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Employment Projections

Factors affecting occupational utilization

Other available formats: (XLSX)

Table 1.12 Factors affecting occupational utilization, projected 2022–32

2022 National Employment Matrix occupation title

2022 National Employment Matrix occupation code

2022 National Employment Matrix industry title

2022 National Employment Matrix industry code

Factors affecting occupational utilization

Chief executives

11-1011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as changing organizational structures allow fewer chief executives to manage the day-to-day operations of an organization.

Advertising and promotions managers

11-2011

Automobile dealers

441100

Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office jobs allows same amount of output to be produced by fewer advertising and promotions managers.

Marketing managers

11-2021

Automobile dealers

441100

Productivity change - share decreases as consolidation of back office functions allow the same amount of output to be produced by fewer marketing managers.

Marketing managers

11-2021

Sound recording industries

512200

Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in marketing activities in the sound recording industries should increase demand for marketing managers.

Sales managers

11-2022

Automobile dealers

441100

Demand change - share decreases as growth in online sales will reduce the need for sales staff, including sales managers, on car showroom floors.

Computer and information systems managers

11-3021

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as organizations increasingly rely on IT services, supporting an increased demand for computer and information systems managers to plan and oversee computer hardware and software needs.

Financial managers

11-3031

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in corporate cash holdings, will increase demand for financial managers.

Financial managers

11-3031

Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities

523000

Demand change - share increases as several economic trends, including a greater emphasis on risk management and increases in demand for managing investments funds, will increase demand for financial managers.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)

4230A1

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8)

4240A1

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Truck transportation

484000

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Freight transportation arrangement

488500

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Couriers and express delivery services

492100

Demand change - share decreases as mergers reduce the number of transportation, storage, and distribution managers.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Warehousing and storage

493000

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

11-3071

Management of companies and enterprises

551000

Demand change - share increases as supply chain management grows more complex resulting in the need for enhanced integration of logistics with business systems and processes.

Compensation and benefits managers

11-3111

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as compensation and benefits activities continue to be outsourced or automated through specialized software.

Compensation and benefits managers

11-3111

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Sourcing change - share increases as employers outsource compensation research and analysis to companies that specialize in those services.

Construction managers

11-9021

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.

Construction managers

11-9021

Other heavy and civil engineering construction

237900

Demand change - share increases as technical and process improvements increase the need for construction managers to track costs, materials, and schedules.

Food service managers

11-9051

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as movie theaters continue to expand food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; local

622203

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state

622302

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities

623210

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities

623220

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Medical and health services managers

11-9111

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Demand change - share increases as healthcare providers utilize broader team structures which will require increased use of specialized management.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Capital/labor substitution, productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers. In addition, the increasing use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Buyers and purchasing agents

13-1020

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Capital/labor substitution, productivity change - share decreases as new technology allows organizations to automate tactical, routine procurement tasks once done by these workers. In addition, the increasing use of cooperative purchasing agreements in the public sector will allow localities to use fewer resources and staff to complete routine procurement functions.

Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators

13-1031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as computer software will automate much of this work, reducing the needed number of adjusters.

Insurance appraisers, auto damage

13-1032

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as appraisal activities continue to be automated through specialized software.

Cost estimators

13-1051

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as cost estimation software has made this work more efficient.

Human resources specialists

13-1071

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change - share decreases as companies increasingly contract out human resources services to human resources services specialist firms and rely on software for more perfunctory HR activities.

Human resources specialists

13-1071

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

541600

Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Human resources specialists

13-1071

Office administrative services

561100

Sourcing change - share increases as companies increasingly contract HR services from these firms.

Labor relations specialists

13-1075

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as the percentage of workers who are union members declines, and fewer unionized workers means less need for labor relations specialists who work with management on their behalf.

Logisticians

13-1081

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081

Other pipeline transportation

486900

Demand change - share increases as expanded pipeline networks, more complex transportation schedules, and volatility in oil markets boost demand for logisticians in pipeline transportation.

Logisticians

13-1081

Freight transportation arrangement

488500

Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081

Warehousing and storage

493000

Demand change - share increases as the growth of e-commerce makes logistics more dynamic and complex.

Logisticians

13-1081

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as an increasingly globalized economy will continue to make logistics more dynamic and complex.

Project management specialists

13-1082

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Demand change - share increases as more project management specialists will be needed to manage the growing volume and complexity of IT projects needed to support expanded telework. Project managers will be needed to ensure that tech projects are completed on time and within budget.

Management analysts

13-1111

Management of companies and enterprises

551000

Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and analyze new business operations by managing offices.

Management analysts

13-1111

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.

Management analysts

13-1111

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share increases as government agencies increasingly seek the expertise of public sector consultants.

Training and development specialists

13-1151

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Sourcing change - share increases as more outside materials are purchased for use rather than being developed in-house.

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

13-1161

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as businesses will need market research analysts to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve business decisions.

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

13-1161

Advertising, public relations, and related services

541800

Demand change - share increases as advertising shifts to digital platforms and businesses in advertising, public relations, and related services will need market research analysts to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve marketing decisions.

Business operations specialists, all other

13-1199

Management of companies and enterprises

551000

Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in business activities and investments into digital technology increase demand to manage and support expanded business operations by managing offices.

Credit analysts

13-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as companies increase the productivity of credit analysts by using more data and machine learning in the credit risk analyses process.

Financial and investment analysts

13-2051

Other investment pools and funds

525900

Demand change - share increases as corporations and investors increasingly seek to protect and grow their assets and investments via funds managed by financial and investments analysts.

Personal financial advisors

13-2052

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.

Personal financial advisors

13-2052

Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities

523000

Demand change, productivity change - share increases as an aging population drives demand for investment advisory services. This demand will be partially offset by the use of robo-advisors in place of personal financial advisors.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053

Insurance agencies and brokerages

524210

Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Insurance underwriters

13-2053

Other insurance related activities

524290

Productivity change - share decreases as automated underwriting systems will allow more applications to be handled by computer processing, reducing the needed number of insurance underwriters.

Financial examiners

13-2061

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061

Securities, commodity contracts, and other financial investments and related activities

523000

Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Financial examiners

13-2061

Management of companies and enterprises

551000

Demand change - share increases as financial institutions will devote more resources to regulatory compliance, including the hiring of financial examiners.

Loan officers

13-2072

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.

Loan officers

13-2072

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Productivity change - share decreases as companies adopt automated systems, which can perform data processing tasks and require reduced interactions with customers, thereby enabling fewer officers to complete loan applications.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211

Monetary authorities-central bank

521000

Demand change - share increases as new digital payment systems continue to be introduced in the financial and monetary systems, requiring more computer systems analysts within the federal central bank system to analyze and maintain the integrity of those systems.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Demand change - share increases as companies require new technology to support digitalization and automation of work processes.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Demand change - share increases as more devices, including software applications used on smart phones and other devices, will be needed to address data processing problems.

Computer systems analysts

15-1211

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Demand change - share increases as computer cloud solutions and applications expand.

Information security analysts

15-1212

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change, productivity change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyberattacks aimed at sensitive or financial data, offset slightly by efficiencies gained through increased use of automated and AI technologies to improve security measures.

Information security analysts

15-1212

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Demand change, productivity change - share increases as firms increase their IT security staffs and capabilities as a response to increasing threats of cyberattacks aimed at sensitive or financial data, offset slightly by efficiencies gained through increased use of automated and AI technologies to improve security measures.

Computer and information research scientists

15-1221

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as continued demand for new and improved approaches to solve complex computing challenges are needed to support expanding technologies will support an increased demand for computer and information research scientists.

Computer network support specialists

15-1231

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Computer network support specialists

15-1231

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Sourcing change - share increases as companies outsource their IT needs to this industry, and specialists respond to complex network requests that cannot be solved through increasingly automated software tools.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change, productivity change - share decreases as specialized businesses and industries solve computer troubleshooting needs through automated tools such as chatbots, and businesses find these tools handle most problems their users face.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Computer user support specialists

15-1232

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Sourcing change - share increases as companies outsource their IT needs to this industry, and specialists respond to complex user requests that cannot be solved through increasingly automated software tools.

Computer network architects

15-1241

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change - share decreases as computer network tasks continue to be automated and consolidated, reducing the demand for computer network architects.

Database administrators

15-1242

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Database architects

15-1243

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Demand change - share increases as the demand for upgraded computer equipment and software increases with the expansion in cloud computing and other services.

Network and computer systems administrators

15-1244

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change - share decreases as computer network tasks continue to be automated and consolidated, reducing the demand for network and computer systems administrators.

Computer programmers

15-1251

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as computer programming work continues to be automated, allowing computer programmers to become more efficient in some of their tasks.

Computer programmers

15-1251

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Occupational substitution - share decreases as computer programming tasks are more commonly performed by other computer occupations.

Software developers

15-1252

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as continued demand for devices to include software components and are connected to the internet, including IoT connected devices, will support an increased demand for software developers.

Software developers

15-1252

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

541710

Demand change - share increases as research and development of technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), autonomous and electric vehicles, robotics and other automation applications, and various other technologies is expected to drive demand for research and development of new software that will enable and deploy these various technologies.

Software quality assurance analysts and testers

15-1253

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as software development enhancements needed to support expanding technologies, including Internet of Things (IoT) connected devices, will support an increased demand for software quality assurance analysts and testers.

Web developers

15-1254

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as website and web application development is expanded as e-commerce continues to expand, increasing the demand for web developers.

Web and digital interface designers

15-1255

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as website and web application development is expanded as e-commerce continues to expand, increasing the demand for web and digital interface designers.

Computer occupations, all other

15-1299

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as the federal government continues to fend off cyber threats from both domestic and international bad actors.

Actuaries

15-2011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as a greater emphasis on identifying, quantifying, and managing risks leads to greater demand for actuaries to analyze the financial costs of risks and uncertainty.

Operations research analysts

15-2031

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire operations research analysts to analyze data to help optimize and improve business processes.

Statisticians

15-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire statisticians to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.

Data scientists

15-2051

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of digital and electronic data are collected over the projections decade. Businesses in all industries will hire data scientists to analyze data to help improve business processes and design and develop new products.

Architects, except landscape and naval

17-1011

Engineering services

541330

Occupational substitution - share increases as architects take on the duties formerly performed by architectural paraprofessionals.

Aerospace engineers

17-2011

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as aerospace engineers are needed to support the government's increased interest in space, especially given the newly established Space Force military branch.

Agricultural engineers

17-2021

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as growing concern related to the effects of climate change on agriculture supports increased demand for agricultural engineers.

Agricultural engineers

17-2021

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as growing concern related to the effects of climate change on agriculture supports increased demand for agricultural engineers.

Chemical engineers

17-2041

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Demand change - share increases as chemical manufacturing processes undergo increasing complexity and requirements changes (availability, sustainability); there will be more of a need for chemical engineers, who are tasked with designing these manufacturing systems and processes.

Civil engineers

17-2051

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Civil engineers

17-2051

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Civil engineers

17-2051

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Civil engineers

17-2051

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as demand for new infrastructure projects will lead to more demand for civil engineers.

Computer hardware engineers

17-2061

Computer systems design and related services

541500

Demand change - share decreases as companies increase their focus on software innovation compared to hardware to support expanded use of growing technologies, tempering the demand for computer hardware engineers.

Electrical engineers

17-2071

Communications equipment manufacturing

334200

Demand change - share increases as innovations in communications equipment drive demand for electrical engineers to research, design, and develop new equipment, and facilitate their production.

Electrical engineers

17-2071

Audio and video equipment manufacturing

334300

Demand change - share increases as innovations in audio and video equipment drive demand for electrical engineers to research, design, and develop new equipment, and facilitate their production.

Electrical engineers

17-2071

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

334500

Demand change - share increases as innovations in navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments drive demand for electrical engineers to research, design, and develop new equipment and instruments, and facilitate their production.

Electrical engineers

17-2071

Electric lighting equipment manufacturing

335100

Demand change - share increases as these workers are needed to continue developments in LED efficiency and technology.

Electronics engineers, except computer

17-2072

Audio and video equipment manufacturing

334300

Demand change - share increases as innovations in audio and video equipment drive demand for electronics engineers to research, design, and develop new equipment, and facilitate their production.

Electronics engineers, except computer

17-2072

Telecommunications

517000

Demand change - share increases as firms require more electronics engineers to implement newer telecommunications technology, such as 5G.

Environmental engineers

17-2081

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change and the need to improve water and air quality will support demand for environmental engineers.

Industrial engineers

17-2112

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as increasingly complex manufacturing processes, logistics and supply chains drive demand for industrial engineers to design and develop them.

Marine engineers and naval architects

17-2121

Ship and boat building

336600

Demand change - share increases as ships and ports in the U.S. continue to come under pressure to meet international standards on the reduction in air pollution from ships, driving demand for marine engineers and naval architects to design and operate ships and port facilities that meet stricter emissions requirements.

Materials engineers

17-2131

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing

331100

Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.

Materials engineers

17-2131

Alumina and aluminum production and processing

331300

Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet production needs.

Materials engineers

17-2131

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Demand change - share increases as additional high tech and environmentally friendly materials and processes will be needed to meet the needs of the aerospace industry, e.g. lighter, stronger materials to improve efficiency.

Mechanical engineers

17-2141

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as growing automation and innovation of mechanical and machinery products, equipment, and systems drive demand for mechanical engineers to design, develop, test, and maintain them.

Architectural and civil drafters

17-3011

Engineering services

541330

Productivity change - share decreases as software advances allow drafters to perform their tasks more efficiently.

Electrical and electronics drafters

17-3012

Engineering services

541330

Productivity change - share decreases as software capabilities allow drafters to perform work more rapidly.

Mechanical drafters

17-3013

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as software makes design process more efficient and allows drafters to produce designs for rapid prototype development.

Drafters, all other

17-3019

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as advanced CAD software allows design professionals to perform tasks more efficiently.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

17-3021

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

334500

Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.

Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians

17-3021

Engineering services

541330

Demand change - share increases as new aerospace products such as small satellites and drones require testing to comply with FAA regulations.

Civil engineering technologists and technicians

17-3022

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as fewer civil engineering technicians are needed due to improved drafting software, such as CAD, which increases their productivity.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing

334100

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023

Communications equipment manufacturing

334200

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

334400

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

17-3023

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

334500

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics and automation of tasks such as assembly and testing increase the productivity of workers.

Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians

17-3024

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation in manufacturing continues to increase.

Environmental engineering technologists and technicians

17-3025

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as automation of environmental testing increases.

Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

17-3027

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in computer-aided design software, knowledge-based systems, and related technologies allow these workers to perform routine tasks more efficiently.

Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians

17-3027

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing

334100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation and robotics take over some of the responsibilities of this occupation.

Conservation scientists

19-1031

Social advocacy organizations

813300

Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for conservation scientists.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

541710

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Research and development in the social sciences and humanities

541720

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improves the ability to discover, identify, and understand more about them.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.

Epidemiologists

19-1041

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as the volume of data shared and analyzed across the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is expected to grow.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences

541710

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Research and development in the social sciences and humanities

541720

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Medical scientists, except epidemiologists

19-1042

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; local

611303

Demand change - share increases as more research is needed to effectively combat the adverse health consequences of diseases as advances in health technology improve the ability to discover, identify, and understand new cures and treatments.

Chemists

19-2031

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Demand change - share increases as chemists are employed to investigate findings in nanotechnology for medical purposes.

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

19-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as growing public concern around the effects of climate change will support demand for environmental scientists and specialists.

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

19-2041

Social advocacy organizations

813300

Demand change - share increases as social advocacy for environmental protection and conservation is expected to increase over the projections decade, driving demand for environmental scientists and specialists.

Hydrologists

19-2043

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

541600

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as AI replace hydrologists for some data analysis activities.

Economists

19-3011

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

541600

Demand change - share increases as consulting firms increasingly turn to economists to apply analysis of big data to pricing, advertising, and other business areas.

Survey researchers

19-3022

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as data collection increasingly occurs via mobile technologies and automated techniques.

Clinical and counseling psychologists

19-3033

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.

School psychologists

19-3034

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors and psychologists to help students.

Political scientists

19-3094

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as government agencies and social science organizations increasingly seek public policy research, analysis, and expertise.

Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians

19-4043

Oil and gas extraction

211000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians

19-4043

Support activities for mining

213000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Hydrologic technicians

19-4044

Oil and gas extraction

211000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Hydrologic technicians

19-4044

Support activities for mining

213000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved processes, software, and technology reduce the need for some technicians.

Social science research assistants

19-4061

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

541600

Demand change - share increases as consulting firms will need social science research assistants to analyze the increasing amounts of data collected in order to support and improve research and policy decisions.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

Testing laboratories

541380

Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Forensic science technicians

19-4092

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as technological enhancements point to heightened intensity of physical evidence detection and analysis tasks in criminal investigation, contributing to broadened tasks and demand for forensic science technologists.

Occupational health and safety specialists

19-5011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as employers increasingly prioritize worker health and safety. This will be largely driven by an increased focus on employee well-being, the introduction of new technologies in the workplace, and a greater prevalence of climate-related hazards.

Occupational health and safety technicians

19-5012

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as employers increasingly prioritize worker health and safety. This will be largely driven by an increased focus on employee well-being, the introduction of new technologies in the workplace, and a greater prevalence of climate-related hazards.

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

21-1012

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students.

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

21-1012

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as more departments add career counselors to help students get jobs.

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors

21-1018

Research and development in the social sciences and humanities

541720

Demand change - share increases as a stronger emphasis on holistic care and treatment in health care models increases demand for research in the fields of substance abuse and mental health.

Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors

21-1018

Offices of mental health practitioners (except physicians)

621330

Demand change - share increases as demand rises for treatment of patients with mental and behavioral issues, including opioid addiction.

Community health workers

21-1094

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as community health workers are uniquely positioned to support cost-effective healthcare services, such as advising members of the public or community groups on issues related to improving general health, including diet, exercise, and reducing the spread of communicable diseases.

Directors, religious activities and education

21-2021

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share increases as more families are able to choose religious based schools.

Lawyers

23-1011

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change - share increases as companies insource their legal needs from outside law firms to their own in-house legal departments as a way to cut down on costs.

Lawyers

23-1011

Legal services

541100

Demand change - share increases as companies, which typically lack such expertise, will seek specialized legal services and expertise from law firms.

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers

23-2093

Legal services

541100

Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.

Legal support workers, all other

23-2099

Legal services

541100

Sourcing change - share decreases as law firms outsource an increasing amount of back office, administrative, and non-lawyer functions as a way to streamline operations and lower costs for clients.

Business teachers, postsecondary

25-1011

Junior colleges; private

611205

Demand change - share decreases as demand for business degrees is expected to decrease.

Business teachers, postsecondary

25-1011

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as demand for business degrees is expected to increase.

Computer science teachers, postsecondary

25-1021

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as labor market demand for STEM occupations and growing numbers of degrees conferred in computer science result in additional computer science professors.

Engineering teachers, postsecondary

25-1032

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as demand for engineering degrees is expected to increase.

Biological science teachers, postsecondary

25-1042

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as demand for biology courses is expected to increase.

Psychology teachers, postsecondary

25-1066

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as demand for psychology degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071

Junior colleges; private

611205

Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Health specialties teachers, postsecondary

25-1071

Technical and trade schools; private

611505

Demand change - share increases as demand for health specialty degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072

Junior colleges; private

611205

Demand change - share increases as demand for nursing degrees is expected to increase.

Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary

25-1072

Technical and trade schools; private

611505

Demand change - share increases as demand for nurses and nurse-type training is expected to increase.

English language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1123

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market.

Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary

25-1124

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market at the expense of humanities fields.

History teachers, postsecondary

25-1125

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share decreases as states prioritize workforce development programs and fields of study perceived as more valuable to the labor market at the expense of humanities fields.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194

Junior colleges; private

611205

Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194

Junior colleges; state

611202

Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary

25-1194

Junior colleges; local

611203

Demand change - share decreases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service. Additionally, the number of high school graduates is projected to decrease.

Postsecondary teachers, all other

25-1199

Junior colleges; private

611205

Demand change - share increases as enrollments in career and technical education courses decrease in favor of other fields, such as communications, design, healthcare, and public service.

Preschool teachers, except special education

25-2011

Child day care services

624400

Demand change - share increases as academic-based early childhood education curriculums grow in usage.

Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and english as a second language instructors

25-3011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as enrollment rates in ABE and ASE classes are expected to decline due to fewer high school dropouts, which will reduce the need for these types of teachers.

Substitute teachers, short-term

25-3031

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share increases as an increase in paid leave for full-time teachers will increase demand for short-term substitute teachers relative to other occupations.

Tutors

25-3041

Educational support services; private

611705

Demand change - share increases as demand for tutors increases as a result of students seeking to differentiate themselves from other prospective applicants to undergraduate and graduate postsecondary degree programs.

Library technicians

25-4031

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services

519000

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Junior colleges; state

611202

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Junior colleges; local

611203

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Library technicians

25-4031

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library technicians.

Farm and home management educators

25-9021

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as continued industry consolidation in agriculture reduces the number of farmers, and by extension the needed number of farm and home management advisors.

Special effects artists and animators

27-1014

Television broadcasting stations

516120

Productivity change - share decreases as local television broadcast affiliates consolidate and share staff in order to reduce operating costs.

Special effects artists and animators

27-1014

Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers

516210

Productivity change - share decreases as local television broadcast affiliates consolidate and share staff in order to reduce operating costs.

Fashion designers

27-1022

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as an expected increase in demand for a constant flow of new fashion designs has been accelerated by social media influencers and by retailers advertising and selling directly to consumers online.

Floral designers

27-1023

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as consumers prefer unarranged flowers.

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers

27-1026

Advertising, public relations, and related services

541800

Demand change - share decreases as increasing digital advertising results in reduced demand for the services provided by in-store brick-and-mortar merchandise displayers and window trimmers.

Producers and directors

27-2012

Advertising, public relations, and related services

541800

Demand change - share increases as more filmed content leads to additional commercials and advertising, particularly online video ads, which also need to be produced and directed.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as demand for sports coaching and recruiting needs grow in colleges, universities, and professional schools.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Other schools and instruction; private

611605

Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Spectator sports

711200

Demand change - share increases as professional sports teams invest more resources into coaching, strategy, and analysis, with particular emphasis on data analytics, and therefore hire more coaches and scouts.

Coaches and scouts

27-2022

Fitness and recreational sports centers

713940

Demand change - share increases as demand for sports and recreation instruction continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Music directors and composers

27-2041

Elementary and secondary schools; private

611105

Demand change - share decreases as private schools face declines in enrollment and tuition, forcing cuts for arts education, including music programs.

Music directors and composers

27-2041

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share decreases as public school systems are cutting funding for arts education, including music programs.

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

27-3011

Radio broadcasting stations

516110

Demand change - share decreases as demand for announcers and on-air talent is decreasing as many radio stations are consolidating locations or opting for a DJ-free format.

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

27-3011

Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers

516210

Demand change - share decreases as demand for announcers and on-air talent is decreasing as many radio stations are consolidating locations or opting for a DJ-free format.

Technical writers

27-3042

Management, scientific, and technical consulting services

541600

Demand change - share increases as the need to create technical materials, including training and user manuals, for a wide range of users increases the demand for the services provided by technical writers.

Writers and authors

27-3043

Independent artists, writers, and performers

711500

Demand change - share increases as self-publishing rises with e-books and audiobooks, supporting demand for writers and authors within the independent artists, writers, and performers industry.

Audio and video technicians

27-4011

Sound recording industries

512200

Demand change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, reducing demand for in-studio record production.

Broadcast technicians

27-4012

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as technology including Artificial Intelligence (AI) allow technicians to perform more activities onsite and in remote locations.

Sound engineering technicians

27-4014

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as the use of wireless technology and AI systems allow technicians to perform tasks more efficiently.

Sound engineering technicians

27-4014

Sound recording industries

512200

Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technologies such as digital audio workstations allow more artists to produce their own recordings, while wireless technology and AI systems allow technicians to perform tasks more efficiently.

Lighting technicians

27-4015

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as technology, including AI systems, allows workers to design and operate lighting displays.

Camera operators, television, video, and film

27-4031

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as robotic cameras replace services previously provided by camera operators.

Camera operators, television, video, and film

27-4031

Television broadcasting stations

516120

Demand change - share increases as more video content requires filming before it is distributed.

Camera operators, television, video, and film

27-4031

Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers

516210

Demand change - share increases as more video content requires filming before it is distributed.

Film and video editors

27-4032

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as more video content requires editing before it is distributed.

Film and video editors

27-4032

Television broadcasting stations

516120

Demand change - share increases as more video content requires editing before it is distributed.

Film and video editors

27-4032

Media streaming distribution services, social networks, and other media networks and content providers

516210

Demand change - share increases as more video content requires editing before it is distributed.

Chiropractors

29-1011

Offices of chiropractors

621310

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for chiropractic treatment, due to its growing popularity and recognition as a valid nonopioid approach to manage pain, will result in increased demand for chiropractors.

Dentists, general

29-1021

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dentists, general

29-1021

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the expanding scope of practice of dental hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dietitians and nutritionists

29-1031

Offices of all other health practitioners

621390

Demand change - share increases as consumer interest and demand for nutrition services grow.

Dietitians and nutritionists

29-1031

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as dietitians are increasingly needed to provide nutrition care to veterans.

Optometrists

29-1041

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share increases as the adoption of integrated eye care models shifts primary care responsibilities to optometrists, allowing ophthalmologists to focus on more complex cases and surgery. The expanding scope of practice of optometrists further supports this trend.

Pharmacists

29-1051

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.

Pharmacists

29-1051

General merchandise retailers

455000

Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacists in retail settings.

Pharmacists

29-1051

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change - share increases as pharmacists� roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care.

Pharmacists

29-1051

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share increases as pharmacists� roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Pharmacists

29-1051

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Demand change - share increases as pharmacists� roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Pharmacists

29-1051

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share increases as pharmacists� roles in health care delivery expand and providers increasingly integrate pharmacists into team-based models of care. The growth of the specialty drug market will support this trend further within hospitals.

Physician assistants

29-1071

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Physician assistants

29-1071

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Physician assistants

29-1071

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Physician assistants

29-1071

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners. Also, advances in technologies will slow the growth of other administrative and support occupations relative to all professional healthcare providers.

Podiatrists

29-1081

Offices of all other health practitioners

621390

Occupational substitution - share decreases as team-care models grow in popularity.

Occupational therapists

29-1122

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local

622303

Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.

Physical therapists

29-1123

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change - share increases as physical therapists are increasingly integrated into team-based models of care to help patients manage their pain conditions without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Physical therapists

29-1123

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local

622303

Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Radiation therapists

29-1124

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as increased adoption of radiotherapy techniques that deliver higher doses of radiation over fewer fractions allows radiation therapists to treat a greater number of patients.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions around the types of rehabilitation therapies that can be provided in hospitals constrain demand for recreational therapists.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; private

622205

Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric and substance abuse treatment grows, translating into a greater need for recreational therapists for implementation of inpatient treatment programs.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals; state

622202

Demand change - share increases as demand for psychiatric and substance abuse treatment grows, translating into a greater need for recreational therapists for implementation of inpatient treatment programs.

Recreational therapists

29-1125

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Demand change - share decreases as funding constraints for recreational therapy services reduce demand for recreational therapists.

Respiratory therapists

29-1126

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as the demand for respiratory care services grows. Respiratory therapists will be increasingly needed across hospital and non-hospital settings to treat a wide variety of conditions and patients.

Speech-language pathologists

29-1127

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as an aging population, higher autism-spectrum and special needs, and expanded service provision at schools increases demand for speech-language pathologists.

Registered nurses

29-1141

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Demand change - share increases as insurance companies increasingly employ registered nurses to manage complex compensation and medical coverage requests.

Registered nurses

29-1141

Other insurance related activities

524290

Demand change - share increases as third party administrator companies increasingly employ registered nurses to manage complex workers compensation and medical benefits for other companies.

Registered nurses

29-1141

Temporary help services

561320

Demand change - share increases as hospitals and other healthcare facilities increasingly use temporary help services to staff some of temporary their positions for registered nurses.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse anesthetists

29-1151

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share increases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

Offices of all other health practitioners

621390

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Nurse practitioners

29-1171

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share increases as growing demand for healthcare services will not be able to be met by expected growth in physicians and surgeons. This will encourage the adoption of team-based healthcare provision models which increasingly utilize physician assistants and nurse practitioners.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Anesthesiologists

29-1211

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the anesthesia care team model becomes more common and practice autonomy of nurse anesthetists expands, allowing for greater utilization of nurse anesthetists relative to anesthesiologists.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

Emergency medicine physicians

29-1214

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share decreases as nurse practitioners and physician assistants are increasingly utilized, relative to emergency medicine physicians, to provide care in hospital emergency departments.

General internal medicine physicians

29-1216

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution, sourcing change - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse. Internists are also expected to increasingly work for hospitals.

Obstetricians and gynecologists

29-1218

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share decreases as care teams (including nurses, physicians assistants, and other care professionals) are expected to become larger and more diverse.

Pediatricians, general

29-1221

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change, occupational substitution - share decreases as the portion of the national population under 18 continues to fall, and team-based care models grow.

Psychiatrists

29-1223

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for psychiatric services increases the need for psychiatrists.

Orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric

29-1242

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.

Pediatric surgeons

29-1243

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.

Surgeons, all other

29-1249

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share decreases as surgeons increasingly become employed by hospitals and larger financial entities which are more efficient at dealing with risk.

Dental hygienists

29-1292

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dental hygienists

29-1292

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Dental hygienists

29-1292

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Occupational substitution - share increases as the expanding scope of practice of hygienists allows them to take on tasks previously performed by dentists.

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

29-2010

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share decreases as physicians� offices send more lab work to medical and diagnostic laboratories instead of doing it in-house.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Diagnostic medical sonographers

29-2032

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share increases as sonographers are used to save on costs for non-invasive imaging. Ultrasound imaging will increasingly be used to initially screen patients to determine the extent or type of treatment needed.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Nuclear medicine technologists

29-2033

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share decreases as a challenging reimbursement environment for diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals inhibits the use of nuclear medicine procedures, constraining demand for technologists.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private

622305

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Radiologic technologists and technicians

29-2034

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state

622302

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Sourcing change - share increases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures to non-hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private

622305

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

29-2035

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state

622302

Sourcing change - share decreases as government and insurance policy changes steer patient demand for imaging procedures away from hospital settings.

Emergency medical technicians

29-2042

Ambulance services

621910

Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Emergency medical technicians

29-2042

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Occupational substitution - share increases as emergency medical technicians increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Paramedics

29-2043

Ambulance services

621910

Occupational substitution - share increases as paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Paramedics

29-2043

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Occupational substitution - share increases as paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Employer expectations regarding the ability to drive an ambulance will also contribute to this trend.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052

General merchandise retailers

455000

Occupational substitution, demand change - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. This will be partially offset by lower demand due to the consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies.

Pharmacy technicians

29-2052

Pharmacies and drug retailers

456110

Occupational substitution - share increases as pharmacy technicians expand their role, taking on some of the tasks performed by pharmacists. The loosening of pharmacist-to-technician ratios across states is likely to support this trend further.

Ophthalmic medical technicians

29-2057

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of physicians increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing ophthalmologists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.

Ophthalmic medical technicians

29-2057

Offices of optometrists

621320

Occupational substitution - share increases as offices of optometrists increasingly employ ophthalmic medical technicians who can perform a variety of patient care tasks, allowing optometrists to examine more patients and do other more complex tasks.

Medical records specialists

29-2072

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change, productivity change - share increases as the demand for health care services and complexity of medical coding grow. This demand for medical records specialists will be partially offset by the use of AI-based tools that make the medical coding process more efficient.

Orthotists and prosthetists

29-2091

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Demand change - share increases as an aging population and rise in age-related illnesses combined with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes as well as other health issues and amputations will translate into a greater need for orthotic and prosthetic services.

Hearing aid specialists

29-2092

General merchandise retailers

455000

Demand change - share increases as an aging population increases the demand for hearing aids. Retailers will increasingly employ hearing aid specialists to dispense these devices.

Health technologists and technicians, all other

29-2099

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of respiratory therapy technicians decreases because these workers are no longer credentialed separately from respiratory therapists.

Health information technologists and medical registrars

29-9021

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as larger amounts of health data are generated over the coming years. Organizations across all industries, especially those tied to healthcare, will need technologists and registrars to process the data to support operational and clinical decision-making.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share increases as the demand for athletic health care grows. Colleges and universities will increasingly hire athletic trainers to help student athletes prevent and recover from injuries as well as perform at their highest level.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with physicians' offices to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists

621340

Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with clinics to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.

Athletic trainers

29-9091

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share increases as financial constraints faced by academic institutions prompt them to contract athletic trainer services with hospitals to meet their athletic health care needs.

Genetic counselors

29-9092

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as the number and quality of genetic tests is increasing while costs are decreasing.

Home health and personal care aides

31-1120

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.

Home health and personal care aides

31-1120

Private households

814000

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for long-term care services primarily flows to home-and community-based settings rather than institutional settings, translating into a greater need for aides specifically.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011

Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists

621340

Demand change - share increases as adjustments continue to be made in business and payment models which attempt to increase the supply of occupational therapy services to meet excess demand.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011

Home healthcare services

621600

Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local

622303

Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and occupational therapy services are increasingly needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and adapt daily activities that allow them to maintain their independence.

Occupational therapy assistants

31-2011

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their occupational therapy workforce.

Occupational therapy aides

31-2012

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions in the reimbursement of services provided by occupational therapy aides dampens demand for the occupation.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021

Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists

621340

Demand change - share increases as physical therapists increasingly attempt to leverage their own labor and continue to react to rule changes and business trends.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021

Home healthcare services

621600

Demand change - share increases as home health care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local

622303

Demand change - share increases as more local specialty hospitals transition to team-based models of care and physical therapy services are increasingly in needed to help patients rehabilitate injuries and manage chronic pain without the use of pharmaceuticals.

Physical therapist assistants

31-2021

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Demand change - share increases as nursing care facilities increasingly attempt to leverage their physical therapy workforce.

Physical therapist aides

31-2022

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as payer restrictions in the reimbursement of services provided by physical therapist aides dampens demand for the occupation.

Massage therapists

31-9011

Offices of chiropractors

621310

Demand change - share increases as more offices of chiropractors hire massage therapists to offer integrated therapy services to patients.

Massage therapists

31-9011

Offices of all other health practitioners

621390

Demand change - share increases as massage therapy is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness and gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief.

Massage therapists

31-9011

Personal care services

812100

Demand change - share increases as massage therapy is increasingly used to help maintain overall wellness and gains more acceptance as a form of pain relief.

Medical assistants

31-9092

Offices of physicians

621100

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical assistants

31-9092

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Occupational substitution - share increases as healthcare providers increasingly adopt team-based provision models, and delegate administrative duties and other basic tasks from physicians to assistants.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

Offices of physicians

621100

Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Medical transcriptionists

31-9094

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Sourcing change - share decreases as transcription services are moved out of traditional healthcare settings to third-party providers.

Pharmacy aides

31-9095

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.

Pharmacy aides

31-9095

General merchandise retailers

455000

Demand change - share decreases as consolidation of the retail pharmacy industry and patient use of mail-order/online pharmacies dampen demand for pharmacy aides in retail settings.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011

Facilities support services

561200

Demand change - share decreases as states reduce their reliance on private prisons.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

33-1011

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share decreases as states seek to reduce prison populations.

First-line supervisors of security workers

33-1091

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as fewer security guards require proportionately fewer first-line supervisors.

Firefighters

33-2011

Forestry

1131-2

Demand change - share increases as more frequent and severe wildfires will increase the demand for fire suppression.

Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists

33-2022

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as increasingly destructive wild land fires will increase the demand for fire prevention.

Bailiffs

33-3011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as caseloads continue to decline and courts consolidate.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012

Facilities support services

561200

Demand change - share decreases as prison populations, and the reliance on private prisons, are expected to decline.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share decreases as state governments seek to reduce prison populations.

Correctional officers and jailers

33-3012

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share decreases as local governments seek to reduce prison populations.

Fish and game wardens

33-3031

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share decreases as declining rates of hunting among Americans may continue to constrain future demand for employment of fish and game wardens.

Parking enforcement workers

33-3041

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as cities continue to adopt automated license plate readers.

Security guards

33-9032

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing, including drones and autonomous robots, allow security guards to patrol larger areas.

Security guards

33-9032

Spectator sports

711200

Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.

Security guards

33-9032

Amusement parks and arcades

713100

Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.

Security guards

33-9032

Gambling industries (except casino hotels)

713200

Productivity change - share decreases as improvements in remote sensing and autonomous robots allow security guards to patrol larger areas.

School bus monitors

33-9094

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share decreases as local school districts, which are faced with limited funding, are expected to allocate funds to other spending categories in lieu of bus monitors, who are not widely required by law. Lack of funding will continue to limit future demand for bus monitors.

Chefs and head cooks

35-1011

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Chefs and head cooks

35-1011

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Demand change - share increases as more senior living facilities hire chefs and head cooks to improve food options at their facilities.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Sourcing change - share decreases as nursing care facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

35-1012

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Sourcing change - share decreases as facilities continue to outsource food preparation services.

Cooks, fast food

35-2011

Full-service restaurants

722511

Occupational substitution - share decreases as restaurants hire fast food and counter workers instead of fast food cooks.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014

Fitness and recreational sports centers

713940

Demand change - share decreases as fitness consumers choose to get their food from sources outside of the gym caf�.

Cooks, restaurant

35-2014

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)

722400

Demand change - share increases as consumers demand more high-quality healthy food options.

Cooks, short order

35-2015

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly expand concessions offerings and services to include meals, beverages, and full restaurant services.

Cooks, short order

35-2015

Full-service restaurants

722511

Demand change - share decreases as restaurants continue to prefer restaurant cooks over short order cooks due to a greater skill set.

Cooks, all other

35-2019

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Sourcing change - share decreases as schools continue to outsource food preparation.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Sourcing change - share decreases as more hospitals outsource food service.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Sourcing change - share decreases as hospitals continue to outsource food preparation services.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

Nursing care facilities (skilled nursing facilities)

623100

Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly

623300

Sourcing change - share decreases as food service is outsourced.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

Full-service restaurants

722511

Occupational substitution - share decreases as other workers take on the duties of food preparation workers.

Food preparation workers

35-2021

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Sourcing change - share decreases as jails and other local government agencies outsource food services.

Bartenders

35-3011

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly offer more diverse concessions, including alcoholic beverages and traditional restaurant experiences.

Bartenders

35-3011

Casino hotels

721120

Productivity change - share decreases as establishments adopt automatic pouring, measuring, and mixing beverage systems.

Waiters and waitresses

35-3031

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as movie theaters increasingly add partial or full restaurant services to existing traditional concessions to encourage attendance.

Waiters and waitresses

35-3031

Full-service restaurants

722511

Productivity change - share decreases as adoption of technologies enables more self-service, including online ordering and payments, and will allow waiters and waitresses to serve more customers.

Food servers, nonrestaurant

35-3041

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus and services to moviegoers in addition to traditional concessions.

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

35-9011

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

35-9011

Special food services

722300

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the number of food trucks expands which do not typically employ attendants and helpers.

Dishwashers

35-9021

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as movie theaters are increasingly offering partial or full restaurant menus to moviegoers to encourage attendance. Dishwashers will be needed as offerings require more involved preparation and larger kitchens.

Dishwashers

35-9021

Full-service restaurants

722511

Demand change - share decreases as an increasing number of delivery and carryout options reduces the number of dishes which need to be washed in-house.

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

35-9031

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

35-9031

Full-service restaurants

722511

Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing number of restaurants use robots to assist hosts and hostesses seat customers.

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

35-9099

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share increases as traditional movie theaters continue to expand their food and beverage offerings and the number of luxury or boutique movie theaters continues to increase.

Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as the continued use of hi-tech cleaning methods will increase the productivity of janitors and cleaners, assisting with tasks that they previously did manually.

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2012

Casino hotels

721120

Demand change - share decreases as environmentally conscious guests take advantage of option to decline daily housekeeping services.

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

37-2012

Rooming and boarding houses, dormitories, and workers' camps

721300

Demand change - share increases as young residents outsourcing daily chores (such as cleaning) becomes more common in shared living spaces.

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

37-3011

Death care services

812200

Demand change - share decreases as the demand for traditional burials (compared to cremations) declines, thereby resulting in less demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to prepare gravesites.

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

37-3011

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as local governments increase their focus to plant more green spaces in urban areas, resulting in an increased demand for landscaping and groundskeeping workers to plant and maintain these green spaces.

Tree trimmers and pruners

37-3013

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as local governments desire more trees in urban areas.

Animal caretakers

39-2021

Other personal services

812900

Demand change - share increases as more Americans own pets, and pet owners are spending more on their pets, which will continue to drive demand for animal caretakers in other personal services.

Gambling and sports book writers and runners

39-3012

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as the number of online betting options increase allowing betters to forgo travel to physical locations.

Motion picture projectionists

39-3021

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Demand change - share decreases as increased demand for alternative content, or event cinema, at movie theaters will reduce demand for motion picture projectionists to set up and operate motion picture projection.

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

39-3031

Promoters of performing arts, sports, and similar events

711300

Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the adoption of more efficient, contactless ticketing and check-in systems.

Amusement and recreation attendants

39-3091

Amusement parks and arcades

713100

Productivity change - share decreases as productivity improves through the expansion in touchless technology, including through use of AI, RFID, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices.

Embalmers

39-4011

Death care services

812200

Demand change - share decreases as more cremations take place and fewer embalming services are needed.

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

39-9031

Other schools and instruction; private

611605

Demand change - share increases as enrollment numbers continue to grow within sports and recreation instruction establishments.

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

39-9031

Other personal services

812900

Demand change - share increases as a growing interests for healthier lifestyle, including exercise and fitness, among all segments of adult population results in demand for more trainers and instructors to workout with individuals and groups.

Cashiers

41-2011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

General merchandise retailers

455000

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online orders for pickup or delivery increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Building material and supplies dealers

444100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the use of self-checkout systems becomes more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Electronics and appliance retailers

449200

Occupational substitution, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons complete transactions and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Clothing and clothing accessories retailers

458100

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.

Cashiers

41-2011

Shoe retailers

458200

Occupational substitution - share decreases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties typical of a cashier, such as by processing transactions themselves.

Cashiers

41-2011

Book retailers and news dealers

459200

Occupational substitution - share decreases as the duties of a dedicated cashier are often performed by retail salespersons.

Cashiers

41-2011

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, land

487100

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water

487200

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, other

487900

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Motion picture and video exhibition

512130

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online sales increase and self-checkout systems become more common.

Cashiers

41-2011

Spectator sports

711200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011

Amusement parks and arcades

713100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011

Gambling industries (except casino hotels)

713200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as self-checkout systems become more common and increasingly replace cashiers.

Cashiers

41-2011

Casino hotels

721120

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as casino hotels increasingly use mobile payment devices which allow customers to pay at their table.

Cashiers

41-2011

Special food services

722300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011

Drinking places (alcoholic beverages)

722400

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems adopted by drinking places will require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011

Full-service restaurants

722511

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increasing adoption of online ordering and payment and self-checkout systems by restaurants require fewer cashiers for payment processing.

Cashiers

41-2011

Drycleaning and laundry services

812300

Demand change - share decreases as demand for pick-up and drop-off of dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments declines.

Gambling change persons and booth cashiers

41-2012

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment systems replace the need for workers.

Counter and rental clerks

41-2021

Drycleaning and laundry services

812300

Demand change - share decreases as demand for dry cleaning at dry cleaning establishments falls and pick up and drop off laundry services at other establishments increase.

Retail salespersons

41-2031

Clothing and clothing accessories retailers

458100

Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Retail salespersons

41-2031

Shoe retailers

458200

Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Retail salespersons

41-2031

Book retailers and news dealers

459200

Occupational substitution - share increases as retail salespersons increasingly perform duties previously done by cashiers, such as processing transactions.

Advertising sales agents

41-3011

Advertising, public relations, and related services

541800

Demand change - share decreases as advertising in newspapers, magazines, paper coupons, and other direct mail advertising products decline, requiring fewer advertising sales agents.

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel

41-3091

Security systems services

561620

Demand change - share increases as companies increasingly adding new products and services, such as wireless, facial recognition, mobile surveillance services, and robotic security services, requiring additional sales workers to market and sell them to consumers.

Demonstrators and product promoters

41-9011

Advertising, public relations, and related services

541800

Demand change - share decreases as in-store shopping declines requiring fewer product in person demonstrations and promotions as digital promotion and demonstration via virtual and augmented reality advertising increases, and more freelancers demonstrate and promote products online.

Telemarketers

41-9041

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.

Telemarketers

41-9041

Business support services

561400

Demand change - share decreases as the Do Not Call registry from the FCC continues to grow, and companies increasingly use alternative digital marketing methods.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Scheduled air transportation

481100

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Insurance agencies and brokerages

524210

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

43-1011

Offices of physicians

621100

Demand change - share decreases as office and administrative support occupations decline, resulting in fewer first-line supervisors needed.

Switchboard operators, including answering service

43-2011

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to use automated phone systems.

Telephone operators

43-2021

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies continue to adopt automated phone systems.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Management of companies and enterprises

551000

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Bill and account collectors

43-3011

Business support services

561400

Productivity change - share decreases as automated collections software allows the same amount of collections work to be done with fewer human collectors.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, automating billing activities, requiring fewer clerks.

Billing and posting clerks

43-3021

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Productivity change - share decreases as automated billing software will allow more billing work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services

541200

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Exterminating and pest control services

561710

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Landscaping services

561730

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Offices of dentists

621200

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

Ambulance services

621910

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

43-3031

All other ambulatory healthcare services

621990

Productivity change - share decreases as automated bookkeeping software will allow more bookkeeping work to be done by fewer employees.

Gambling cage workers

43-3041

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as electronic payment and credit systems replace the need for workers.

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

43-3051

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as more payroll and timekeeping work is automated, reducing the need for these workers.

Procurement clerks

43-3061

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as procurement processes are increasingly automated, reducing the need for these workers.

Tellers

43-3071

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.

Tellers

43-3071

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology, including online and mobile applications, enhanced ATMs, and video teller kiosks, will perform tasks currently performed by tellers.

Financial clerks, all other

43-3099

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.

Financial clerks, all other

43-3099

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as various types of technology will perform some tasks currently performed by various financial clerks such as vault clerks and safety deposit clerks.

Brokerage clerks

43-4011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as technology automates many tasks formerly performed by these workers, including document processing and data entry.

Correspondence clerks

43-4021

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as increasingly capable automated document generators and online chat technology increase the productivity of these workers.

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

43-4041

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as the availability of online credit reports allows this work to be done more efficiently, reducing the need for these workers.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers

423400

Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers

424300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Wholesale trade agents and brokers

425000

Productivity change - share decreases as an increasing use of advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency that will require fewer customer service representatives to answer customer questions.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Scheduled air transportation

481100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Nonscheduled air transportation

481200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Rail transportation

482000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Support activities for air transportation

488100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Freight transportation arrangement

488500

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Other support activities for transportation

488900

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services

518000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as advances in speech, language, data, and images processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Insurance agencies and brokerages

524210

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Other insurance related activities

524290

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Exterminating and pest control services

561710

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Other support services

561900

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Medical and diagnostic laboratories

621500

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Ambulance services

621910

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

All other ambulatory healthcare services

621990

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Demand change - share increases as federal payment models emphasize patient satisfaction as a requirement for reimbursement. This will result in increased demand for customer service representatives employed in hospitals that continue to try to achieve high levels of patient satisfaction.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Spectator sports

711200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Amusement parks and arcades

713100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Gambling industries (except casino hotels)

713200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

Customer service representatives

43-4051

Fitness and recreational sports centers

713940

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as advances in speech and language processing allow computers to handle customer service interactions with greater frequency.

File clerks

43-4071

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as continued adoption of digital records permits other occupations to file and retrieve records on their own.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to focus on more complex and nuanced tasks.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

General medical and surgical hospitals; state

622102

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; private

622305

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; state

622302

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

43-4111

Specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals; local

622303

Productivity change - share decreases as digital data collection allows fewer interviewers to be needed, who will increasingly focus on more complex and nuanced patient needs.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services

519000

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Elementary and secondary schools; local

611103

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Junior colleges; state

611202

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Junior colleges; local

611203

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; state

611302

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Library assistants, clerical

43-4121

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share decreases as library usage declines, resulting in reduced need for library assistants.

Loan interviewers and clerks

43-4131

Other nondepository credit intermediation

522290

Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.

Loan interviewers and clerks

43-4131

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Productivity change - share decreases as credit companies adopt automated systems, which can perform many loan application tasks, and require reduced interactions with customers.

New accounts clerks

43-4141

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.

New accounts clerks

43-4141

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Productivity change - share decreases as bank customers increasingly use online and mobile tools to open bank accounts, reducing the need for these workers.

Order clerks

43-4151

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.

Order clerks

43-4151

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers

424300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as establishments continue to adopt automated order-taking systems.

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

43-4161

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as organizations combine their administrative functions and leverage HR technology, resulting in the need for fewer human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate data collection, document preparation, and other tasks performed by clerks.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171

Office administrative services

561100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.

Receptionists and information clerks

43-4171

Fitness and recreational sports centers

713940

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technology such as automated phone trees will continue to be used.

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

43-4181

Scheduled air transportation

481100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the tasks completed by reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks are completed by passengers using mobile applications and self-service kiosks to bypass the ticket counter.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021

Couriers and express delivery services

492100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021

Local messengers and local delivery

492200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021

Credit intermediation and related activities (5221,3)

5220A1

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as innovations such as e-delivery (and e-signatures) help get important and time-sensitive documents signed and delivered online, eliminating the expenses of printing and shipping signed documents for same day or overnight delivery.

Couriers and messengers

43-5021

Legal services

541100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as legally binding electronic signatures become more accepted and widely used and as more states adopt electronic document submission.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032

Taxi and limousine service

485300

Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032

Support activities for road transportation

488400

Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

43-5032

Security systems services

561620

Productivity change - share decreases as streamlined and automated dispatch systems process relatively simple transactions with less input from dispatchers.

Meter readers, utilities

43-5041

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as alternative remote meter reading technologies (e.g., AMR, AMI, and other smart systems) increasingly replace meter readers, allowing meter readers to be more productive and efficient. Innovative technology allows government and companies to remotely read meters more frequently.

Meter readers, utilities

43-5041

Natural gas distribution

221200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as smart meters that automatically send energy usage data increasingly replace manual meter readings.

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

43-5053

Postal service

491000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as continued gains are realized from improved sorting and tracking equipment and processes.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used to track products.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Support activities for water transportation

488300

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Freight transportation arrangement

488500

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Other support activities for transportation

488900

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

43-5071

Warehousing and storage

493000

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as continued adoption of tracking technologies, such as sensors, bar codes, and RFID, increases the ability of workers to process shipped and received packages. The share decreases are partially offset by the increased demand for shipping and receiving services due to the increased online sales.

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

43-5111

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as businesses increase use of process automation systems and integrate more activities into these systems.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine back office functions, such as documents preparation.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine clerical and office tasks.

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

43-6011

Office administrative services

561100

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants

43-6012

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows lawyers and paralegals to perform with fewer secretaries.

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants

43-6013

Veterinary services

541940

Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows workers to perform with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Land subdivision

237200

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and data sharing, require a reduced need for secretaries to perform these duties.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate some office clerical functions, such as documents preparation.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate routine office tasks.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Insurance agencies and brokerages

524210

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Other insurance related activities

524290

Productivity change - share decreases as companies use computer software, enhanced with AI technology, robotic process automation, optical character recognition, and natural language processing, to automate routine office tasks.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Legal services

541100

Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Office administrative services

561100

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Exterminating and pest control services

561710

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Landscaping services

561730

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Productivity change - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Offices of dentists

621200

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities

623220

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

43-6014

Other residential care facilities

623900

Occupational substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows work to be performed with fewer secretaries.

Data entry keyers

43-9021

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as organizations increasingly manage, store, and analyze large quantities of data, requiring traditional data entry methods to be replaced by automated processes through use of expanded technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), mobile data capture, and optical character recognition (OCR).

Word processors and typists

43-9022

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as other workers assume the functions of typists due to the ubiquity of typing skills and traditional typing methods continue to be replaced by automated processes through use of machine learning (ML) technologies.

Desktop publishers

43-9031

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change, occupational substitution - share decreases as organizations continue to publish their materials electronically instead of printing them and publishing software improvements make it easier for other workers, such as editors and graphic designers, to perform the duties of desktop publishers.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041

Insurance agencies and brokerages

524210

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

43-9041

Other insurance related activities

524290

Productivity change - share decreases as firms increase the use of computer software, enhanced with AI technology, to automate claims and policy processing.

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

43-9051

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies use machines with programmable software that continues to supplant some office mailing tasks. Share will decrease as correspondence and communication is increasingly done online and organizations utilize administrative staff to handle incoming and outgoing mail.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers

423100

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Apparel, piece goods, and notions merchant wholesalers

424300

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Nonscheduled air transportation

481200

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, water

487200

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, other

487900

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Support activities for air transportation

488100

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Support activities for rail transportation

488200

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Support activities for water transportation

488300

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Support activities for road transportation

488400

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Direct health and medical insurance carriers

524114

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Direct insurance (except life, health, and medical) carriers

524120

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Other insurance related activities

524290

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Office administrative services

561100

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Exterminating and pest control services

561710

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Landscaping services

561730

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Other support services

561900

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Colleges, universities, and professional schools; private

611305

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Offices of dentists

621200

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Ambulance services

621910

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

All other ambulatory healthcare services

621990

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

General medical and surgical hospitals; local

622103

Occupational substitution - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software allows other workers in offices to perform the duties of general office clerks.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Residential intellectual and developmental disability facilities

623210

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Residential mental health and substance abuse facilities

623220

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office clerks, general

43-9061

Other residential care facilities

623900

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology, such as electronic filing systems and file sharing software, require a lesser need for individuals to perform these duties.

Office machine operators, except computer

43-9071

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as offices become paperless and continue to use technology such as electronic filing systems.

Statistical assistants

43-9111

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as workers across a variety of disciplines can perform many of the tasks, such as compiling and analyzing data, once performed by statistical assistants.

Office and administrative support workers, all other

43-9199

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as increased use of technology require fewer workers to perform these duties such as stuffing envelopes.

Animal breeders

45-2021

Animal production and aquaculture

112000

Demand change - share increases as livestock farming operations increasingly emphasize new and improved breeding techniques.

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

45-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as enhanced technology will automatically sort and grade a growing number of agricultural products.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

Crop production

111000

Capital/labor substitution - share increases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations increase the demand for agricultural equipment operators to operate and monitor these devices and to make informed decisions using the data collected.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

Animal production and aquaculture

112000

Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

Support activities for agriculture and forestry

115000

Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

Farm product raw material merchant wholesalers

424500

Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Agricultural equipment operators

45-2091

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4241,7,9)

4240A3

Demand change - share increases as more sophisticated agricultural equipment is increasingly used for farming and related operations, resulting in a greater need for the workers who operate this equipment and less of a need for workers to do tasks by hand.

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse

45-2092

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.

Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse

45-2092

Crop production

111000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse employees.

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals

45-2093

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the mechanization of agricultural operations is expected to reduce demand for these workers, with a corresponding increase in demand for agricultural equipment operators.

Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals

45-2093

Crop production

111000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) and IoT connected devices utilized in agricultural operations reduce the demand for manual work previously completed by farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals employees.

Forest and conservation workers

45-4011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as the automation of some manual labor tasks in forest and conservation work reduces the needed number of these workers.

Fallers

45-4021

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers due increased mechanization.

Logging equipment operators

45-4022

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share increases as logging equipment operators will continue to take over some of the tasks performed by fallers and other logging workers who perform tasks by hand, given increased mechanization in the industry.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians, construction workers, and their supervisors in turn.

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

47-1011

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as more first-line supervisors are needed to manage expanding construction activities.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Other heavy and civil engineering construction

237900

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors

238220

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Other building equipment contractors

238290

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Boilermakers

47-2011

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance

811300

Demand change - share decreases as coal plants are closed or converted to natural gas.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021

Masonry contractors

238140

Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these workers needed onsite to install.

Brickmasons and blockmasons

47-2021

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.

Stonemasons

47-2022

Total employment

TE1000

Occupational substitution - share decreases as brickmasons and blockmasons increasingly install more stone products instead of stonemasons.

Carpet installers

47-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as other floor coverings replace carpet.

Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles

47-2042

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as more consumers choose resilient floor coverings.

Tile and stone setters

47-2044

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as tile and natural stone continue to gain share in overall flooring market sales.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

Total employment

TE1000

Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed and fewer workers are needed onsite to build forms and pour concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

Poured concrete foundation and structure contractors

238110

Sourcing change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Sourcing change, demand change - share decreases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are installed which is partially offset by the increased demand for polished concrete.

Cement masons and concrete finishers

47-2051

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Sourcing change - share increases as more precast and prefabricated concrete products are built off-site to be installed on-site by other workers.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Residential building construction

236100

Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as more laborers will be needed for road and bridge repair work.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Masonry contractors

238140

Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as an expanding electric vehicle (EV) charging network will increase the need for construction laborers for site preparation work prior to the installation of charging equipment.

Construction laborers

47-2061

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as construction laborers perform more tasks on construction sites related to the installation of prefabricated components and are needed to help with infrastructure work.

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

47-2071

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

47-2071

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Pile driver operators

47-2072

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as spending increases to repair infrastructure.

Pile driver operators

47-2072

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as spending increases to improve infrastructure.

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

47-2073

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as more money is allocated to road and bridge repair.

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

47-2073

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending related to roads and bridges increases leading to the need for more equipment operators.

Tapers

47-2082

Residential building construction

236100

Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082

Drywall and insulation contractors

238310

Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Tapers

47-2082

Painting and wall covering contractors

238320

Productivity change - share decreases as continuous flow equipment speeds up the taping and finishing process.

Electricians

47-2111

Residential building construction

236100

Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as growing demand for wind and solar installations, wiring for device connectivity, and electric vehicle (EV) charging will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors

238220

Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Electricians

47-2111

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as demand for wind and solar installations will increase the need for electricians to connect the electrical generation sources to the electrical grid.

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

47-2171

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new equipment is used to place and tie rebar replacing workers.

Sheet metal workers

47-2211

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors

238220

Sourcing change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated duct systems will reduce the need for sheet metal workers on residential construction sites.

Structural iron and steel workers

47-2221

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.

Structural iron and steel workers

47-2221

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient bridges.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231

Solar electric power generation

221114

Demand change - share increases as there are a growing number of utility sized solar operations which will need some panel replacement as they age or suffer damage due to weather. PV Installers will be needed to replace the defective modules.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.

Solar photovoltaic installers

47-2231

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors

238220

Demand change - share increases as the large number of private and government-led initiatives create demand for new solar panels installations.

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters

47-3011

Masonry contractors

238140

Sourcing change - share decreases as the increasing use of offsite manufactured prefabricated panels instead of onsite smaller bricks reduces the number of these helpers needed onsite to install.

Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters

47-3011

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Sourcing change - share increases as more brick veneer work is prepared offsite and panels are shipped from factories.

Helpers--carpenters

47-3012

Residential building construction

236100

Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.

Helpers--carpenters

47-3012

Nonresidential building construction

236200

Demand change - share decreases as the use of prefabricated materials replaces onsite carpenter and carpenters helpers assembly.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as more remote inspection technology is used.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.

Construction and building inspectors

47-4011

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Productivity change - share decreases as more localities use remote inspection technology.

Hazardous materials removal workers

47-4041

Waste treatment and disposal

562200

Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.

Hazardous materials removal workers

47-4041

Remediation and other waste management services

562900

Demand change - share decreases as less money is budgeted for hazardous material remediation activities as compared to recycling collection.

Highway maintenance workers

47-4051

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Highway maintenance workers

47-4051

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Highway maintenance workers

47-4051

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Highway maintenance workers

47-4051

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as infrastructure spending increases to repair deficient roads.

Derrick operators, oil and gas

47-5011

Support activities for mining

213000

Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of derrick operators required in oil and gas drilling.

Rotary drill operators, oil and gas

47-5012

Support activities for mining

213000

Productivity change - share decreases as advancements in automated well drilling boosts labor productivity and reduces the number of rotatory drill operators required in oil and gas drilling.

Service unit operators, oil and gas

47-5013

Support activities for mining

213000

Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity in oil and gas operations.

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

47-5022

Coal mining

212100

Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

47-5022

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

212300

Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

47-5023

Metal ore mining

212200

Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some drilling activities increases the productivity of earth drillers in metal mining operations.

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

47-5032

Metal ore mining

212200

Productivity change - share decreases as automation of some blasting activities increases the productivity of explosive workers in metal mining operations.

Roof bolters, mining

47-5043

Coal mining

212100

Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.

Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining

47-5044

Coal mining

212100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles.

Underground mining machine operators, all other

47-5049

Coal mining

212100

Demand change - share decreases as the industry increasingly prefers surface mining over underground mining.

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

49-1011

Other automotive repair and maintenance

811190

Demand change - share decreases as newer vehicles require less frequent oil and lubrication servicing and are built more reliably, reducing demand for other vehicle maintenance and repair services. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

49-2011

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers

423400

Demand change - share decreases as consumers use less cash for daily transactions, which leads to need for fewer ATM machines, and fewer ATM repairers.

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

49-2011

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance

811200

Demand change - share decreases as computer manufacturer proprietary repair policies drive independent repair shops to close, and thus increase the cost of repairing relative to replacing computers.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes.

Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers

49-2021

Telecommunications

517000

Demand change - share increases as innovative deployment of 5G smart technology requires extensive upgrades to existing and new telecommunications infrastructure, such as installing small cells, and replacing or repairing towers, antennas or auxiliary equipment.

Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers

49-2022

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share increases as the deployment of 5G technology, fiber optic cables, and small cells requires massive installations and maintenance of various telecommunication equipment; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.

Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers

49-2022

Telecommunications

517000

Demand change - share increases as the deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093

Ship and boat building

336600

Demand change - share increases as shipbuilders need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on ships.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093

Rail transportation

482000

Demand change - share increases as rail transportation operators need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on trains and rail infrastructure.

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

49-2093

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as local governments need installers and repairers to support the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on public bus and rail services.

Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment

49-2094

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as technology such as remote sensors and cloud connectivity replace hard wired systems, reducing the need for electrical repairs.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)

4230A1

Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may reduce the need for added equipment installation as well as diminish demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers

441300

Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

Electronics and appliance retailers

449200

Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary and standardized across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may reduce the need for added equipment installation as well as diminish demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

Automotive mechanical and electrical repair and maintenance

811110

Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

49-2096

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance

811200

Demand change - share decreases as electronic features are expected to grow increasingly proprietary across vehicle manufacturers' offerings. This may lead to diminished demand for repair services because of lack of compatibility of replacement components across a variety of factory systems.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment and business spending on audiovisual equipment to facilitate hybrid and virtual work increase demand for the installation of audiovisual equipment.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)

4230A1

Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment and business spending on audiovisual equipment to facilitate hybrid and virtual work increase demand for the installation and repair of audiovisual equipment.

Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers

49-2097

Electronics and appliance retailers

449200

Demand change - share increases as expected growth in consumer spending on home entertainment equipment increases demand for the installation of audiovisual equipment.

Automotive body and related repairers

49-3021

Automobile dealers

441100

Sourcing change - share decreases as dealerships have difficulty competing with automotive body repair shops and their lower costs.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers

423100

Demand change - share increases as the increasing complexity of vehicle technology, engines and other parts, requires the knowledge of automotive service technicians and mechanics to provide assistance and services to wholesale customers.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Automobile dealers

441100

Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Other automotive repair and maintenance

811190

Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

49-3023

Postal service

491000

Demand change - share decreases as a new fleet of mail delivery trucks will not require the same amount of maintenance as the existing fleet which was manufactured years ago.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031

Motor vehicle and motor vehicle parts and supplies merchant wholesalers

423100

Demand change - share increases as the increasing complexity of vehicle technology requires the knowledge of bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists to provide assistance and services to wholesale customers.

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

49-3031

Scenic and sightseeing transportation, land

487100

Demand change - share decreases as adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) increases, which require less maintenance than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians

49-3041

Crop production

111000

Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.

Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians

49-3041

Farm and garden machinery and equipment merchant wholesalers

423820

Demand change - share increases as the transition to smart farm equipment requires more specialized technicians to both service the more complex machines and train new users.

Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines

49-3042

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

212300

Demand change- share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery and semi-autonomous equipment, increasing demand for mechanics.

Rail car repairers

49-3043

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share increases as public transit agencies prioritize bringing their rail assets, including rail vehicles, to a state of good repair, resulting in increased demand for rail car repairers.

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians

49-3051

Other motor vehicle dealers

441200

Demand change - share increases as technological improvements lead to more affordable and user-friendly boats on the market, including many rentals, which will need to have their engines and parts repaired and maintained.

Motorboat mechanics and service technicians

49-3051

Personal and household goods repair and maintenance

811400

Demand change - share increases as technological improvements lead to more affordable and user-friendly boats on the market piloted by consumers, including many rentals, which will need to have their engines and parts repaired and maintained.

Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics

49-3053

Lawn and garden equipment and supplies retailers

444200

Demand change - share decreases as growth in electric and battery-powered outdoor power equipment will reduce the need for routine maintenance services and part replacement.

Recreational vehicle service technicians

49-3092

Other motor vehicle dealers

441200

Demand change - share increases as RV ownership and usage increase, leading to an increase in the amount of repairs needed.

Tire repairers and changers

49-3093

Gasoline stations

457100

Demand change - share decreases as gasoline stations continue to reduce their automotive service offerings.

Mechanical door repairers

49-9011

Other building equipment contractors

238290

Demand change - share increases as improved technology for doors, such as new fire-rated doors and wireless control access, require additional mechanical door repairers.

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

49-9021

Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors

238220

Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

49-9021

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)

4230A1

Demand change - share increases as demand for energy efficient heating and cooling systems continues to grow.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Coal mining

212100

Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Metal ore mining

212200

Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

212300

Demand change - share increases as mining companies continue to adopt new machinery, increasing demand for mechanics.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Demand change - share increases as manufacturing automation increases requiring more maintenance and repair.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing

311300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing

311400

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Dairy product manufacturing

311500

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Animal slaughtering and processing

311600

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Other food manufacturing

311900

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Beverage manufacturing

312100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Tobacco manufacturing

312200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Textile mills

313000

Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers to repair the equipment.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Textile product mills

314000

Demand change - share increases as automation in textile manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing

321200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Other wood product manufacturing

321900

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

322100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Converted paper product manufacturing

322200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Plastics product manufacturing

326100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Rubber product manufacturing

326200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing

331100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)

3320A2

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing

332720

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

333600

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

334400

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

334500

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Electric lighting equipment manufacturing

335100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Household appliance manufacturing

335200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Electrical equipment manufacturing

335300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing

335900

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Motor vehicle manufacturing

336100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing

336200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing will increase demand for these workers.

Industrial machinery mechanics

49-9041

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance

811300

Demand change - share increases as the increased automation leads to more equipment which needs to be maintained and repaired.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Sugar and confectionery product manufacturing

311300

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing

311400

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Dairy product manufacturing

311500

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Animal slaughtering and processing

311600

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Other food manufacturing

311900

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Beverage manufacturing

312100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Other wood product manufacturing

321900

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

322100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Converted paper product manufacturing

322200

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Plastics product manufacturing

326100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Rubber product manufacturing

326200

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing

331100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)

3320A2

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

333600

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

334400

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Electric lighting equipment manufacturing

335100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Household appliance manufacturing

335200

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Electrical equipment manufacturing

335300

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Other electrical equipment and component manufacturing

335900

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Motor vehicle manufacturing

336100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Maintenance workers, machinery

49-9043

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Demand change - share increases as increased automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to do maintenance and repairs.

Millwrights

49-9044

Veneer, plywood, and engineered wood product manufacturing

321200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Other wood product manufacturing

321900

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills

322100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Converted paper product manufacturing

322200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Plastics product manufacturing

326100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing

331100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Steel product manufacturing from purchased steel

331200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Alumina and aluminum production and processing

331300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)

3320A2

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing

332720

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Coating, engraving, heat treating, and allied activities

332800

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

333600

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing

334500

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Household appliance manufacturing

335200

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Electrical equipment manufacturing

335300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Motor vehicle manufacturing

336100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Ship and boat building

336600

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Other transportation equipment manufacturing

336900

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Furniture and related product manufacturing (3371,2)

3370A1

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Millwrights

49-9044

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Demand change - share increases as automation in manufacturing increases demand for these workers to repair and service equipment.

Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons

49-9045

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as more metal products are 3D printed.

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

49-9052

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

49-9052

Electrical contractors and other wiring installation contractors

238210

Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

49-9052

Telecommunications

517000

Demand change - share increases as deployment of 5G smart technology requires massive installations of fiber optic cable, small cells, and new routers in businesses and homes; Infrastructure Bill spending supports robust demand and employment increases.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062

Professional and commercial equipment and supplies merchant wholesalers

423400

Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062

General medical and surgical hospitals; private

622105

Demand change - share increases as advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Medical equipment repairers

49-9062

Electronic and precision equipment repair and maintenance

811200

Demand change - share increases as an aging population and advancements in medical equipment technology increase demand for the repair and maintenance services this occupation provides.

Watch and clock repairers

49-9064

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as demand for watch repair services declines due to changes in technology such as cell phones and smart watches.

Maintenance and repair workers, general

49-9071

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.

Maintenance and repair workers, general

49-9071

State government, excluding education and hospitals

999200

Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.

Maintenance and repair workers, general

49-9071

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Demand change - share decreases as expanded telework will lead to reduced use of office equipment and machinery, and therefore less need for maintenance and repair, and reduced demand for general maintenance and repair workers.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081

Wind electric power generation

221115

Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation capacity continues to grow and age in the coming decade. Older equipment often needs additional maintenance.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081

Power and communication line and related structures construction

237130

Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.

Wind turbine service technicians

49-9081

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance

811300

Demand change - share increases as wind electricity generation grows rapidly in the coming decade.

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

49-9091

Gambling industries (except casino hotels)

713200

Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

49-9091

Casino hotels

721120

Demand change - share decreases as casinos continue replacing coin operated machines with electronic machines that dispense paper receipts.

Commercial divers

49-9092

Other heavy and civil engineering construction

237900

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share increases as commercial divers are needed to meet the needs for offshore wind farm construction, but the use of robots restrains the rate of growth.

Locksmiths and safe repairers

49-9094

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.

Locksmiths and safe repairers

49-9094

Security systems services

561620

Demand change - share decreases as new smart locks, apps on smart phones, key kiosks, and voice-activated locks reduce the need to hire a locksmith to open locks or create key copies.

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

49-9095

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share decreases as Dodd-Frank rules make it likely that loans for mobile home purchases will be characterized as high-risk, therefore increasing the costs to banks and customers of offering and securing these types of loans. Therefore, as access to financing and credit decreases and dries up, the demand for workers to install these types of homes will decrease.

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

51-2011

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

51-2011

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2021

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2028

Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing

334100

Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics should increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.

Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers

51-2028

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

334400

Productivity change - share decreases as production automation and an increase in the use of robotics is expected to increase efficiency and reduce labor requirements of electrical, electronic and electromechanical assemblers.

Engine and other machine assemblers

51-2031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Engine and other machine assemblers

51-2031

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Productivity change, demand change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor. An expected increase in electric vehicle (EV) production and reduction in internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle production should lower demand for internal combustion engines and parts, and in turn, engine assemblers.

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

51-2041

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Timing device assemblers and adjusters

51-2061

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as production continues to increase efficiency even as demand shifts away from legacy timing devices.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as collaborative robotics increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)

3320A2

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

333600

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing

334400

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Motor vehicle manufacturing

336100

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing

336200

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

51-2090

Other transportation equipment manufacturing

336900

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the use of collaborative robotics in production increases efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Bakers

51-3011

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Slaughterers and meat packers

51-3023

Animal slaughtering and processing

311600

Productivity change - share decreases as automated systems are adopted in slaughtering.

Food batchmakers

51-3092

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing

311400

Demand change - share increases as a variety of new frozen, dried, and preserved goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Food batchmakers

51-3092

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

51-3093

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in the adoption of automation technologies, such as robotics, makes food production processes more labor efficient.

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4021

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4022

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as manufacturers continue to use and integrate automated, CNC, and programmable machines to complete tasks previously done by these workers.

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4023

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4032

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4033

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4034

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers are expected to use more CNC, automated, and programmable machines to perform some functions or tasks previously done by these workers.

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4035

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change, occupational substitution - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines increasing efficiency.

Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders

51-4051

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as modern furnaces incorporate more automation in monitoring and controlling of processes and systems. These changes are expected to increase productivity, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Pourers and casters, metal

51-4052

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Model makers, metal and plastic

51-4061

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as models made with 3D printers replace hand crafted models.

Patternmakers, metal and plastic

51-4062

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as some patternmaking tasks are done by software and 3D printers, requiring fewer of these workers.

Foundry mold and coremakers

51-4071

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as molds made with 3D printers replace traditionally crafted molds.

Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4072

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as more processes can be performed by programmed machinery and improvements in software and equipment are expected to increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Converted paper product manufacturing

322200

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Plastics product manufacturing

326100

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Foundries

331500

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Machine shops

332710

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Turned product and screw, nut, and bolt manufacturing

332720

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Motor vehicle manufacturing

336100

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Tool and die makers

51-4111

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Productivity change - share decreases as manufacturers use software programs to perform some tasks previously done by tool and die makers, such as specification analyses or setting up machines for cutting metal, allowing the same amount of output to be produced by fewer tool and die makers.

Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers

51-4121

Ship and boat building

336600

Productivity change - share decreases as welding robotics and other automated welding methods improve productivity, thus decreasing labor requirements.

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-4122

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-4122

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Productivity change - share decreases as programmable machines, such as robotics and computer-controlled (CNC) machinery, increasingly replace less advanced machinery, increasing efficiency.

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4191

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3323,4)

3320A2

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.

Layout workers, metal and plastic

51-4192

Ship and boat building

336600

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the integration of programmable processes and equipment results in the replacement of workers.

Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

51-4193

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as robotics, CNC operated machines, and other programmable/automated machines replace less advanced machines. As a result, this will increase efficiency, allowing more output to be produced with the same amount of labor.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Sawmills and wood preservation

321100

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Foundries

331500

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Machine shops

332710

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Fabricated metal product manufacturing (3321,2,5,6,9)

3320A1

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Metalworking machinery manufacturing

333500

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Machinery manufacturing (3331,2,4,9)

3330A1

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Motor vehicle parts manufacturing

336300

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Aerospace product and parts manufacturing

336400

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

51-4194

Commercial and industrial machinery and equipment (except automotive and electronic) repair and maintenance

811300

Productivity change - share decreases as some tasks in tool grinding are programmed, requiring fewer of these workers.

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

51-4199

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as the tasks of these machine operators are supplanted by programmable computer-controlled machinery, requiring fewer of these workers.

Prepress technicians and workers

51-5111

Printing and related support activities

323000

Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.

Prepress technicians and workers

51-5111

Newspaper publishers

513110

Productivity change - share decreases as software and hardware improvements increase the productivity of workers.

Print binding and finishing workers

51-5113

Printing and related support activities

323000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts automated binding technologies.

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

51-6021

Drycleaning and laundry services

812300

Demand change - share decreases as demand declines due to the acceptance of casual dress in lieu of business attire and the continued use of wrinkle resistant fabrics.

Sewing machine operators

51-6031

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology (e.g. robots) allows manufacturers to automate arranging, cutting, fitting and sewing of apparel products once done by these workers.

Sewers, hand

51-6051

Textile product mills

314000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automation machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.

Sewers, hand

51-6051

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as companies deploy automated machinery to sew garments instead of human sewers.

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6062

Textile product mills

314000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile product mills to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6062

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows manufacturers to automate the cutting, sewing and storage of fabric materials once done by these workers.

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-6063

Apparel manufacturing

315000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as new technology allows textile knitting to become automated through the use of 3D garment knitting.

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

51-7041

Other wood product manufacturing

321900

Productivity change - share decreases as advances in CNC equipment allow for additional output to be produced by fewer woodworkers.

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

51-7042

Other wood product manufacturing

321900

Productivity change - share decreases as advances in CNC equipment allow for additional output to be produced by fewer woodworkers.

Power distributors and dispatchers

51-8012

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.

Power plant operators

51-8013

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as upgraded technologies incorporated into power plants will make power plant operators more productive.

Power plant operators

51-8013

Fossil fuel electric power generation

221112

Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

51-8031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as improved equipment monitoring systems reduce the need to manually check plant equipment.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Chemical plant and system operators

51-8091

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Productivity change - share decreases as process automation systems (PAS) will allow operators to make decisions faster and be more responsive and cover multiple locations, increasing plant efficiency and limiting time where production is less than optimized.

Gas plant operators

51-8092

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as improved process controls require less direct management, monitoring, and approval from operators due to automation.

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers

51-8093

Oil and gas extraction

211000

Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in robotics, automation, and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers

51-8093

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Productivity change - share decreases as technological advancements in automation and digital solutions boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011

Petroleum and coal products manufacturing

324000

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in petroleum and coal products manufacturing.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Chemical equipment operators and tenders

51-9011

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

Dairy product manufacturing

311500

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in dairy product manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

Beverage manufacturing

312100

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in beverage manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

Chemical manufacturing (3255,6)

3250A2

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9012

Chemical manufacturing (3251,2,3,9)

3250A1

Productivity change - share decreases as automation increases in chemical manufacturing to improve quality.

Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9021

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as machines are becoming capable of more functionalities and are more integrated with each other allowing workers to produce more.

Grinding and polishing workers, hand

51-9022

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation increases capacity and reduces the need for as many manual workers.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Productivity change - share decreases as new technologies, including data usage and machine connectivity (integration) in the production process, are used in monitoring and adjusting production process.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023

Other food manufacturing

311900

Productivity change - share decreases as greater integration of manufacturing processes will allow mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders to do more with fewer workers.

Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9023

Pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing

325400

Productivity change - share decreases as an expected increase in automation and expanded use of continuous manufacturing boost productivity in pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

Cutters and trimmers, hand

51-9031

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved integration of systems and precision reduce the need for cutters and trimmers.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as animal food processing is increasingly automated.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing

311400

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as fruit and vegetable processing is more fully automated.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Dairy product manufacturing

311500

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased automation replaces workers in dairy processing.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Animal slaughtering and processing

311600

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and equipment allow for some workers to be replaced by technology.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Seafood product preparation and packaging

311700

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved AI and robotics increase the ability to automate seafood processing.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved technology allows the replacement of workers.

Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9032

Other food manufacturing

311900

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as improved automation replaces workers.

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

51-9041

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Productivity change - share decreases as automated food mixing, forming, and compacting equipment require fewer setters, operators, and tenders.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Converted paper product manufacturing

322200

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Engine, turbine, and power transmission equipment manufacturing

333600

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Other transportation equipment manufacturing

336900

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

51-9061

Support activities for rail transportation

488200

Productivity change - share decreases as Internet of Things (IoT), 3D scanning, and related technologies increase productivity by enabling more accurate measurements/inspections in a shorter period of time by fewer inspectors.

Dental laboratory technicians

51-9081

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.

Dental laboratory technicians

51-9081

Offices of dentists

621200

Productivity change - share decreases as the continued adoption of digital manufacturing methods, such as 3D printing, makes the fabrication process of dental devices more labor efficient.

Medical appliance technicians

51-9082

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Productivity change - share decreases as the adoption of additive manufacturing technologies makes the fabrication process of orthoses and prostheses more labor efficient.

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians

51-9083

Commercial and service industry machinery manufacturing

333300

Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the optical lens fabrication process more labor efficient.

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians

51-9083

Medical equipment and supplies manufacturing

339100

Productivity change - share decreases as continued automation makes the eyewear fabrication process more labor efficient.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111

Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing

311800

Demand change - share increases as a variety of new baked goods are produced to meet increasing demand for convenient food.

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

51-9111

Beverage manufacturing

312100

Productivity change - share decreases as automated filling, packaging, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities and will require fewer operators and tenders.

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

51-9151

Pharmacies and drug retailers

456110

Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on computer or online.

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

51-9151

Other personal services

812900

Demand change, productivity change - share decreases as technology allows consumers to easily print their own photos instead of relying on a service. People also print fewer photos and store them on the computer or online.

Computer numerically controlled tool operators

51-9161

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as computer-controlled machine tool programmers are able to control more machines at once, which means fewer operators are needed to handle them.

Computer numerically controlled tool programmers

51-9162

Total employment

TE1000

Demand change - share increases as manufacturers increase efficiency through more computer numerically controlled (CNC), automated, and programmable machines requiring programming by these workers.

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

51-9195

Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing

327000

Demand change - share increases as more prefabricated concrete products are used in construction, requiring workers to mold, shape, or cast these products.

Helpers--production workers

51-9198

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automation continues to replace production worker helpers in manufacturing facilities.

Helpers--production workers

51-9198

Temporary help services

561320

Demand change - share decreases as manufacturing facilities require fewer of these helpers as facilities become more automated.

First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors

53-1047

Warehousing and storage

493000

Demand change - share decreases as increased use of automated guided vehicles requires fewer operators, resulting in fewer supervisors.

Air traffic controllers

53-2021

Federal government, excluding postal service

999100

Demand change - share increases as air traffic volume is expected to increase over the period.

Flight attendants

53-2031

Scheduled air transportation

481100

Demand change - share increases as airlines continue to replace smaller planes with larger aircraft or add more seats to the existing planes, which will result in more flight attendants on average per aircraft.

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

53-3011

Ambulance services

621910

Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

53-3011

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Occupational substitution - share decreases as emergency medical technicians and paramedics increasingly take on the tasks of ambulance drivers and attendants as part of their now standard set of duties and responsibilities. Being able to drive an ambulance is also an implicit skill required from technicians and paramedics, contributing further to this trend.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change - share increases as grocery stores increasingly add food delivery to their services and some grocery stores choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031

Local messengers and local delivery

492200

Demand change - share increases as strong demand for both restaurant meal delivery and grocery delivery services will require more driver/sales workers to facilitate these transactions.

Driver/sales workers

53-3031

Full-service restaurants

722511

Demand change - share increases as restaurants increasingly add food delivery to their services and some restaurants choose to employ their own drivers to handle deliveries.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032

Metal ore mining

212200

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

212300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the industry adopts autonomous vehicles such as hauling trucks.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032

Highway, street, and bridge construction

237300

Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.

Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers

53-3032

Other specialty trade contractors

238900

Demand change - share increases as more drivers are needed to deliver components and materials to construction sites.

Light truck drivers

53-3033

Truck transportation

484000

Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Light truck drivers

53-3033

Couriers and express delivery services

492100

Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Light truck drivers

53-3033

Local messengers and local delivery

492200

Demand change - share increases as demand from e-commerce growth results in greater volumes of home delivery, which requires more drivers relative to other occupations.

Bridge and lock tenders

53-6011

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as an increase in the automation and remote operation of locks and bridges will replace some of the tasks previously performed by bridge and lock tenders.

Parking attendants

53-6021

Other personal services

812900

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated parking machines replace the tasks previously done by human parking attendants.

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

53-6031

Automobile dealers

441100

Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

53-6031

Other automotive repair and maintenance

811190

Demand change - share decreases as improvements in vehicle reliability and durability reduce demand for automotive repair and maintenance services as the lifespan of parts and systems continues to increase. An expected greater share of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles (EVs) on the road is also expected to reduce demand for some repair and maintenance services.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods (4232,3,5,6,7,9)

4230A1

Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Conveyor operators and tenders

53-7011

Warehousing and storage

493000

Productivity change - share decreases as firms use technology to supplant some functions of these operators.

Crane and tower operators

53-7021

Support activities for water transportation

488300

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as increased ship sizes are causing ports to automate their operations in order to meet shipping schedules and demand.

Dredge operators

53-7031

Total employment

TE1000

Productivity change - share decreases as dredge control and monitoring systems become more advanced as dredging processes become increasingly more complex, increasing the productivity of dredge operators.

Hoist and winch operators

53-7041

Total employment

TE1000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the expansion of automated lifting systems eliminates some of the tasks previously performed by hoist and winch operators.

Industrial truck and tractor operators

53-7051

Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying

212300

Productivity change - share decreases as the industry adopts semi-autonomous construction equipment.

Industrial truck and tractor operators

53-7051

Warehousing and storage

493000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as the increased use of automated guided vehicles replaces these operators.

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

53-7061

Automobile dealers

441100

Demand change - share increases as automobile dealers continue to offer more vehicle repair and maintenance services and drivers increasingly prefer to take their vehicle to a dealer for servicing.

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment used in new facilities will require fewer laborers.

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

53-7062

Warehousing and storage

493000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as warehouses implement robotics technology to replace manual labor tasks in warehouses.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064

Animal food manufacturing

311100

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as automated filling, bagging, packing, and palletizing equipment is used in new facilities instead of hand packers.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as online grocery orders for pickup or delivery increase, reducing the need for baggers to bag groceries at checkout counters, and self-checkout systems become more common.

Packers and packagers, hand

53-7064

Warehousing and storage

493000

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as retailers install increasingly sophisticated robotics technology in their warehouses.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods (4244,8)

4240A1

Capital/labor substitution - share decreases as some firms increasingly use automated storage and retrieval equipment based on sensors, bar codes, and Radio-frequency identification to remove workers from the process.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

Grocery and specialty food retailers

4450A1

Demand change - share increases as online grocery orders for pickup and delivery increase. As consumers continue to shop online for groceries, there will be more demand for individuals to stock and fill orders.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

General merchandise retailers

455000

Demand change - share increases as growing preference for buy online, pickup in-store options will require more stockers and order fillers to facilitate these online orders in general merchandise stores.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

Building material and supplies dealers

444100

Demand change - share increases as more workers are needed to pick orders from shelves for customers as current technology does not allow for preparing these types of increased orders.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

Furniture and home furnishings retailers

449100

Demand change - share increases as changing consumer shopping habits (e.g. buy online, pick up in-store) will require additional workers to obtain merchandise from the store and deliver to curbside shoppers.

Stockers and order fillers

53-7065

Warehousing and storage

493000

Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to receive and store products.

Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators

53-7071

Pipeline transportation of natural gas

486200

Productivity change - share decreases as automation and remote monitoring technologies reduce some demand for on-site staff at compressor stations along pipelines.

Wellhead pumpers

53-7073

Oil and gas extraction

211000

Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Wellhead pumpers

53-7073

Support activities for mining

213000

Productivity change - share decreases as automation, including use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, in the oil fields will boost labor productivity and reduce staff requirements.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081

Waste collection

562100

Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081

Waste treatment and disposal

562200

Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

53-7081

Local government, excluding education and hospitals

999300

Productivity change, capital/labor substitution - share decreases as technological improvements, including automated side-loading trucks and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) to enable more efficient collection routes, allow collection work to be done with fewer workers.

Material moving workers, all other

53-7199

Warehousing and storage

493000

Productivity change - share decreases as continued adoption of enhanced automation technologies increases the ability of workers to move materials.

Source: Employment Projections program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Last Modified Date: September 6, 2023