Factors affecting occupational utilization

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**Table 1.12 Factors affecting occupational utilization, projected 2021–31**
2021 National Employment Matrix occupation title	2021 National Empoyment Matrix occupation code	2021 National Employment Matrix industry title	2021 National Empoyment Matrix industry code	Factors affecting occupational utilization
Chief executives	11-1011	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as changing organizational structures allow fewer chief executives to manage the day-to-day operations of an organization.
Advertising and promotions managers	11-2011	Automobile dealers	441100	Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office jobs allows same amount of output to be produced by fewer advertising and promotions managers.
Marketing managers	11-2021	Automobile dealers	441100	Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office functions allow the same amount of output to be produced by fewer marketing managers.
Marketing managers	11-2021	Sound recording industries	512200	Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in marketing activities in the sound recording industries should increase demand for marketing managers.
Sales managers	11-2022	Automobile dealers	441100	Demand change - share decreases as growth in online sales will reduce the need for sales staff, including sales managers, on car showroom floors.
Computer and information systems managers	11-3021	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as organizations increasingly rely on IT services, supporting an increased demand for computer and information systems managers to plan and oversee computer hardware and software needs.
Financial managers	11-3031	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in corporate cash holdings, will increase demand for financial managers.
Financial managers	11-3031	Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities	523000	Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in demand for managing investments funds, will increase demand for financial managers.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)	4230A1	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8)	4240A1	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Truck transportation	484000	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Freight transportation arrangement	488500	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Couriers and express delivery services	492100	Demand change - share decreases as mergers reduce the number of transportation, storage, and distribution managers.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Warehousing and storage	493000	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers	11-3071	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.
Compensation and benefits managers	11-3111	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as compensation and benefits activities continue to be outsourced or automated through specialized software.
Compensation and benefits managers	11-3111	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Sourcing change - share increases as employers outsource compensation research and analysis to companies that specialize in those services.
Construction managers	11-9021	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.
Construction managers	11-9021	Other heavy and civil engineering construction	237900	Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.
Food service managers	11-9051	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as movie theaters continue to expand food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; local	622203	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state	622302	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities	623210	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities	623220	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Medical and health services managers	11-9111	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.
Buyers and purchasing agents	13-1020	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers.
Buyers and purchasing agents	13-1020	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Capital/labor substitution, productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers. In addition, the increasing use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.
Buyers and purchasing agents	13-1020	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Capital/labor substitution, productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers. In addition, the increasing use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators	13-1031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as computer software will automate much of this work, reducing the needed number of adjusters.
Insurance appraisers, auto damage	13-1032	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as appraisal activities continue to be automated through specialized software.
Cost estimators	13-1051	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as cost estimation software has made this work more efficient.
Human resources specialists	13-1071	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change - share decreases as companies increasingly contract out human resources services to human resources services specialist firms and rely on software for more perfunctory HR activities.
Human resources specialists	13-1071	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.
Human resources specialists	13-1071	Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	541600	Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.
Human resources specialists	13-1071	Office administrative services	561100	Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.
Labor relations specialists	13-1075	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as the percentage of workers who are union members declines, and fewer unionized workers means less need for labor relations specialists who work with management on their behalf.
Logisticians	13-1081	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.
Logisticians	13-1081	Other pipeline transportation	486900	Demand change - share increases as expanded pipeline networks, more complex transportation schedules, and volatility in oil markets boosts demand for logisticians in pipeline transportation.
Logisticians	13-1081	Freight transportation arrangement	488500	Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.
Logisticians	13-1081	Warehousing and storage	493000	Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.
Logisticians	13-1081	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as an increasingly globalized economy will continue to make logistics more dynamic and complex.
Project management specialists	13-1082	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share increases as more project management specialists will be needed to manage the growing volume and complexity of IT projects needed to support expanded telework. Project managers will be needed to ensure that tech projects are completed on time and within budget.
Project management specialists	13-1082	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and support expanded business operations by managing offices.
Project management specialists	13-1082	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.
Management analysts	13-1111	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and analyze new business operations by managing offices.
Management analysts	13-1111	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.
Management analysts	13-1111	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.
Training and development specialists	13-1151	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Sourcing change - share increases as more outside materials are purchased for use rather than being developed in-house.
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	13-1161	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as businesses will need market research analysts to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve business decisions.
Market research analysts and marketing specialists	13-1161	Advertising, public relations, and related services	541800	Demand change - share increases as advertising shifts to digital platforms and businesses in advertising, public relations, and related services will need market research analysts to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve marketing decisions.
Business operations specialists, all other	13-1199	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share increases as more project management specialists will be needed to manage the growing volume and complexity of IT projects needed to support expanded telework. Project managers will be needed to ensure that tech projects are completed on time and within budget.
Business operations specialists, all other	13-1199	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and support expanded business operations by managing offices.
Credit analysts	13-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as companies increase the productivity of credit analysts by using more data and machine learning in the credit risk analyses process.
Financial and investment analysts	13-2051	Other investment pools and funds	525900	Demand change - share increases as corporations and investors increasingly seek to protect and grow their assets and investments via funds managed by financial and investments analysts.
Personal financial advisors	13-2052	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.
Personal financial advisors	13-2052	Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities	523000	Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.
Insurance underwriters	13-2053	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.
Insurance underwriters	13-2053	Insurance agencies and brokerages	524210	Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.
Insurance underwriters	13-2053	Other insurance related activities	524290	Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.
Financial examiners	13-2061	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.
Financial examiners	13-2061	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.
Financial examiners	13-2061	Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities	523000	Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.
Financial examiners	13-2061	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.
Loan officers	13-2072	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.
Loan officers	13-2072	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents	13-2081	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share decreases as IRS budget cuts continue to restrict employment of these workers more severely than for others in federal government.
Computer systems analysts	15-1211	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.
Computer systems analysts	15-1211	Monetary authorities-central bank	521000	Demand change - share increases as new digital payment systems continue to be introduced in the financial and monetary systems, requiring more computer systems analysts within the federal central bank system to analyze and maintain the integrity of those systems.
Computer systems analysts	15-1211	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Demand change - share increases as companies require new technology to support digitalization and automation of work processes.
Computer systems analysts	15-1211	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Demand change - share increases as more devices, including software applications used on smart phones and other devices, will be needed to address data processing problems.
Computer systems analysts	15-1211	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.
Information security analysts	15-1212	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyber attacks aimed at sensitive or financial data.
Information security analysts	15-1212	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyber attacks aimed at sensitive or financial data.
Computer and information research scientists	15-1221	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as continued demand for new and improved approaches to solve complex computing challenges are needed to support expanding technologies will support an increased demand for computer and information research scientists.
Computer network support specialists	15-1231	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.
Computer network support specialists	15-1231	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Sourcing change - share increases as companies outsource their IT needs to this industry, and specialists respond to complex network requests that cannot be solved through increasingly automated software tools.
Computer user support specialists	15-1232	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change, productivity change - share decreases as specialized businesses and industries solve computer troubleshooting needs through automated tools such as chatbots, and businesses find these tools handle most problems their users face.
Computer user support specialists	15-1232	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.
Computer user support specialists	15-1232	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Sourcing change - share increases as companies outsource their IT needs to this industry, and specialists respond to complex user requests that cannot be solved through increasingly automated software tools.
Computer network architects	15-1241	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change - share decreases as computer network tasks continue to be automated and consolidated, reducing the demand for computer network architects.
Database administrators	15-1242	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.
Database architects	15-1243	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.
Database architects	15-1243	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.
Network and computer systems administrators	15-1244	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change - share decreases as computer network tasks continue to be automated and consolidated, reducing the demand for network and computer systems administrators.
Computer programmers	15-1251	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as computer programming work continues to be automated, allowing computer programmers to become more efficient in some of their tasks.
Computer programmers	15-1251	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Occupational substitution - share decreases as computer programming tasks are more commonly performed by other computer occupations.
Software developers	15-1252	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as continued demand for devices to include software components and are connected to the internet, including IoT connected devices, will support an increased demand for software developers.
Software developers	15-1252	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as research and development of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous and electric vehicles, robotics and other automation applications, and various other technologies is expected to drive demand for research and development of new software that will enable and deploy these various technologies.
Software quality assurance analysts and testers	15-1253	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as software development enhancements needed to support expanding technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices, will support an increased demand for software quality assurance analysts and testers.
Software quality assurance analysts and testers	15-1253	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.
Web developers	15-1254	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as website and web application development is expanded as e-commerce continues to expand, increasing the demand for web developers.
Web and digital interface designers	15-1255	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as website and web application development is expanded as e-commerce continues to expand, increasing the demand for web and digital interface designers.
Web and digital interface designers	15-1255	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.
Computer occupations, all other	15-1299	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.
Actuaries	15-2011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as a greater emphasis on identifying, quantifying, and managing risks leads to greater demand for actuaries to analyze the financial costs of risks and uncertainty.
Operations research analysts	15-2031	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire operations research analysts to analyze data to help optimize and improve business processes.
Statisticians	15-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire statisticians to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.
Data scientists	15-2051	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire data scientists to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.
Mathematical science occupations, all other	15-2099	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the next decade. Businesses in all industries will hire data scientists to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.
Architects, except landscape and naval	17-1011	Engineering services	541330	Occupational substitution - share increases as architects take on the duties formerly performed by architectural paraprofessionals.
Aerospace engineers	17-2011	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support research and new improvements in drones and small satellites.
Aerospace engineers	17-2011	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support development and research in new types of aircraft, such as electric-hybrid airplanes, and spacecraft as interest in space increases.
Aerospace engineers	17-2011	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support development and research in new types of aircraft, such as electric-hybrid airplanes, and spacecraft as interest in space increases.
Aerospace engineers	17-2011	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support the government's increased interest in space, especially given the newly established Space Force military branch.
Bioengineers and biomedical engineers	17-2031	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as expected strong growth in demand for biotechnology research and development should drive demand for bioengineers and biomedical engineers.
Chemical engineers	17-2041	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Demand change - share increases as chemical manufacturing processes undergo increasing complexity and requirements changes (availability, sustainability); there will be more of a need for chemical engineers, who are tasked with designing these manufacturing systems and processes.
Civil engineers	17-2051	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.
Civil engineers	17-2051	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.
Civil engineers	17-2051	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.
Civil engineers	17-2051	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.
Civil engineers	17-2051	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.
Computer hardware engineers	17-2061	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share decreases as companies increase their focus on software innovation compared to hardware to support expanded use of growing technologies, tempering the demand for computer hardware engineers.
Electrical engineers	17-2071	Electric lighting equipment manufacturing	335100	Demand change - share increases as these workers are needed to continue developments in LED efficiency and technology.
Electronics engineers, except computer	17-2072	Telecommunications	517000	Demand change - share increases as firms require more electronics engineers to implement newer telecommunications technology, such as 5G.
Environmental engineers	17-2081	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change and the need to improve water and air quality will support demand for environmental engineers.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Communications equipment manufacturing	334200	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	334400	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Electrical equipment manufacturing	335300	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is expected to be in high demand to plan and develop systems that incorporate automation technologies and optimize production, coordinate increasingly complex manufacturing processes, and for their expertise in managing logistics and supply chains.
Industrial engineers	17-2112	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as this occupation provides expertise with respect to automation, constructing supply chains, and 3D printing.
Marine engineers and naval architects	17-2121	Ship and boat building	336600	Demand change - share increases as ships and ports in the U.S. continue to come under pressure to meet international standards on the reduction in air pollution from ships, driving demand for marine engineers and naval architects to design and operate ships and port facilities that meet stricter emissions requirements.
Marine engineers and naval architects	17-2121	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as this occupation provides expertise in construction of offshore wind platforms.
Materials engineers	17-2131	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing	331100	Demand change - share increases as more high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.
Materials engineers	17-2131	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Demand change - share increases as more high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet the needs of the aerospace industry, e.g. lighter, stronger materials to improve efficiency.
Materials engineers	17-2131	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as more high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.
Materials engineers	17-2131	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as more high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.
Mechanical engineers	17-2141	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Demand change - share increases as growing automation leads to greater complexity of both machines and manufacturing processes, which will lead to increased demand for high-skilled laborers such as mechanical engineers, who design these automation systems.
Mechanical engineers	17-2141	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Demand change - share increases as growing automation leads to greater complexity of both machines and manufacturing processes, which will lead to increased demand for high-skilled laborers such as mechanical engineers, who design these automation systems.
Mechanical engineers	17-2141	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Demand change - share increases as growing automation leads to greater complexity of both machines and manufacturing processes, which will lead to increased demand for high-skilled laborers such as mechanical engineers, who design these automation systems.
Mechanical engineers	17-2141	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Demand change - share increases as growing automation leads to greater complexity of both machines and manufacturing processes, which will lead to increased demand for high-skilled laborers such as mechanical engineers, who design these automation systems.
Mechanical engineers	17-2141	Railroad rolling stock manufacturing	336500	Demand change - share increases as growing automation leads to greater complexity of both machines and manufacturing processes, which will lead to increased demand for high-skilled laborers such as mechanical engineers, who design these automation systems.
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	17-2151	Oil and gas extraction	211000	Sourcing change - share decreases as mining firms reduce costs by contracting out exploration, design, and production activities.
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	17-2151	Coal mining	212100	Sourcing change - share decreases as mining firms reduce costs by contracting out exploration, design, and production activities.
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers	17-2151	Metal ore mining	212200	Sourcing change - share decreases as mining firms reduce costs by contracting out exploration, design, and production activities.
Architectural and civil drafters	17-3011	Engineering services	541330	Productivity change - share decreases as software advances allow drafters to perform their tasks more efficiently.
Electrical and electronics drafters	17-3012	Engineering services	541330	Productivity change - share decreases as software capabilities allow drafters to perform work more rapidly.
Mechanical drafters	17-3013	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as software makes design process more efficient and allows drafters to produce designs for rapid prototype development.
Drafters, all other	17-3019	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as advanced CAD software allows design professionals to perform tasks more efficiently.
Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians	17-3021	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.
Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians	17-3021	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.
Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians	17-3021	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as emerging types of aircraft, such as electric-hybrid, increase in development, requiring more support from this occupation.
Civil engineering technologists and technicians	17-3022	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as fewer civil engineering technicians are needed due to improved drafting software, such as CAD, which increases their productivity.
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	17-3023	Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	334100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation (e.g. robots) take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	17-3023	Communications equipment manufacturing	334200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation (e.g. robots) take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	17-3023	Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	334400	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation (e.g. robots) take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.
Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians	17-3023	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation (e.g. robots) take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.
Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians	17-3024	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation in manufacturing continues to increase.
Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians	17-3027	Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	334100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation and robotics take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.
Biochemists and biophysicists	19-1021	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as expected strong growth in biotechnology research and development should drive demand for biochemists and biophysicists.
Microbiologists	19-1022	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as demand for biofuels production increases, which requires advanced research and development from this occupation.
Conservation scientists	19-1031	Social advocacy organizations	813300	Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for conservation scientists.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	Research and development in the social sciences and humanities	541720	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.
Epidemiologists	19-1041	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists	19-1042	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover and identify new cures and treatments, and understand them more.
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists	19-1042	Research and development in the social sciences and humanities	541720	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover and identify new cures and treatments, and understand them more.
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists	19-1042	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover and identify new cures and treatments, and understand them more.
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists	19-1042	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover and identify new cures and treatments, and understand them more.
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists	19-1042	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; local	611303	Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover and identify new cures and treatments, and understand them more.
Physicists	19-2012	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as this occupation is increasingly tapped to put into development many new applications due to continued breakthroughs in graphene uses.
Chemists	19-2031	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Demand change - share increases as chemists are employed to investigate findings in nanotechnology for medical purposes.
Chemists	19-2031	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Demand change - share increases as chemists are tasked with increasing safety of workplaces and of surrounding communities through implementation of green chemistry. Share will also increase as more chemists are needed to help implement new findings coming out of research and development.
Chemists	19-2031	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share decreases as federal funding for research and development in chemistry is expected to continue to decline.
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health	19-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change will support demand for environmental scientists and specialists.
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health	19-2041	Social advocacy organizations	813300	Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for environmental scientists and specialists.
Hydrologists	19-2043	Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	541600	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as AI replace hydrologists for some data analysis activities.
Economists	19-3011	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as companies increasingly turn to economists to apply analysis of big data to pricing, advertising, and other business areas.
Economists	19-3011	Research and development in the social sciences and humanities	541720	Demand change - share increases as companies increasingly turn to economists to apply analysis of big data to pricing, advertising, and other business areas.
Survey researchers	19-3022	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as data collection increasingly occurs via mobile technologies and automated techniques.
Clinical and counseling psychologists	19-3033	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.
School psychologists	19-3034	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.
Political scientists	19-3094	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as government agencies and social science organizations increasingly seek public policy research, analysis, and expertise.
Biological technicians	19-4021	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as expected strong growth in demand for biotechnology research and development should drive demand for biological technicians.
Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians	19-4043	Oil and gas extraction	211000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.
Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians	19-4043	Support activities for mining	213000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.
Hydrologic technicians	19-4044	Oil and gas extraction	211000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.
Hydrologic technicians	19-4044	Support activities for mining	213000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.
Social science research assistants	19-4061	Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences	541710	Demand change - share increases as businesses will need social science research assistants to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve research and policy decisions.
Social science research assistants	19-4061	Research and development in the social sciences and humanities	541720	Demand change - share increases as businesses will need social science research assistants to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve research and policy decisions.
Forensic science technicians	19-4092	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as case loads increase and DNA evidence becomes more common.
Forensic science technicians	19-4092	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as case loads increase and DNA evidence becomes more common.
Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors	21-1012	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students.
Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors	21-1012	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students get jobs.
Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors	21-1018	Research and development in the social sciences and humanities	541720	Demand change - share increases as a stronger emphasis on holistic care and treatment in health care models increases demand for research in the fields of substance abuse and mental health.
Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors	21-1018	Offices of mental health practitioners (except physicians)	621330	Demand change - share increases as demand rises for treatment of patients with mental and behavioral issues, including opioid addiction.
Community health workers	21-1094	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as community health workers are uniquely positioned to support cost-effective healthcare services, such as advising members of the public or community groups on issues related to improving general health, including diet, exercise, and reducing the spread of communicable diseases.
Directors, religious activities and education	21-2021	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share increases as more families are able to choose religious based schools.
Lawyers	23-1011	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change - share increases as companies insource their legal needs from outside law firms to their own in-house legal departments as a way to cut down on costs.
Lawyers	23-1011	Legal services	541100	Demand change - share increases as companies, which typically lack such expertise, will seek specialized legal services and expertise from law firms.
Paralegals and legal assistants	23-2011	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change, occupational substitution - share increases as companies increasingly insource their legal needs from outside law firms to their own in-house legal departments as a way to cut down on costs. In addition, paralegals will take on more of the tasks previously assigned to legal secretaries and entry-level attorneys.
Paralegals and legal assistants	23-2011	Legal services	541100	Occupational substitution - share increases as paralegals increasingly take on the duties previously assigned to legal secretaries and some entry-level attorneys.
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers	23-2093	Legal services	541100	Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.
Legal support workers, all other	23-2099	Legal services	541100	Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.
Business teachers, postsecondary	25-1011	Junior colleges; private	611205	Demand change - share decreases as demand for business degrees is expected to decrease.
Business teachers, postsecondary	25-1011	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share decreases as demand for business degrees is expected to decrease.
Business teachers, postsecondary	25-1011	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as demand for business degrees is expected to increase.
Engineering teachers, postsecondary	25-1032	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as demand for engineering degrees is expected to increase.
Biological science teachers, postsecondary	25-1042	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as demand for biology degrees is expected to increase.
Psychology teachers, postsecondary	25-1066	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as demand for psychology degrees is expected to increase.
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary	25-1071	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary	25-1071	Junior colleges; private	611205	Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary	25-1071	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary	25-1071	Technical and trade schools; private	611505	Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary	25-1072	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary	25-1072	Junior colleges; private	611205	Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary	25-1072	Technical and trade schools; private	611505	Demand change - share increases as demand for nurses and nurse-type training is expected to increase.
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary	25-1111	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as demand for criminal justice degrees is expected to increase.
Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary	25-1194	Junior colleges; private	611205	Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service and the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.
Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary	25-1194	Junior colleges; state	611202	Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service and the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.
Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary	25-1194	Junior colleges; local	611203	Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service and the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.
Postsecondary teachers, all other	25-1199	Junior colleges; private	611205	Demand change - share increases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service.
Preschool teachers, except special education	25-2011	Child day care services	624400	Demand change - share increases as academic-based early childhood education curriculums grow in usage.
Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and english as a second language instructors	25-3011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as enrollment rates in ABE and ASE classes are expected to decline due to fewer high school dropouts, which will reduce the need for these types of teachers.
Substitute teachers, short-term	25-3031	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share increases as an increase in paid leave for full-time teachers will increase demand for short-term substitute teachers relative to other occupations.
Tutors	25-3041	Educational support services; private	611705	Demand change - share increases as demand for tutors increases as a result of student needs for additional instructional support stemming from teacher shortages and other labor supply issues in public schools.
Teachers and instructors, all other	25-3099	Educational support services; private	611705	Demand change - share increases as demand for tutors increases as a result of infrastructure in public schools.
Library technicians	25-4031	Other information services	519000	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Junior colleges; state	611202	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Junior colleges; local	611203	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Library technicians	25-4031	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines.
Farm and home management educators	25-9021	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as continued industry consolidation in agriculture reduces the number of farmers, and by extension the needed number of farm and home management advisors.
Special effects artists and animators	27-1014	Television broadcasting	515120	Productivity change - share decreases as local television broadcast affiliates consolidate and share staff in order to reduce operating costs. Using shared staff, including artists and animators, to produce news reports for two stations will require fewer of them as they are more productive.
Floral designers	27-1023	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as consumers prefer unarranged flowers.
Producers and directors	27-2012	Sound recording industries	512200	Productivity change - share increases as advances in technology allow for more, smaller studios. As a studio must, at minimum, have one producer, their share will grow faster than that of other occupations in the industry.
Producers and directors	27-2012	Advertising, public relations, and related services	541800	Demand change - share increases as more filmed content leads to additional commercials and advertising, particularly online video ads, which also need to be produced and directed.
Coaches and scouts	27-2022	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.
Coaches and scouts	27-2022	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.
Coaches and scouts	27-2022	Other schools and instruction; private	611605	Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.
Coaches and scouts	27-2022	Spectator sports	711200	Demand change - share increases as professional sports teams invest more resources into coaching, strategy, and analysis, with particular emphasis on data analytics, and therefore hire more coaches and scouts.
Coaches and scouts	27-2022	Fitness and recreational sports centers	713940	Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.
Music directors and composers	27-2041	Elementary and secondary schools; private	611105	Demand change - share decreases as private schools face declines in enrollment and tuition, forcing cuts for arts education, including music programs.
Music directors and composers	27-2041	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share decreases as public school systems are cutting funding for arts education, including music programs.
Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys	27-3011	Radio broadcasting	515110	Demand change - share decreases as demand for announcers and on-air talent is decreasing as many radio stations are consolidating locations or opting for a DJ-free format.
Interpreters and translators	27-3091	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as many businesses increasingly need translation services as the United States population becomes more globalized and diverse.
Audio and video technicians	27-4011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as the need to install, maintain, and repair new equipment, such as video conferencing, grows throughout all industries.
Audio and video technicians	27-4011	Sound recording industries	512200	Demand change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, reducing demand for in-studio record production.
Sound engineering technicians	27-4014	Sound recording industries	512200	Demand change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, reducing demand for in-studio record production.
Camera operators, television, video, and film	27-4031	Television broadcasting	515120	Demand change - share increases as more video content (including nonfiction) requires filming before it is distributed.
Camera operators, television, video, and film	27-4031	Cable and other subscription programming	515200	Demand change - share increases as more video content (including nonfiction) requires filming before it is distributed.
Film and video editors	27-4032	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as more video content (including nonfiction and advertising) requires editing before it is distributed.
Film and video editors	27-4032	Television broadcasting	515120	Demand change - share increases as more video content (including nonfiction and advertising) requires editing before it is distributed.
Chiropractors	29-1011	Offices of chiropractors	621310	Demand change - share increases as growing demand for chiropractic treatment, due to its rising popularity and recognition of its effectiveness, will result in increased demand for chiropractors.
Dentists, general	29-1021	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.
Dentists, general	29-1021	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.
Dietitians and nutritionists	29-1031	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share increases as more grocery stores hire dietitians to attract customers and to differentiate their stores from competitors. Dietitians will be increasingly needed in grocery stores to help consumers select healthy food choices for purchase.
Optometrists	29-1041	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share increases as the adoption of integrated eye care models shifts primary care responsibilities to optometrists, allowing ophthalmologists to focus on more complex cases and surgery. The expanding scope of practice of optometrists further supports this trend.
Pharmacists	29-1051	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.
Pharmacists	29-1051	General merchandise stores	452000	Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.
Pharmacists	29-1051	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change - share increases as pharmacists' roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care.
Pharmacists	29-1051	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share increases as pharmacists' roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.
Pharmacists	29-1051	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Demand change - share increases as pharmacists' roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.
Pharmacists	29-1051	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share increases as pharmacists' roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.
Physician assistants	29-1071	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Physician assistants	29-1071	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.
Physician assistants	29-1071	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.
Physician assistants	29-1071	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.
Podiatrists	29-1081	Offices of all other health practitioners	621390	Occupational substitution - share decreases as team-care models grow in popularity.
Occupational therapists	29-1122	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local	622303	Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.
Physical therapists	29-1123	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local	622303	Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.
Recreational therapists	29-1125	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Occupational substitution - share decreases as general medical hospitals employ other therapy providers in place of recreational therapists.
Recreational therapists	29-1125	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share decreases as general medical hospitals employ other therapy providers in place of recreational therapists.
Recreational therapists	29-1125	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as general medical hospitals employ other therapy providers in place of recreational therapists.
Respiratory therapists	29-1126	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as the demand for respiratory care services grows. Respiratory therapists will be increasingly needed across hospital and non-hospital settings to treat a wide variety of conditions and patients.
Speech-language pathologists	29-1127	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as an aging population, higher autism-spectrum and special needs, and expanded service provision at schools increases demand for speech-language pathologists.
Registered nurses	29-1141	Other insurance related activities	524290	Demand change - share increases as third party administrator companies increasingly employ registered nurses to manage complex workers compensation and medical benefits for other companies.
Registered nurses	29-1141	Temporary help services	561320	Demand change - share increases as hospitals and other healthcare facilities increasingly use temporary help services to staff some of temporary their positions for registered nurses.
Nurse anesthetists	29-1151	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share increases as advances in the practice of anesthesiology are effectively increasing the portion of routine cases compared to complicated cases which require anesthesiologists.
Nurse practitioners	29-1171	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Nurse practitioners	29-1171	Offices of all other health practitioners	621390	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Nurse practitioners	29-1171	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Nurse practitioners	29-1171	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Nurse practitioners	29-1171	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.
Anesthesiologists	29-1211	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improvements to surgical, non-surgical, and post-operative care and techniques improve and become more procedural, allowing for providing institutions to utilize nurse anesthetists at greater rates.
General internal medicine physicians	29-1216	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution, sourcing change - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse. Internists are also expected to increasingly work for hospitals.
Obstetricians and gynecologists	29-1218	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse.
Pediatricians, general	29-1221	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change, occupational substitution - share decreases as the portion of the national population under 18 continues to fall, and team-based care models grow.
Psychiatrists	29-1223	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric care increases and access to treatment improves.
Psychiatrists	29-1223	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric care increases and access to treatment improves.
Psychiatrists	29-1223	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric care increases and access to treatment improves.
Psychiatrists	29-1223	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric care increases and access to treatment improves.
Orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric	29-1242	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.
Pediatric surgeons	29-1243	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.
Surgeons, all other	29-1249	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.
Dental hygienists	29-1292	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.
Dental hygienists	29-1292	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.
Dental hygienists	29-1292	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians	29-2010	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share decreases as physicians' offices send more lab work to medical and diagnostic laboratories instead of doing it in-house.
Diagnostic medical sonographers	29-2032	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.
Diagnostic medical sonographers	29-2032	Medical and diagnostic laboratories	621500	Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.
Diagnostic medical sonographers	29-2032	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.
Diagnostic medical sonographers	29-2032	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.
Diagnostic medical sonographers	29-2032	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	Medical and diagnostic laboratories	621500	Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private	622305	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Radiologic technologists and technicians	29-2034	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state	622302	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	Medical and diagnostic laboratories	621500	Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private	622305	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Magnetic resonance imaging technologists	29-2035	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state	622302	Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.
Medical dosimetrists	29-2036	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Medical dosimetrists	29-2036	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Medical dosimetrists	29-2036	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Emergency medical technicians	29-2042	Ambulance services	621910	Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.
Emergency medical technicians	29-2042	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.
Paramedics	29-2043	Ambulance services	621910	Occupational substitution - share increases as paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.
Paramedics	29-2043	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.
Pharmacy technicians	29-2052	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists (with the loosening of pharmacist-to-technician ratios across states likely supporting this trend further). This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.
Pharmacy technicians	29-2052	General merchandise stores	452000	Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists (with the loosening of pharmacist-to-technician ratios across states likely supporting this trend further). This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.
Pharmacy technicians	29-2052	Pharmacies and drug stores	446110	Occupational substitution - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. The loosening of pharmacist-to-technician ratios across states is likely to support this trend further.
Pharmacy technicians	29-2052	Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	454100	Demand change - share increases as demand for mail-order/online pharmacy services grows, increasing the need for pharmacy technicians to dispense medications.
Ophthalmic medical technicians	29-2057	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of physicians increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing ophthalmologists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.
Ophthalmic medical technicians	29-2057	Offices of optometrists	621320	Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of optometrists increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing optometrists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.
Medical records specialists	29-2072	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Medical records specialists	29-2072	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Medical records specialists	29-2072	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Orthotists and prosthetists	29-2091	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Demand change - share increases as an aging population and rise in age-related illnesses combined with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes as well as other health issues and amputations will translate into a greater need for orthotic and prosthetic services.
Hearing aid specialists	29-2092	General merchandise stores	452000	Demand change - share increases as an aging population increases the demand for hearing aids. Retailers will increasingly employ hearing aid specialists to dispense these devices.
Health technologists and technicians, all other	29-2099	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Health technologists and technicians, all other	29-2099	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Health technologists and technicians, all other	29-2099	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Health information technologists and medical registrars	29-9021	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of health data are generated over the coming years. Organizations across all industries, especially those tied to healthcare, will need technologists and registrars to process the data to support operational and clinical decision-making.
Health information technologists and medical registrars	29-9021	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Health information technologists and medical registrars	29-9021	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with physicians' offices to meet their athletic health care needs.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists	621340	Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with clinics to meet their athletic health care needs.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.
Athletic trainers	29-9091	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.
Genetic counselors	29-9092	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as the number and quality of genetic tests is increasing while costs are decreasing.
Home health and personal care aides	31-1120	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.
Home health and personal care aides	31-1120	Private households	814000	Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.
Occupational therapy assistants	31-2011	Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists	621340	Demand change - share increases as adjustments continue to be made in business and payment models which attempt to increase the supply of occupational therapy services to meet excess demand.
Occupational therapy assistants	31-2011	Home healthcare services	621600	Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.
Occupational therapy assistants	31-2011	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local	622303	Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.
Occupational therapy assistants	31-2011	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.
Physical therapist assistants	31-2021	Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists	621340	Demand change - share increases as physical therapists increasingly attempt to leverage their own labor and continue to react to rule changes and business trends.
Physical therapist assistants	31-2021	Home healthcare services	621600	Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.
Physical therapist assistants	31-2021	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local	622303	Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly in needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.
Physical therapist assistants	31-2021	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.
Massage therapists	31-9011	Offices of chiropractors	621310	Demand change - share increases as offices of chiropractors continue to hire massage therapists to offer therapy services.
Massage therapists	31-9011	Offices of all other health practitioners	621390	Demand change - share increases as massage gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief, and is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness.
Massage therapists	31-9011	Personal care services	812100	Demand change - share increases as massage gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief, and is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness.
Medical assistants	31-9092	Offices of physicians	621100	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical assistants	31-9092	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical assistants	31-9092	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical assistants	31-9092	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical assistants	31-9092	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical assistants	31-9092	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.
Medical transcriptionists	31-9094	Offices of physicians	621100	Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.
Medical transcriptionists	31-9094	Medical and diagnostic laboratories	621500	Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.
Medical transcriptionists	31-9094	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.
Medical transcriptionists	31-9094	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers, including offshoring.
Medical transcriptionists	31-9094	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.
Pharmacy aides	31-9095	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.
Pharmacy aides	31-9095	General merchandise stores	452000	Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	33-1011	Facilities support services	561200	Demand change - share decreases as states reduce their reliance on private prisons.
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	33-1011	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.
First-line supervisors of correctional officers	33-1011	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.
First-line supervisors of security workers	33-1091	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as fewer security guards require proportionately fewer first-line supervisors.
First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other	33-1099	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as fewer security guards require proportionately fewer first-line supervisors.
Firefighters	33-2011	Forestry	1131-2	Demand change - share increases as more frequent and severe wildfires will increase the demand for fire suppression.
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists	33-2022	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as increasingly destructive wild land fires will increase the demand for fire prevention.
Bailiffs	33-3011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as caseloads continue to decline and courts consolidate.
Correctional officers and jailers	33-3012	Facilities support services	561200	Demand change - share decreases as prison populations, and the reliance on private prisons, are expected to decline.
Correctional officers and jailers	33-3012	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share decreases as state governments seek to reduce prison populations.
Correctional officers and jailers	33-3012	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as state governments seek to reduce prison populations.
Parking enforcement workers	33-3041	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as cities continue to adopt automated license plate readers.
Security guards	33-9032	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing, including drones and autonomous robots, allow security guards to patrol larger areas.
Security guards	33-9032	Spectator sports	711200	Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.
Security guards	33-9032	Amusement parks and arcades	713100	Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.
Security guards	33-9032	Gambling industries (except casino hotels)	713200	Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.
Chefs and head cooks	35-1011	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Chefs and head cooks	35-1011	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Demand change - share increases as more senior living facilities hire chefs and head cooks to improve food options at their facilities.
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	35-1012	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation services.
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	35-1012	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	35-1012	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	35-1012	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Sourcing change - share decreases as nursing care facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.
First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers	35-1012	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Sourcing change - share decreases as facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.
Cooks, fast food	35-2011	Full-service restaurants	722511	Occupational substitution - share decreases as restaurants hire fast food and counter workers instead of fast food cooks.
Cooks, restaurant	35-2014	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.
Cooks, restaurant	35-2014	Fitness and recreational sports centers	713940	Demand change - share decreases as fitness consumers choose to get their food from sources outside of the gym cafe.
Cooks, restaurant	35-2014	Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)	722400	Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.
Cooks, short order	35-2015	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly expand concessions offerings and services to include meals, beverages, and full restaurant services.
Cooks, short order	35-2015	Full-service restaurants	722511	Demand change - share decreases as restaurants continue to prefer restaurant cooks over short order cooks due to a greater skill set.
Cooks, all other	35-2019	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share increases as grocery stores include more in-store prepared food. The change is moderated by work being performed by fast food and counter workers.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Gasoline stations	447000	Demand change - share increases as prepared food offerings increase in popularity. This demand will be moderated by competition with fast food and counter workers.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Sourcing change - share decreases as more hospitals outsource food service.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	623300	Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Special food services	722300	Sourcing change - share increases as schools and other institutions continue to outsource food preparation to special food services contractors.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Full-service restaurants	722511	Occupational substitution - share decreases as other workers take on the duties of food preparation workers.
Food preparation workers	35-2021	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Sourcing change - share decreases as jails and other local government agencies outsource food services.
Bartenders	35-3011	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share increases as grocery stores add bars requiring the hiring of bartenders.
Bartenders	35-3011	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly offer more diverse concessions, including alcoholic beverages and traditional restaurant experiences.
Bartenders	35-3011	Casino hotels	721120	Productivity change - share decreases as establishments adopt automatic measuring and mixing beverage systems.
Fast food and counter workers	35-3023	Gasoline stations	447000	Occupational substitution - share increases as expanding food options in gas stations will increase the need for workers who can make and serve food as well as perform other duties.
Fast food and counter workers	35-3023	Special food services	722300	Demand change - share increases as multipurpose workers are needed to operate these services including food trucks.
Waiters and waitresses	35-3031	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly add partial or full restaurant services to existing traditional concessions to encourage attendance.
Waiters and waitresses	35-3031	Full-service restaurants	722511	Productivity change - share decreases as adoption of technologies enables more self-service, including online ordering and payments, and will allow waiters and waitresses to serve more customers.
Food servers, nonrestaurant	35-3041	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus and services to moviegoers in addition to traditional concessions.
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	35-9011	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers	35-9011	Special food services	722300	Occupational substitution - share decreases as fast food and counter workers take on more tasks previously performed by dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers.
Dishwashers	35-9021	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as movie theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus to moviegoers to encourage attendance. Dishwashers will be needed as offerings require more involved preparation and larger kitchens.
Dishwashers	35-9021	Full-service restaurants	722511	Demand change - share decreases as an increasing number of delivery and carryout options reduces the number of dishes which need to be washed in-house.
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	35-9031	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop	35-9031	Full-service restaurants	722511	Demand change - share decreases as an increasing number of delivery and carryout options reduces the number of dishes which need to be washed in-house.
Food preparation and serving related workers, all other	35-9099	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	37-2012	Casino hotels	721120	Demand change - share decreases as environmentally conscious guests take advantage of option to decline daily housekeeping services.
Maids and housekeeping cleaners	37-2012	Rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps	721300	Demand change - share increases as young residents outsourcing daily chores (such as cleaning) becomes more common in shared living spaces.
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers	37-3011	Death care services	812200	Demand change - share decreases as the demand for traditional burials (compared to cremations) declines, thereby resulting in less demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to prepare gravesites.
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers	37-3011	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as local governments increase their focus to plant more green spaces in urban areas, resulting in an increased demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to plant and maintain these green spaces.
Tree trimmers and pruners	37-3013	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as local governments desire more trees in urban areas.
Animal caretakers	39-2021	Other personal services	812900	Demand change - share increases as more Americans own pets, and pet owners are spending more on their pets, which will continue to drive demand for animal caretakers in other personal services.
Gambling and sports book writers and runners	39-3012	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as the number of online betting options increase allowing betters to forgo travel to physical locations.
Gambling service workers, all other	39-3019	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as expansion in physical gambling locations increase requiring more workers who perform a variety of tasks in support of table games.
Motion picture projectionists	39-3021	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Demand change - share decreases as increased demand for alternative content, or event cinema, at movie theaters will reduce demand for motion picture projectionists to set up and operate motion picture projection.
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers	39-3031	Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events	711300	Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the adoption of more efficient, contactless ticketing and check-in systems.
Amusement and recreation attendants	39-3091	Amusement parks and arcades	713100	Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the expansion in touchless technology, including through use of AI, RFID, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
Embalmers	39-4011	Death care services	812200	Demand change - share decreases as more cremations take place and fewer embalming services are needed.
Manicurists and pedicurists	39-5092	Personal care services	812100	Demand change - share increases as a variety of nail care services are increasingly provided to a growing customer base (including men) by manicurists and pedicurists.
Skincare specialists	39-5094	Personal care services	812100	Demand change - share increases as the provision of skincare services continues to shift to skincare specialists and as more skincare services are provided and accepted by a broader population base, including men and a growing aging population.
Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors	39-9031	Other schools and instruction; private	611605	Demand change - share increases as enrollment numbers continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.
Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors	39-9031	Other personal services	812900	Demand change - share increases as a growing interests for healthier lifestyle, including exercise and fitness, among all segments of adult population results in demand for more trainers and instructors to workout with individuals and groups.
Cashiers	41-2011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.
Cashiers	41-2011	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.
Cashiers	41-2011	General merchandise stores	452000	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.
Cashiers	41-2011	Electronics and appliance stores	443000	Occupational substitution, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons complete transactions and self-checkout systems become more common.
Cashiers	41-2011	Building material and supplies dealers	444100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout becoming more widespread.
Cashiers	41-2011	Clothing stores	448100	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.
Cashiers	41-2011	Shoe stores	448200	Occupational substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties typical of a cashier, such as by processing transactions themselves.
Cashiers	41-2011	Book stores and news dealers	451200	Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.
Cashiers	41-2011	Motion picture and video exhibition	512130	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.
Cashiers	41-2011	Spectator sports	711200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.
Cashiers	41-2011	Amusement parks and arcades	713100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.
Cashiers	41-2011	Gambling industries (except casino hotels)	713200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.
Cashiers	41-2011	Casino hotels	721120	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as casino hotels increasingly use mobile payment devices which allow customers to pay at their table.
Cashiers	41-2011	Special food services	722300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.
Cashiers	41-2011	Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)	722400	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems adopted by drinking places will require fewer cashiers for payment processing.
Cashiers	41-2011	Full-service restaurants	722511	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.
Cashiers	41-2011	Drycleaning and laundry services	812300	Demand change - share decreases as demand for pick-up and drop-off of dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments declines.
Gambling change persons and booth cashiers	41-2012	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment systems replace the need for workers.
Counter and rental clerks	41-2021	Drycleaning and laundry services	812300	Demand change - share decreases as demand for dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments falls and pick up and drop off laundry at other establishments increase.
Retail salespersons	41-2031	Clothing stores	448100	Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties, such as processing payments, previously done by cashiers.
Retail salespersons	41-2031	Shoe stores	448200	Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties typical of a cashier, such as by processing transactions themselves.
Retail salespersons	41-2031	Book stores and news dealers	451200	Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly take on duties typical of a cashier.
Advertising sales agents	41-3011	Advertising, public relations, and related services	541800	Demand change - share decreases as advertising in newspapers, magazines, paper coupons, and other direct mail advertising products decline, requiring fewer advertising sales agents.
Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel	41-3091	Security systems services	561620	Demand change - share increases as companies increasingly adding new products and services, such as wireless, facial recognition, mobile surveillance services, and robotic security services, requiring additional sales workers to market and sell them to consumers.
Demonstrators and product promoters	41-9011	Advertising, public relations, and related services	541800	Demand change - share decreases as in-store shopping declines requiring fewer product in person demonstrations and promotions as digital promotion and demonstration via virtual and augmented reality advertising increases, and more freelancers demonstrate and promote products online.
Real estate brokers	41-9021	Real estate	531000	Demand change - share increases as the home buying market is expected to grow.
Real estate sales agents	41-9022	Real estate	531000	Demand change - share increases as the home buying market is expected to grow.
Telemarketers	41-9041	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.
Telemarketers	41-9041	Business support services	561400	Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	423400	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)	4230A1	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8)	4240A1	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers	425000	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Automobile dealers	441100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	454100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Scheduled air transportation	481100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Nonscheduled air transportation	481200	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Freight transportation arrangement	488500	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Warehousing and storage	493000	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Insurance agencies and brokerages	524210	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Other insurance related activities	524290	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Legal services	541100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Engineering services	541330	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Computer systems design and related services	541500	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	541600	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Advertising, public relations, and related services	541800	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Veterinary services	541940	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Office administrative services	561100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Temporary help services	561320	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Other support services	561900	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Offices of physicians	621100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Offices of dentists	621200	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists	621340	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Home healthcare services	621600	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)	623100	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Services for the elderly and persons with disabilities	624120	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers	43-1011	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.
Switchboard operators, including answering service	43-2011	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to use automated phone systems.
Telephone operators	43-2021	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to adopt automated phone systems.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Management of companies and enterprises	551000	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Bill and account collectors	43-3011	Business support services	561400	Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.
Billing and posting clerks	43-3021	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.
Billing and posting clerks	43-3021	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.
Billing and posting clerks	43-3021	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.
Billing and posting clerks	43-3021	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	541200	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Exterminating and pest control services	561710	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Landscaping services	561730	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Offices of dentists	621200	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	Ambulance services	621910	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks	43-3031	All other ambulatory healthcare services	621990	Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.
Gambling cage workers	43-3041	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment and credit systems replace the need for workers.
Payroll and timekeeping clerks	43-3051	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as more payroll and timekeeping work is automated, reducing the need for these workers.
Procurement clerks	43-3061	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as procurement processes are increasingly automated, reducing the need for these workers.
Tellers	43-3071	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.
Tellers	43-3071	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.
Financial clerks, all other	43-3099	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.
Financial clerks, all other	43-3099	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.
Brokerage clerks	43-4011	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as technology automates many tasks formerly performed by these workers, including document processing and data entry.
Correspondence clerks	43-4021	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as increasingly capable automated document generators and online chat technology increase the productivity of these workers.
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks	43-4041	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as the availability of online credit reports allows this work to be done more efficiently, reducing the need for these workers.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	423400	Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers	424300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Wholesale electronic markets and agents and brokers	425000	Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Scheduled air transportation	481100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Nonscheduled air transportation	481200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Rail transportation	482000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Data processing, hosting, and related services	518000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as advances in speech, language, data, and images processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Insurance agencies and brokerages	524210	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Other insurance related activities	524290	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Exterminating and pest control services	561710	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Medical and diagnostic laboratories	621500	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Ambulance services	621910	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	All other ambulatory healthcare services	621990	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Demand change - share increases as federal payment models emphasize patient satisfaction as a requirement for reimbursement. This will result in increased demand for customer service representatives employed in hospitals that continue to try to achieve high levels of patient satisfaction.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Spectator sports	711200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Amusement parks and arcades	713100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Gambling industries (except casino hotels)	713200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
Customer service representatives	43-4051	Fitness and recreational sports centers	713940	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.
File clerks	43-4071	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as continued adoption of digital records permits other occupations to file and retrieve records on their own.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to focus on more complex and nuanced tasks.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	General medical and surgical hospitals; state	622102	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private	622305	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state	622302	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan	43-4111	Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local	622303	Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Other information services	519000	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Junior colleges; state	611202	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Junior colleges; local	611203	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state	611302	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Library assistants, clerical	43-4121	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in less of a need for library assistants.
Loan interviewers and clerks	43-4131	Other nondepository credit intermediation	522290	Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.
Loan interviewers and clerks	43-4131	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.
New accounts clerks	43-4141	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.
New accounts clerks	43-4141	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.
Order clerks	43-4151	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.
Order clerks	43-4151	Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers	424300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.
Order clerks	43-4151	Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	454100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping	43-4161	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as organizations combine their administrative functions and leverage HR technology, resulting in the need for fewer human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.
Receptionists and information clerks	43-4171	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.
Receptionists and information clerks	43-4171	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate data collection, document preparation, and other tasks performed by clerks.
Receptionists and information clerks	43-4171	Office administrative services	561100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.
Receptionists and information clerks	43-4171	Fitness and recreational sports centers	713940	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks	43-4181	Scheduled air transportation	481100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the tasks completed by reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks are completed by passengers using mobile applications and self-service kiosks to bypass the ticket counter.
Couriers and messengers	43-5021	Couriers and express delivery services	492100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.
Couriers and messengers	43-5021	Local messengers and local delivery	492200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.
Couriers and messengers	43-5021	Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)	5220A1	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.
Couriers and messengers	43-5021	Legal services	541100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as legally binding electronic signatures become more accepted and widely used and as more states adopt electronic document submission.
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	43-5032	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	43-5032	Taxi and limousine service	485300	Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance	43-5032	Security systems services	561620	Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.
Meter readers, utilities	43-5041	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as alternative remote meter reading technologies (e.g., AMR, AMI, and other smart systems) increasingly replace meter readers, allowing meter readers to be more productive and efficient. Innovative technology allows government and companies to remotely read meters more frequently.
Meter readers, utilities	43-5041	Natural gas distribution	221200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as smart meters that automatically send energy usage data increasingly replace manual meter readings.
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators	43-5053	Postal service	491000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as continued gains are realized from improved sorting and tracking equipment and processes.
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	43-5071	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	43-5071	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used to track products.
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	43-5071	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	43-5071	Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	454100	Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.
Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks	43-5071	Warehousing and storage	493000	Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping	43-5111	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as businesses increase use of process automation systems and integrate more activities into these systems.
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	43-6011	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	43-6011	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine back office functions, such as documents preparation.
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	43-6011	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine clerical and office tasks.
Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants	43-6011	Office administrative services	561100	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.
Legal secretaries and administrative assistants	43-6012	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows lawyers and paralegals to perform with fewer secretaries.
Medical secretaries and administrative assistants	43-6013	Veterinary services	541940	Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Land subdivision	237200	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and data sharing, require a reduced need for secretaries to perform these duties.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate some office clerical functions, such as documents preparation.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine office tasks.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Insurance agencies and brokerages	524210	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Other insurance related activities	524290	Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, robotic process automation, optical character recognition, and natural language processing, to automate routine office tasks.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Legal services	541100	Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Office administrative services	561100	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Exterminating and pest control services	561710	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Landscaping services	561730	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Offices of dentists	621200	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities	623220	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive	43-6014	Other residential care facilities	623900	Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.
Data entry keyers	43-9021	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as direct data entry in mobile devices and handwriting recognition software become more common, replacing data entry keyers.
Data entry keyers	43-9021	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate data entry, requiring fewer data entry workers.
Word processors and typists	43-9022	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as other workers assume the functions of typists due to the ubiquity of typing skills.
Desktop publishers	43-9031	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as an increased focus on digital publishing, a format that includes dynamic design elements like animation, will lead to less demand for desktop publishers to design printed materials. In addition, publishing software improvements make it easier for other workers, such as editors and graphic designers, to perform the duties of desktop publishers.
Desktop publishers	43-9031	Printing and related support activities	323000	Demand change - share decreases as an increased focus on digital publishing, a format that includes dynamic design elements like animation, will lead to less demand for desktop publishers to design printed materials. In addition, publishing software improvements make it easier for other workers, such as editors and graphic designers, to perform the duties of desktop publishers.
Desktop publishers	43-9031	Newspaper publishers	511110	Demand change - share decreases as an increased focus on digital publishing, a format that includes dynamic design elements like animation, will lead to less demand for desktop publishers to design printed materials. In addition, publishing software improvements make it easier for other workers, such as editors and graphic designers, to perform the duties of desktop publishers.
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	43-9041	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	43-9041	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	43-9041	Insurance agencies and brokerages	524210	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks	43-9041	Other insurance related activities	524290	Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service	43-9051	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies use machines with programmable software that continues to supplant some office mailing tasks. Share will decrease as correspondence and communication is increasingly done online and organizations utilize administrative staff to handle incoming and outgoing mail.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers	423100	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers	424300	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Nonscheduled air transportation	481200	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Direct health and medical insurance carriers	524114	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers	524120	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Other insurance related activities	524290	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Office administrative services	561100	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Exterminating and pest control services	561710	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Landscaping services	561730	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private	611305	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Offices of dentists	621200	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Ambulance services	621910	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	All other ambulatory healthcare services	621990	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	General medical and surgical hospitals; local	622103	Occupational substitution - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software allows other workers in offices to perform the duties of general office clerks.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities	623210	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities	623220	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office clerks, general	43-9061	Other residential care facilities	623900	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.
Office machine operators, except computer	43-9071	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as offices become paperless and continue to use technology such as electronic filing systems.
Office and administrative support workers, all other	43-9199	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology require fewer workers to perform these duties such as stuffing envelopes.
Animal breeders	45-2021	Animal production and aquaculture	112000	Demand change - share increases as livestock farming operations increasingly emphasize new and improved breeding techniques.
Graders and sorters, agricultural products	45-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as enhanced technology will automatically sort and grade a growing number of agricultural products.
Agricultural equipment operators	45-2091	Crop production	111000	Capital/labor substitution - share increases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations increase the demand for agricultural equipment operators to operate and monitor these devices and to make informed decisions using the data collected.
Agricultural equipment operators	45-2091	Animal production and aquaculture	112000	Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.
Agricultural equipment operators	45-2091	Support activities for agriculture and forestry	115000	Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.
Agricultural equipment operators	45-2091	Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers	424500	Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.
Agricultural equipment operators	45-2091	Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4241,7,9)	4240A3	Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse	45-2092	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse	45-2092	Crop production	111000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse employees.
Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals	45-2093	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.
Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals	45-2093	Crop production	111000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals employees.
Forest and conservation workers	45-4011	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as the automation of some manual labor tasks in forest and conservation work reduces the needed number of these workers.
Fallers	45-4021	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers due increased mechanization.
Logging equipment operators	45-4022	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share increases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers and other logging workers who perform tasks by hand, given increased mechanization in the industry.
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	47-1011	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	47-1011	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians, construction workers, and their supervisors in turn.
First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers	47-1011	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Other heavy and civil engineering construction	237900	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Other building equipment contractors	238290	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Boilermakers	47-2011	Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance	811300	Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.
Brickmasons and blockmasons	47-2021	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.
Brickmasons and blockmasons	47-2021	Masonry contractors	238140	Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.
Brickmasons and blockmasons	47-2021	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.
Stonemasons	47-2022	Total employment	TE1000	Occupational substitution - share decreases as brickmasons and blockmasons increasingly install more stone products instead of stonemasons.
Carpet installers	47-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as other floor coverings replace carpet.
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles	47-2042	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as more consumers choose resilient floor coverings.
Tile and stone setters	47-2044	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as tile and natural stone continue to gain share in overall flooring market sales.
Cement masons and concrete finishers	47-2051	Total employment	TE1000	Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.
Cement masons and concrete finishers	47-2051	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.
Cement masons and concrete finishers	47-2051	Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors	238110	Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed.
Cement masons and concrete finishers	47-2051	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Sourcing change, demand change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed which is partially offset by the increased demand for polished concrete.
Cement masons and concrete finishers	47-2051	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Sourcing change - share increases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are built off-site to be installed on-site by other workers.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Residential building construction	236100	Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as more laborers will be needed for road and bridge repair work.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Masonry contractors	238140	Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as an expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging network will increase the need for construction laborers for site preparation work prior to the installation of charging equipment.
Construction laborers	47-2061	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components and are needed to help with infrastructure work.
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	47-2071	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators	47-2071	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Pile driver operators	47-2072	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as spending increases to repair infrastructure.
Pile driver operators	47-2072	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as spending increases to improve infrastructure.
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	47-2073	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as more money is allocated to road and bridge repair.
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators	47-2073	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending related to roads and bridges increases leading to the need for more equipment operators.
Tapers	47-2082	Residential building construction	236100	Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.
Tapers	47-2082	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.
Tapers	47-2082	Drywall and insulation contractors	238310	Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.
Tapers	47-2082	Painting and wall covering contractors	238320	Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.
Electricians	47-2111	Residential building construction	236100	Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Electricians	47-2111	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Electricians	47-2111	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Electricians	47-2111	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Electricians	47-2111	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Electricians	47-2111	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers	47-2171	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new equipment is used to place and tie rebar replacing workers.
Sheet metal workers	47-2211	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Sourcing change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated duct systems will reduce the need for sheet metal workers on residential construction sites.
Structural iron and steel workers	47-2221	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.
Structural iron and steel workers	47-2221	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.
Solar photovoltaic installers	47-2231	Solar electric power generation	221114	Demand change - share increases as there are a growing number of utility sized solar operations which will need some panel replacement as they age or suffer damage due to weather. PV Installers will be needed to replace the defective modules.
Solar photovoltaic installers	47-2231	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.
Solar photovoltaic installers	47-2231	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters	47-3011	Masonry contractors	238140	Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these helpers needed onsite to install.
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters	47-3011	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.
Helpers--carpenters	47-3012	Residential building construction	236100	Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.
Helpers--carpenters	47-3012	Nonresidential building construction	236200	Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.
Construction and building inspectors	47-4011	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.
Construction and building inspectors	47-4011	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.
Hazardous materials removal workers	47-4041	Waste treatment and disposal	562200	Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.
Hazardous materials removal workers	47-4041	Remediation and other waste management services	562900	Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.
Highway maintenance workers	47-4051	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Highway maintenance workers	47-4051	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Highway maintenance workers	47-4051	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Highway maintenance workers	47-4051	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.
Derrick operators, oil and gas	47-5011	Support activities for mining	213000	Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of derrick operators required in oil and gas drilling.
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas	47-5012	Support activities for mining	213000	Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of rotatory drill operators required in oil and gas drilling.
Service unit operators, oil and gas	47-5013	Support activities for mining	213000	Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity in oil and gas operations.
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining	47-5022	Coal mining	212100	Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining	47-5022	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.
Earth drillers, except oil and gas	47-5023	Metal ore mining	212200	Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some drilling activities increases the productivity of earth drillers in metal mining operations.
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters	47-5032	Metal ore mining	212200	Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosive workers in metal mining operations.
Roof bolters, mining	47-5043	Coal mining	212100	Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.
Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining	47-5044	Coal mining	212100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles.
Underground mining machine operators, all other	47-5049	Coal mining	212100	Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.
Extraction workers, all other	47-5099	Coal mining	212100	Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.
First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers	49-1011	Other automotive repair and maintenance	811190	Demand change - share decreases as newer vehicles require less frequent oil and lubrication servicing and are built more reliably, reducing demand for other vehicle maintenance and repair services. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	49-2011	Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	423400	Demand change - share decreases as consumers use less cash for daily transactions, which leads to need for fewer ATM machines, and fewer ATM repairers.
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers	49-2011	Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance	811200	Demand change - share decreases as computer manufacturer proprietary repair policies drive independent repair shops to close, and thus increase the cost of repairing relative to replacing computers.
Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers	49-2021	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.
Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers	49-2021	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes.
Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers	49-2021	Telecommunications	517000	Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers	49-2022	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share increases as the deployment of 5G technology, fiber optic cables, and small cells requires massive installations and maintenance of various telecommunication equipment; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers	49-2022	Telecommunications	517000	Demand change - share increases as the deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment	49-2093	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as local governments expand rail service.
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	49-2096	Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)	4230A1	Demand change - share decreases as automotive electronics needs are increasingly met by smartphones and factory-installed options.
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	49-2096	Automotive parts, accessories, and tire stores	441300	Demand change - share decreases as automotive electronics needs are increasingly met by smartphones and factory-installed options.
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	49-2096	Electronics and appliance stores	443000	Demand change - share decreases as automotive electronics needs are increasingly met by smartphones and factory-installed options.
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles	49-2096	Automotive mechanical and electrical repair and maintenance	811110	Demand change - share increases as more technology is incorporated into new vehicles, which is expected to lead to more demand for vehicle electronic equipment repair and maintenance.
Automotive body and related repairers	49-3021	Automobile dealers	441100	Sourcing change - share decreases as dealerships have difficulty competing with independent/chain repair shops and their lower costs.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	49-3023	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	49-3023	Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers	423100	Demand change - share increases as the increasing complexity of vehicle technology, engines and other parts, requires the knowledge of automotive service technicians and mechanics to provide assistance and services to wholesale customers.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	49-3023	Automobile dealers	441100	Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	49-3023	Other automotive repair and maintenance	811190	Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics	49-3023	Postal service	491000	Demand change - share decreases as a new fleet of mail delivery trucks will not require the same amount of maintenance as the existing fleet which was manufactured years ago.
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	49-3031	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists	49-3031	Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers	423100	Demand change - share increases as the increasing complexity of vehicle technology requires the knowledge of bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists to provide assistance and services to wholesale customers.
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians	49-3041	Crop production	111000	Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.
Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians	49-3041	Farm and garden machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers	423820	Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines	49-3042	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Demand change- share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery and semi-autonomous equipment, increasing demand for mechanics.
Rail car repairers	49-3043	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share increases as demand for rail travel increases based on rail ridership outpacing population growth.
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians	49-3051	Other motor vehicle dealers	441200	Demand change - share increases as technological improvements lead to more affordable and user-friendly boats on the market piloted by consumers, including many rentals, which will need to have their engines and parts repaired and maintained.
Motorboat mechanics and service technicians	49-3051	Personal and household goods repair and maintenance	811400	Demand change - share increases as technological improvements lead to more affordable and user-friendly boats on the market piloted by consumers, including many rentals, which will need to have their engines and parts repaired and maintained.
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics	49-3053	Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	444200	Demand change - share decreases as growth in electric and battery-powered outdoor power equipment will reduce the need for routine maintenance services and part replacement.
Recreational vehicle service technicians	49-3092	Other motor vehicle dealers	441200	Demand change - share increases as RV ownership and usage increase, leading to an increase in the amount of repairs needed.
Tire repairers and changers	49-3093	Gasoline stations	447000	Demand change - share decreases as gasoline stations continue to reduce their automotive service offerings.
Mechanical door repairers	49-9011	Other building equipment contractors	238290	Demand change - share increases as improved technology for doors, such as new fire-rated doors and wireless control access, require additional mechanical door repairers.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	49-9021	Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors	238220	Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	49-9021	Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)	4230A1	Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers	49-9021	Direct selling establishments	454300	Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Coal mining	212100	Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Metal ore mining	212200	Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Demand change - share increases as manufacturing automation increases requiring more maintenance and repair.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing	311300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	311400	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Dairy product manufacturing	311500	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Animal slaughtering and processing	311600	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Other food manufacturing	311900	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Beverage manufacturing	312100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Tobacco manufacturing	312200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Textile mills	313000	Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers to repair the equipment.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Textile product mills	314000	Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing	321200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Other wood product manufacturing	321900	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	322100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Converted paper product manufacturing	322200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Plastics product manufacturing	326100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Rubber product manufacturing	326200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing	331100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)	3320A2	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing	332720	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	334400	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Electric lighting equipment manufacturing	335100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Household appliance manufacturing	335200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Electrical equipment manufacturing	335300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing	335900	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing	336200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.
Industrial machinery mechanics	49-9041	Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance	811300	Demand change - share increases as the increased automation leads to more equipment which needs to be maintained and repaired.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing	311300	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	311400	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Dairy product manufacturing	311500	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Animal slaughtering and processing	311600	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Other food manufacturing	311900	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Beverage manufacturing	312100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Other wood product manufacturing	321900	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	322100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Converted paper product manufacturing	322200	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Plastics product manufacturing	326100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Rubber product manufacturing	326200	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing	331100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)	3320A2	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	334400	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Electric lighting equipment manufacturing	335100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Household appliance manufacturing	335200	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Electrical equipment manufacturing	335300	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing	335900	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Maintenance workers, machinery	49-9043	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.
Millwrights	49-9044	Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing	321200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Other wood product manufacturing	321900	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills	322100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Converted paper product manufacturing	322200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Plastics product manufacturing	326100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing	331100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel	331200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Alumina and aluminum production and processing	331300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)	3320A2	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing	332720	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities	332800	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	334500	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Household appliance manufacturing	335200	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Electrical equipment manufacturing	335300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Ship and boat building	336600	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Other transportation equipment manufacturing	336900	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Furniture and related product manufacturing (3371,2)	3370A1	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Millwrights	49-9044	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons	49-9045	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as more metal products are 3D printed.
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	49-9052	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	49-9052	Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors	238210	Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.
Telecommunications line installers and repairers	49-9052	Telecommunications	517000	Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.
Medical equipment repairers	49-9062	Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers	423400	Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.
Medical equipment repairers	49-9062	General medical and surgical hospitals; private	622105	Demand change - share increases as advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.
Medical equipment repairers	49-9062	Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance	811200	Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.
Watch and clock repairers	49-9064	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as demand for watch repair services declines due to changes in technology such as cell phones and smart watches.
Maintenance and repair workers, general	49-9071	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.
Maintenance and repair workers, general	49-9071	State government, excluding education and hospitals	999200	Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.
Maintenance and repair workers, general	49-9071	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.
Wind turbine service technicians	49-9081	Wind electric power generation	221115	Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation capacity continues to grow and age in the coming decade. Older equipment often needs additional maintenance.
Wind turbine service technicians	49-9081	Power and communication line and related structures construction	237130	Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.
Wind turbine service technicians	49-9081	Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance	811300	Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	49-9091	Gambling industries (except casino hotels)	713200	Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers	49-9091	Casino hotels	721120	Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.
Commercial divers	49-9092	Other heavy and civil engineering construction	237900	Demand change - share increases as commercial divers are needed to meet the needs for offshore wind farm construction.
Locksmiths and safe repairers	49-9094	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.
Locksmiths and safe repairers	49-9094	Security systems services	561620	Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.
Manufactured building and mobile home installers	49-9095	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share decreases as Dodd-Frank rules make it likely that loans for mobile home purchases will be characterized as high-risk, therefore increasing the costs to banks and customers of offering and securing these types of loans. Therefore, as access to financing and credit decreases and dries up, the demand for workers to install these types of homes will decrease.
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	51-2011	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers	51-2011	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers	51-2021	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers	51-2028	Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	334100	Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics should increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.
Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers	51-2028	Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	334400	Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics is expected to increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.
Engine and other machine assemblers	51-2031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Structural metal fabricators and fitters	51-2041	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Timing device assemblers and adjusters	51-2061	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing	336200	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators	51-2090	Other transportation equipment manufacturing	336900	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), additive manufacturing and collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Bakers	51-3011	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.
Slaughterers and meat packers	51-3023	Animal slaughtering and processing	311600	Productivity change - share decreases as automated systems are adopted in slaughtering.
Food batchmakers	51-3092	Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	311400	Demand change - share increases as a variety of new frozen, dried, and preserved goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.
Food batchmakers	51-3092	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.
Food cooking machine operators and tenders	51-3093	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the adoption of automation technologies, such as robotics, makes food production processes more labor efficient.
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4021	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4022	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4023	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4032	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4033	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4034	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4035	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders	51-4051	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as modern furnaces incorporate more automation in monitoring and controlling of processes and systems. These changes are expected to increase productivity, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders	51-4051	Foundries	331500	Productivity change - share decreases as modern furnaces incorporate more automation in monitoring and controlling of processes and systems. These changes are expected to increase productivity, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Pourers and casters, metal	51-4052	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Model makers, metal and plastic	51-4061	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Patternmakers, metal and plastic	51-4062	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as some patternmaking tasks are done by programmable computer-controlled machinery, requiring fewer of these workers.
Foundry mold and coremakers	51-4071	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4072	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Converted paper product manufacturing	322200	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Plastics product manufacturing	326100	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Foundries	331500	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Machine shops	332710	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing	332720	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Motor vehicle manufacturing	336100	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Tool and die makers	51-4111	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers	51-4121	Ship and boat building	336600	Productivity change - share decreases as welding robotics and other automated welding methods improve productivity, thus decreasing labor requirements.
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-4122	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-4122	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Productivity change - share decreases as usage of programmable machines such as computer-controlled machinery increases, resulting in fewer workers needed to perform the tasks.
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4191	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Layout workers, metal and plastic	51-4192	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)	3320A2	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.
Layout workers, metal and plastic	51-4192	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.
Layout workers, metal and plastic	51-4192	Ship and boat building	336600	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.
Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic	51-4193	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Sawmills and wood preservation	321100	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Foundries	331500	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Machine shops	332710	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)	3320A1	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Metalworking machinery manufacturing	333500	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)	3330A1	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Motor vehicle parts manufacturing	336300	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Aerospace product and parts manufacturing	336400	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners	51-4194	Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance	811300	Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.
Metal workers and plastic workers, all other	51-4199	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as the tasks of these machine operators are supplanted by programmable computer-controlled machinery, requiring fewer of these workers.
Prepress technicians and workers	51-5111	Printing and related support activities	323000	Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.
Prepress technicians and workers	51-5111	Newspaper publishers	511110	Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.
Print binding and finishing workers	51-5113	Printing and related support activities	323000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts automated binding technologies.
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials	51-6021	Drycleaning and laundry services	812300	Demand change - share decreases as demand declines due to the acceptance of casual dress in lieu of business attire and the continued use of wrinkle resistant fabrics.
Sewing machine operators	51-6031	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology (e.g. robots) allows manufacturers to automate arranging, cutting, fitting and sewing of apparel products once done by these workers.
Sewers, hand	51-6051	Textile product mills	314000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automation machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.
Sewers, hand	51-6051	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automated machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-6062	Textile product mills	314000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile product mills to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-6062	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows manufacturers to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-6063	Apparel manufacturing	315000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile knitting to become automated through the use of 3D garment knitting.
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing	51-7042	Other wood product manufacturing	321900	Productivity change - share decreases as advances in CNC equipment allow for additional output to be produced by fewer woodworkers.
Power distributors and dispatchers	51-8012	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.
Power plant operators	51-8013	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as upgraded technologies incorporated into power plants will make power plant operators more productive.
Power plant operators	51-8013	Fossil fuel electric power generation	221112	Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators	51-8031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.
Chemical plant and system operators	51-8091	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.
Chemical plant and system operators	51-8091	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.
Chemical plant and system operators	51-8091	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.
Chemical plant and system operators	51-8091	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.
Gas plant operators	51-8092	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as improved process controls require less direct management, monitoring, and approval from operators due to automation.
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers	51-8093	Oil and gas extraction	211000	Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers	51-8093	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in automation and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.
Chemical equipment operators and tenders	51-9011	Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	324000	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in petroleum and coal products manufacturing.
Chemical equipment operators and tenders	51-9011	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.
Chemical equipment operators and tenders	51-9011	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.
Chemical equipment operators and tenders	51-9011	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9012	Dairy product manufacturing	311500	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in dairy product manufacturing to improve quality.
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9012	Beverage manufacturing	312100	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in beverage manufacturing to improve quality.
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9012	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9012	Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)	3250A2	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9012	Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)	3250A1	Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9021	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as machines are becoming capable of more functionalities and are more integrated with each other allowing workers to produce more.
Grinding and polishing workers, hand	51-9022	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation increases capacity and reduces the need for as many manual workers.
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9023	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Productivity change - share decreases as new technologies, including data usage and machine connectivity (integration) in the production process, are used in monitoring and adjusting production process.
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9023	Other food manufacturing	311900	Productivity change - share decreases as greater integration of manufacturing processes will allow mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders to do more with fewer workers.
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9023	Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing	325400	Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.
Cutters and trimmers, hand	51-9031	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved integration of systems and precision reduce the need for cutters and trimmers.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as animal food processing is increasingly automated.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing	311400	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as fruit and vegetable processing is more fully automated.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Dairy product manufacturing	311500	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased automation replaces workers in dairy processing.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Animal slaughtering and processing	311600	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and equipment allow for some workers to be replaced by technology.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Seafood product preparation and packaging	311700	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and robotics increase the ability to automate seafood processing.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows the replacement of workers.
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9032	Other food manufacturing	311900	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved automation replaces workers.
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders	51-9041	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Productivity change - share decreases as automated food mixing, forming, and compacting equipment require fewer setters, operators, and tenders.
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	51-9061	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	51-9061	Converted paper product manufacturing	322200	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	51-9061	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	51-9061	Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing	333600	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers	51-9061	Other transportation equipment manufacturing	336900	Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.
Dental laboratory technicians	51-9081	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.
Dental laboratory technicians	51-9081	Offices of dentists	621200	Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.
Medical appliance technicians	51-9082	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Productivity change - share decreases as the adoption of additive manufacturing technologies makes the fabrication process of orthoses and prostheses more labor efficient.
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians	51-9083	Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing	333300	Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the optical lens fabrication process more labor efficient.
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians	51-9083	Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing	339100	Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the eyewear fabrication process more labor efficient.
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	51-9111	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	51-9111	Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing	311800	Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders	51-9111	Beverage manufacturing	312100	Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, packaging, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	51-9151	Pharmacies and drug stores	446110	Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on computer or online.
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators	51-9151	Other personal services	812900	Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on the computer or online.
Computer numerically controlled tool operators	51-9161	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as computer-controlled machine tool programmers are able to control more machines at once, which means fewer operators are needed to handle them.
Computer numerically controlled tool programmers	51-9162	Total employment	TE1000	Demand change - share increases as manufacturers increase efficiency through more computer numerically controlled, automated, and programmable machines requiring programming by these workers.
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic	51-9195	Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	327000	Demand change - share increases as more prefabricated concrete products are used in construction, requiring workers to mold, shape, or cast these products.
Helpers--production workers	51-9198	Total employment	TE1000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation continues to replace production worker helpers in manufacturing facilities.
Helpers--production workers	51-9198	Temporary help services	561320	Demand change - share decreases as manufacturing facilities require fewer of these helpers as facilities become more automated.
First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors	53-1047	Warehousing and storage	493000	Demand change - share decreases as increased use of automated guided vehicles requires fewer operators, resulting in fewer supervisors.
Air traffic controllers	53-2021	Federal government, excluding postal service	999100	Demand change - share increases as air traffic volume is expected to increase over the period.
Flight attendants	53-2031	Scheduled air transportation	481100	Demand change - share increases as airlines continue to replace smaller planes with larger aircraft or add more seats to the existing planes, which will result in more flight attendants on average per aircraft.
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	53-3011	Ambulance services	621910	Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians	53-3011	Local government, excluding education and hospitals	999300	Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.
Driver/sales workers	53-3031	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share increases as grocery stores increasingly add food delivery to their services and some grocery stores choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.
Driver/sales workers	53-3031	Vending machine operators	454200	Productivity change - share decreases as technological improvements in vending machines provide automatic reporting (back to supply chain) and thus allow drivers to deliver wares to more machines on a single route.
Driver/sales workers	53-3031	Local messengers and local delivery	492200	Demand change - share increases as strong demand for both restaurant meal delivery and grocery delivery services will require more driver/sales workers to facilitate these transactions.
Driver/sales workers	53-3031	Full-service restaurants	722511	Demand change - share increases as restaurants increasingly add food delivery to their services and some restaurants choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers	53-3032	Metal ore mining	212200	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers	53-3032	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers	53-3032	Highway, street, and bridge construction	237300	Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers	53-3032	Other specialty trade contractors	238900	Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.
Light truck drivers	53-3033	Truck transportation	484000	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations. This will be slightly counter-balanced by the implementation of drone delivery technology, which will reduce the needed number of light truck drivers.
Light truck drivers	53-3033	Couriers and express delivery services	492100	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations. This will be slightly counter-balanced by the implementation of drone delivery technology, which will reduce the needed number of light truck drivers.
Light truck drivers	53-3033	Local messengers and local delivery	492200	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations. This will be slightly counter-balanced by the implementation of drone delivery technology, which will reduce the needed number of light truck drivers.
Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs	53-3053	School and employee bus transportation	485400	Sourcing change - share increases as more school districts contract out bus transportation.
Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs	53-3053	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Sourcing change - share decreases as more local schools contract out bus transportation.
Taxi drivers	53-3054	School and employee bus transportation	485400	Sourcing change - share increases as more school districts contract out bus transportation.
Taxi drivers	53-3054	Elementary and secondary schools; local	611103	Sourcing change - share decreases as more local schools contract out bus transportation.
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators and locomotive firers	53-4022	Rail transportation	482000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the tasks of watching for rights-of-way, train signals, and looking out for obstructions will be automatically handled by Positive Train Control (PTC).
Parking attendants	53-6021	Other personal services	812900	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated parking machines replace the tasks previously done by human parking attendants.
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	53-6031	Automobile dealers	441100	Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.
Automotive and watercraft service attendants	53-6031	Other automotive repair and maintenance	811190	Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.
Conveyor operators and tenders	53-7011	Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)	4230A1	Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.
Conveyor operators and tenders	53-7011	Warehousing and storage	493000	Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.
Crane and tower operators	53-7021	Support activities for water transportation	488300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased ship sizes are causing ports to automate their operations in order to meet shipping schedules and demand.
Dredge operators	53-7031	Total employment	TE1000	Productivity change - share decreases as dredge control and monitoring systems become more advanced as dredging processes become increasingly more complex, increasing the productivity of dredge operators.
Hoist and winch operators	53-7041	Support activities for water transportation	488300	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased ship sizes are causing ports to automate their operations in order to meet shipping schedules and demand.
Industrial truck and tractor operators	53-7051	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.
Industrial truck and tractor operators	53-7051	Warehousing and storage	493000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the increased use of automated guided vehicles replaces these operators.
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment	53-7061	Automobile dealers	441100	Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	53-7062	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer laborers.
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand	53-7062	Warehousing and storage	493000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as warehouses implement robotics technology to replace manual labor tasks in warehouses.
Packers and packagers, hand	53-7064	Animal food manufacturing	311100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities instead of hand packers.
Packers and packagers, hand	53-7064	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.
Packers and packagers, hand	53-7064	Warehousing and storage	493000	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as retailers install increasingly sophisticated robotics technology in their warehouses.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8)	4240A1	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as some firms increasingly use automated storage and retrieval equipment based on sensors, bar codes, and Radio-frequency identification to remove workers from the process.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Grocery and specialty food stores	4450A1	Demand change - share increases as online grocery orders for pickup and delivery increase. As consumers continue to shop online for groceries, there will be more demand for individuals to stock and fill orders.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	General merchandise stores	452000	Demand change - share increases as growing preference for buy online, pickup in-store options will require more stockers and order fillers to facilitate these online orders in general merchandise stores.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Furniture stores	442100	Demand change - share increases as changing consumer shopping habits (e.g. buy online, pick up in-store) will require additional workers to obtain merchandise from the store and deliver to curbside shoppers.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Home furnishings stores	442200	Demand change - share increases as changing consumer shopping habits (e.g. buy online, pick up in-store) will require additional workers to obtain merchandise from the store and deliver to curbside shoppers.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Building material and supplies dealers	444100	Demand change - share increases as more workers are needed to pick orders from shelves for customers as current technology does not allow for preparing these types of increased orders.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	454100	Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.
Stockers and order fillers	53-7065	Warehousing and storage	493000	Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to receive and store products.
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators	53-7071	Pipeline transportation of natural gas	486200	Productivity change - share decreases as automation and remote monitoring technologies reduce some demand for on-site staff at compressor stations along pipelines.
Wellhead pumpers	53-7073	Oil and gas extraction	211000	Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.
Wellhead pumpers	53-7073	Support activities for mining	213000	Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.
Material moving workers, all other	53-7199	Coal mining	212100	Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.
Material moving workers, all other	53-7199	Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	212300	Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.
Material moving workers, all other	53-7199	Warehousing and storage	493000	Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to move materials.
Source: Employment Projections program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Last Modified Date: September 8, 2022