161 through Q164. However, a 2016 calendar year estimate requires all five collection-quarters, Q161 through Q171, because CUs are asked about their previous 3 months of spending.
The estimates published by BLS are based on calendar periods that require the subsequent year's first quarter data. For more information on how to calculate collection and calendar year data, see the Interview documentation files on the PUMD documentation page.
31. Why do some file names have an "X" at the end of the name?
CE adds an "X" to the names of quarterly Interview Survey files that appear twice, once as the fifth and final quarter of the previous year and once as the first quarter of the new year. The "X" indicates that this file differs from the same quarterly file of the previous calendar year release, because it uses the methodology for the new year.
32. Why do the data in the published tables differ from my results calculated using PUMD?
The data in the published tables may differ from results calculated with PUMD for four major reasons:
33. How do I replicate the table income estimates with the PUMD?
Replicating the table income estimates can be done a few different ways, but the recommended approach is to utilize the Interview Survey data stored on the ITBI and MTBI files, along with the corresponding weight variable FINLWT21 stored on FMLI. The hierarchical groupings will identify which UCCs are needed to produce the final income estimate. Summary expenditure variables stored on FMLI can also be used to closely replicate table estimates, but users should take note that variables stored on FMLI are not intended to directly match aggregate income categories found on the tables. For example, the final income before tax variable (FINCBTXM) does not include meals or rent as pay, these data would need to be added to FINCBTXM to create the final income amount for each record. Users should pay close attention to what is included in the summary variables before use. For a detailed description of the income summary variables, please see the PUMD data dictionary. For more information on estimation methodology, please see the methodology section of the PUMD Getting Started Guide.
Estimates of income from these two file types can differ for a variety of reasons, but the main cause is associated with definitional differences between the summary variables on FMLI and the UCCs stored on ITBI. When estimating annual income across four calendar quarters of data, the CE program calculates four quarterly amounts of income and then aggregates those amounts to create an annual estimate. For each respondent record (NEWID) on ITBI, the income data are represented by 3 monthly amounts (3 records), which can be aggregated to create a quarterly amount. Whereas income data stored on FMLI are 12-month totals (1 record), which need to be adjusted to quarterly to create calendar year estimates of income. For example, the FMLI variable FINCBTXM represents 12 months of income before taxes (without meals or rent as pay), whereas the corresponding UCC 980000 value on ITBI represents only a quarter of FINCBTXM (once aggregated by NEWID). This is important because if FINCBTXM is not adjusted before use, the estimate will be four times the published amount.
Here is the glossary of survey terms and item descriptions page.
A consumer unit consists of any of the following:
The terms consumer unit, family, and household are often used interchangeably for convenience. However, the proper technical term for purposes of the CE data is consumer unit.
37. Who is the reference person?
The reference person of the consumer unit is the first member mentioned by the respondent when asked "What are the names of all the persons living or staying here? Start with the name of the person or one of the persons who owns or rents the home." It is with respect to this person that the relationship of the other consumer unit members is determined.
38. What geographic data exist in the survey?
The CE program includes a few lower levels of geographic data. For additional information, see the CE geography page.
The data shown in the published tables are averages for all consumer units, or for all the consumer units in a particular demographic group. For example, the expenditures, income, and characteristics for the group with a reference person under age 25 are averaged across all consumer units with that characteristic. Because not all consumer units purchase each item during the survey period, the average expenditure for an item is generally considerably lower than the expenditure by those consumer units that purchased that item. The less frequently an item is purchased, the greater the difference between the average for all consumer units and the average for those purchasing the item.
Data users may notice that average annual expenditures presented in the income tables sometimes exceed income before taxes for the lower income groups. Consumer units whose members experience a spell of unemployment may draw on their savings to maintain their expenditures. Self-employed consumers may experience business losses that result in low or even negative incomes, but are able to maintain their expenditures by borrowing or relying on savings. Students may get by on loans while they are in school, and retirees may rely on drawing down savings and investments.
41. Why are 2013 income taxes so different than earlier years?
The income taxes increased with the 2013 data because the CE program introduced new estimates of state and federal tax liabilities using the TAXSIM calculator produced by the National Bureau of Economic Research. Beginning with the second quarter of 2013, all state and federal tax amounts used in the tables are estimates based on the expenditures and income and family characteristics. Because changes were introduced part way into 2013 for calculating Federal and State taxes, estimates for 2013 are not strictly comparable to prior or subsequent years. Estimates beginning in 2014 are not strictly comparable to earlier years. The Consumer Expenditure Surveys introduced these estimates to improve the quality of the tax liabilities, which suffered from low response rates, and to improve the estimates of after-tax income. The Consumer Expenditure Surveys gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Bureau of Economic Research for improving the tax estimates.
Prior to the 2013 tables, the published income tax data were collected in the Consumer Expenditure Surveys from respondents and were subject to large non-response errors. The Consumer Expenditure Surveys did not impute values for federal and state income taxes when the amounts were unanswered. An alternative source of data on income taxes as well as other taxes is Tax Stats, produced by the Statistics of Income Division of the Internal Revenue Service.
42. How does income imputation affect Consumer Expenditure Surveys publications?
Nonresponse is a common problem in household surveys, particularly for questions regarding income. Nonresponse means that the respondent either does not know, or refuses to provide, the information requested. Prior to publication of the 2004 tables, the Consumer Expenditure Surveys handled nonresponse to income questions by publishing income data for complete income reporters only. To be classified as a complete income reporter, the respondent had to provide a value for at least one major source of income for the consumer unit. However, not all "complete" reporters provided a full accounting of income for all sources for which receipt was reported.
Starting in 2004, the Consumer Expenditure Surveys introduced multiple imputation to fill in the blanks resulting from nonresponse to income questions. In this method several estimates are made each time the respondent reports the receipt of, but no value for, a particular source of income. The estimates are made based on characteristics of the member or consumer unit for which receipt is reported. The average of these estimates is used to provide the final figures shown in the tables. Because all consumer units now have actual or imputed values for income data available to produce means and other information, the old complete income reporter data are no longer published in tables.
The introduction of multiply imputed data allows for use of the full set of income data from all consumer units, and therefore more accurate comparisons of income and expenditures. For example, instead of producing estimates for complete income reporters, some of whom are still missing income information, income data are now provided in tables for all consumer units with these blanks filled in, resulting in smaller gaps by which expenditures exceed income for low income consumer units. In addition, when examining income by demographic - such as age or composition of consumer unit-income data now are presented for all consumer units within that category rather than for complete reporters only. Consider, for example, consumer units whose reference person is under 25 years old. Prior to 2004, the age tables show average annual expenditures for all consumer units in this age group, but income is shown only for complete reporters in this age group. Starting in 2004, both expenditure and income data are shown for all consumer units within this age group. Therefore, the data are more appropriately compared. For additional information, see Income Imputation Introduced With 2004 Data.
43. How are the Consumer Expenditure Surveys data collected?
Data collection is carried out by the U.S. Census Bureau under contract with the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In the Interview Survey, each consumer unit is interviewed every 3 months over four calendar quarters. In the initial interview, information is collected on demographic and family characteristics and on the consumer unit inventory of major durable goods. Income and employment information is collected in the first and fourth interviews. In the fourth interview, a supplemental section is administered in order to account for changes in assets and liabilities over a one-year period.
In the Diary Survey, respondents are asked to keep track of all their purchases made each day for two consecutive 1-week periods. Participants receive each weekly diary during the initial visit by a Census Bureau interviewer.
44. Why are there two survey components?
The two survey components, the Interview Survey and the Diary Survey, are designed to collect different types of expenditures. The Interview Survey is designed to obtain data on the types of expenditures respondents can recall for a period of 3 months or longer. These include relatively large expenditures, such as those for property, automobiles, and major durable goods, and those that occur on a regular basis, such as rent or utilities. Each consumer unit is interviewed once per quarter for four consecutive quarters. The Diary Survey is designed to obtain data on frequently purchased smaller items, including food and beverages, both at home and in food establishments, housekeeping supplies, tobacco, nonprescription drugs, and personal care products and services. Each consumer unit records its expenditures in a diary for two consecutive 1-week periods. Respondents are less likely to recall such purchases over longer periods. Although the diary was designed to collect information on expenditures that could not be easily recalled over time, Diary respondents are asked to report all expenses (except overnight travel) that the consumer unit incurs during the survey week.
45. How is the Consumer Expenditure Surveys program redesigning its surveys? (Gemini)?
The CE program is exploring a new design to improve the quality of its estimates. Some key features of the redesign include combining the separate Interview and Diary samples into one, reducing the diary keeping period to one week, providing online personal diaries to allow each household member to enter their own expenses, encouraging respondents to refer to their records when reporting expenses, restructuring the interview to take place over two visits to the household, and having each household participate in the survey for only two waves. The CE redesign (also called the Gemini Project) is currently undergoing field testing. For more information, see the Gemini Project to Redesign the Consumer Expenditure Survey.
46. What caused health insurance expenditures to increase in 2014 compared to 2013?
More consumer units reported expenditures for health insurance in 2014 than in 2013, and because of an improvement in interview collection methods, higher expenditures were reported. The percent of households reporting quarterly expenditures on health insurance increased from 65.5 percent in 2013 to 68.0 percent in 2014. The insurance questions were revised from 3-month recall questions to questions about the amount of the last payment and the payment period.
The new estimates are more accurate because the respondent does not have to calculate a quarterly estimate-instead the estimate is calculated by BLS, using the amount of the last payment which respondents are more likely to know. On the basis of cognitive testing of these questions, BLS concluded that these new questions produce better estimates. For those consumer units whose time in sample encompassed reporting health insurance expenditures using both the old questions and the new questions, the mean expenditure using the new questions increased by 26.2 percent compared to the old questions. In the 2014 tables, some of the over-the-year change in the healthcare expenditure data, especially in the health insurance subcomponent, is due to these improvements to the survey questionnaire.
47. What are some of the limitations of the data?
The Interview and Diary Surveys are sample surveys and are subject to two types of errors, nonsampling and sampling. Nonsampling errors can be attributed to many sources, such as differences in the interpretation of questions, inability or unwillingness of the respondent to provide correct information, mistakes in recording or coding the data obtained, and other errors of collection, response, processing, coverage, and estimation for missing data. The full extent of nonsampling error is unknown. Sampling errors occur because the survey data are collected from a sample and not from the entire population.
Caution should be used in interpreting the expenditure data, especially when relating averages to individual circumstances. The data shown in the published tables are averages for demographic groups of consumer units. Expenditures by individual consumer units may differ from the average even if the characteristics of the group are similar to those of the individual consumer unit. Income, family size, age of family members, geographic location, and individual tastes and preferences all influence expenditures.
48. Why doesn't the Bureau of Labor Statistics publish more detailed expenditures?
Average expenditures on items at finer levels of detail might not be as reliable as those published for more aggregate levels because there are sometimes few reports of expenditures on more detailed items. A small number of unusually large purchases of infrequently reported items or an increase in the number of consumers reporting such expenditures might cause a large change in the average expenditure from one period to the next. The tables published on the CE website show the expenditure component level at which the estimates are considered to be reliable. However, even in those tables, data in some cells are footnoted as being likely to have large sampling errors due to the scarcity of reports. More detailed tables are available upon request.
49. How good is the coverage of the Consumer Expenditure Surveys?
Coverage is the extent to which a survey represents its target population. Under-coverage is when some population members do not have a chance of being selected for the sample, and over-coverage is when they have more than one chance of being selected or their addresses are nonresidential. It is important to measure coverage because every segment of the target population needs to be properly represented in order to minimize bias in the survey estimates. The target population of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is the U.S. civilian noninstitutuional population.
The list of households from which the sample of the Consumer Expenditure Survey is drawn is based on the U.S. Census Bureau's Master Address File (MAF) plus a group quarters file.
Sampling error is the difference between the survey estimate and the true population value. The most common measure of the magnitude of sampling error is the standard error. The primary purpose of standard errors is to provide users with a measure of the variability associated with the mean estimates. This variability measures how close different estimates would be to each other if it were possible to repeat the Consumer Expenditure surveys over and over using different samples of consumer units. A small standard error indicates that multiple samples would produce values that are consistently very close to each other, whereas a large standard error would indicate that multiple samples would produce values that are not close to each other.
The coefficient of variation is the standard error divided by the mean expenditure, and it is expressed as a percent. It gives the relative amount of variability instead of the absolute amount of variability in the expenditure estimates.
Beginning with year 2000 data, the CE program has made available standard error tables using integrated data from both surveys. The separate standard error table format has been discontinued with the release of the 2012 data. These separate data tables have been replaced by the combined expenditure, share, and standard error tables.
Also available is an article that describes standard errors of the expenditures and income estimates in the Consumer Expenditure Surveys.
51. How does the variability of Consumer Expenditure Surveys data impact your analysis?
Variability limits your ability to use the data with precision and certainty. Measures of variability inform you about the range of possible values around a particular data point. Generally, the larger the range, the lower your confidence in the precise data point. For more information, see "How does the variability of Consumer Expenditure data impact your analysis?"
Last Modified Date: January 20, 2023